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К вопросу о селективных шейных лимфодиссекциях в терапии рака слизистой оболочки полости рта
К вопросу о селективных шейных лимфодиссекциях в терапии рака слизистой оболочки полости рта
Алымов Ю.В., Подвязников С.О., Мудунов А.М. К вопросу о селективных шейных лимфодиссекциях в терапии рака слизистой оболочки полости рта. Современная Онкология. 2016; 18 (1): 75–79.
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Аннотация
Введение и обоснование актуальности. Заболеваемость раком слизистой оболочки полости рта (СОПР) в Российской Федерации составляет 4,52, а смертность – 2,44. Злокачественные опухоли области головы и шеи характеризуются высоким риском метастазирования в регионарные лимфатические узлы (ЛУ). Состояние ЛУ не только влияет на тактику лечения больных с опухолями головы и шеи, но и является наиболее значимым прогностическим фактором. При регионарном метастатическом поражении отмечается двукратное снижение 5-летней выживаемости. Воздействие на пораженные опухолью ЛУ шеи при раке СОПР имеет первостепенное значение.
Цель. Проанализировать данные, представленные в научной литературе, касающиеся методов селективного воздействия на пути регионарного лимфатического оттока при плоскоклеточном раке СОПР.
Результаты. Согласно результатам разных исследований классическая радикальная шейная лимфодиссекция была и остается «золотым стандартом» хирургического лечения больных с опухолями головы и шеи с метастазами в шейных ЛУ. Тем не менее, учитывая редкость поражения ЛУ IV и V уровня, проводятся исследования по оценке эффективности операций меньшего объема. Доказано, что при раке ПР стадии cT1–4N0M0 селективная шейная лимфодиссекция позволяет повысить безрецидивную выживаемость по сравнению с динамическим наблюдением. Дальнейшие изучение проблемы и сравнение результатов профилактических селективных шейных лимфодиссекций с результатами профилактических и лечебных модифицированных радикальных шейных лимфодиссекций также свидетельствуют о сопоставимой эффективности указанных методик хирургического лечения.
Выводы. При раке ПР стадии cT1–4N0M0 селективная шейная лимфодиссекция является целесообразным и многообещающим методом терапии. Однако исследования, касающиеся сравнения эффективности профилактических селективных шейных лимфодиссекций и профилактических модифицированных радикальных шейных лимфодиссекций, имели разный дизайн и характеризовались высоким риском систематических ошибок. Кроме того, нет единого мнения относительно количества удаляемых уровней ЛУ шеи при выполнении селективных шейных лимфодиссекций. Таким образом, концепция селективных шейных диссекций при отсутствии клинически определяемых метастазов на шее продолжает изменяться, является неоднородной и требует дальнейшего изучения.
Ключевые слова: рак слизистой оболочки полости рта, шейная лимфодиссекция.
Objective. The aim of this manuscript was to illustrate and summarize publications devoted to selective neck dissections in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OC).
Results. Classic radical neck dissection is the gold standard of surgical treatment of OC cancer, characterized by regional metastases. However, metastases in neck LN of the IV- and V-th level are rarely present in patients with oral cancer. Therefore, efficiency of less extensive neck surgery is of great interest of up-to-date investigations. It was established, that selective neck dissection increases disease-free survival among patients with cT1–4N0M0 oral cancer in comparison with watchful waiting. Comparison of preventive selective neck dissections with preventive and curative modified neck dissections also indicates, that these methods of surgical treatment have equal efficacy.
Conclusion. Selective neck dissection is feasible treatment method of сT1–4N0M0 oral cancer. Nevertheless, comparison studies of preventive selective and modified neck dissections, were characterized by disparate design and high probability of systematic errors. Moreover, another aspect, that must be solved, is the number of LN levels to be dissected during selective neck dissection. Thus, conception of selective neck dissection in patients with clinically negative LN is changing and requires further investigation.
Key words: squamous cell oral cancer, neck dissection.
Цель. Проанализировать данные, представленные в научной литературе, касающиеся методов селективного воздействия на пути регионарного лимфатического оттока при плоскоклеточном раке СОПР.
Результаты. Согласно результатам разных исследований классическая радикальная шейная лимфодиссекция была и остается «золотым стандартом» хирургического лечения больных с опухолями головы и шеи с метастазами в шейных ЛУ. Тем не менее, учитывая редкость поражения ЛУ IV и V уровня, проводятся исследования по оценке эффективности операций меньшего объема. Доказано, что при раке ПР стадии cT1–4N0M0 селективная шейная лимфодиссекция позволяет повысить безрецидивную выживаемость по сравнению с динамическим наблюдением. Дальнейшие изучение проблемы и сравнение результатов профилактических селективных шейных лимфодиссекций с результатами профилактических и лечебных модифицированных радикальных шейных лимфодиссекций также свидетельствуют о сопоставимой эффективности указанных методик хирургического лечения.
Выводы. При раке ПР стадии cT1–4N0M0 селективная шейная лимфодиссекция является целесообразным и многообещающим методом терапии. Однако исследования, касающиеся сравнения эффективности профилактических селективных шейных лимфодиссекций и профилактических модифицированных радикальных шейных лимфодиссекций, имели разный дизайн и характеризовались высоким риском систематических ошибок. Кроме того, нет единого мнения относительно количества удаляемых уровней ЛУ шеи при выполнении селективных шейных лимфодиссекций. Таким образом, концепция селективных шейных диссекций при отсутствии клинически определяемых метастазов на шее продолжает изменяться, является неоднородной и требует дальнейшего изучения.
Ключевые слова: рак слизистой оболочки полости рта, шейная лимфодиссекция.
________________________________________________
Objective. The aim of this manuscript was to illustrate and summarize publications devoted to selective neck dissections in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OC).
Results. Classic radical neck dissection is the gold standard of surgical treatment of OC cancer, characterized by regional metastases. However, metastases in neck LN of the IV- and V-th level are rarely present in patients with oral cancer. Therefore, efficiency of less extensive neck surgery is of great interest of up-to-date investigations. It was established, that selective neck dissection increases disease-free survival among patients with cT1–4N0M0 oral cancer in comparison with watchful waiting. Comparison of preventive selective neck dissections with preventive and curative modified neck dissections also indicates, that these methods of surgical treatment have equal efficacy.
Conclusion. Selective neck dissection is feasible treatment method of сT1–4N0M0 oral cancer. Nevertheless, comparison studies of preventive selective and modified neck dissections, were characterized by disparate design and high probability of systematic errors. Moreover, another aspect, that must be solved, is the number of LN levels to be dissected during selective neck dissection. Thus, conception of selective neck dissection in patients with clinically negative LN is changing and requires further investigation.
Key words: squamous cell oral cancer, neck dissection.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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6. Абузарова Г.Р., Алексеев Б.Я., Антипов В.А. и др. Онкология: клинические рекомендации. Под ред. В.И.Чиссова, С.Л.Дарьяловой. 2-е изд., испр. и доп. 2009; с. 154. / Abuzarova G.R., Alekseev B.Ia., Antipov V.A. i dr. Onkologiia: klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Pod red. V.I.Chissova, S.L.Dar'ialovoi. 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. 2009; s. 154. [in Russian]
7. Woolgar JA, Triantafyllou A, Jr Lewis JS et al. Prognostic biological features in neck dissection specimens. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 270: 1581–92.
8. Som PM. Detection of metastasis in cervical lymph nodes: CT and MR criteria and differential diagnosis. Am J Roentgenol 1992; 158: 961.
9. Robbins KT, Medina JE, Wolfe GT et al. Standardizing neck dissection terminology. Official report of the academy’s committee for head and neck surgery and oncology. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117: 601–5.
10. Bataini JP, Bernier J, Brugere J et al. Natural history of neck disease in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and pharyngolarynx. Radiother Oncol 1985; 3: 245–55.
11. Shah JP, Candela FC, Poddar AK. The patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer 1990; 66: 109–13.
12. Романов И.С. Стратегия диагностики и лечения регионарных метастазов рака слизистой оболочки полости рта. М., 2013. / Romanov I.S. Strategiia diagnostiki i lecheniia regionarnykh metastazov raka slizistoi obolochki polosti rta. M., 2013 [in Russian]
13. Hamoir M, Schmitz S, Gregoire V. The Role of Neck Dissection in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Springer Science 2014.
14. Govers TM, Hannink G, Merkx MA et al. Sentinel node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 726–32.
15. Stoekli SJ, Pfalz M, Steinert H et al. Histopathological features of occultmetastasis detected by sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 111–5.
16. Civantos FJ, Zitsch RP, Schuller DE et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy accurately stages the regional lymph nodes for T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinomas: results of a prospective multi-institutional trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1395–400.
17. Clayman GL, Frank DK. Selective neck dissection of anatomically appropriate levels is as efficacious as modified radical neck dissection for elective treatment of the clinically negative neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124: 348–52.
18. Byers RM. Modified neck dissection. A study of 967 cases from1970 to 1980. Am J Surg 1985; 150: 414–21.
19. Spiro JD, Spiro RH, Shah JP et al. Critical assessment of supraomohyoid neck dissection. Am J Surg 1988; 156: 286–9.
20. Byers RM, Weber RS, Andrews T et al. Frequency and therapeutic implications of “skip metastases” in the neck from squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue. Head Neck 1997; 19: 14–9.
21. De Zinis LO, Bolzoni A, Piazza C et al. Prevalence and localization of nodal metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: role and extension of neck dissection. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 263: 1131–5.
22. Mishra P, Sharma AK. A 3-year study of supraomohyoid neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection type I in oral cancer: with special reference to involvement of level IV node metastasis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 267: 933–8.
23. St-John C, Hoffman A, Potts J, Fardy MJ. Reduction of occult metastatic disease by extension of the supraomohyoid neck dissection to include level IV, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2003; 25: 758–62.
24. Yu S, Li J, Li Z et al. Efficacy of supraomohyoid neck dissection in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and negative neck. Am J Surg 2006; 191: 94–9.
25. Kligerman J, Lima RA, Soares JR et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection in the treatment of T1/T2 squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. Am J Surg 1994; 168 (5): 391–4.
26. Vandenbrouck C, Sancho-Garnier H, Chassagne D et al. Elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity: results of a randomized clinical trial. Cancer 1980; 46 (2): 386–90.
27. Fakih AR, Rao RS, Borges AM, Patel AR. Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in early carcinoma of the oral tongue. Am J Surg 1989; 158 (4): 309–13.
28. Guo CB, Feng Z, Zhang JG et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection for clinically node-negative oral squamous cell carcinoma: A prospective study of prognosis, complications and quality of life. J Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg 2014; 42: 1885e1890.
29. Kerawala C, Martin IC. Extending the supraomohyoid neck dissection in squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of mouth [letter]. Head Neck 1998; 20: 434.
30. Huang S-F, Kang C-J, Lin C-Y et al. Neck Treatment of Patients With Early Stage Oral Tongue Cancer. Comparison Between Observation, Supraomohyoid Dissection, and Extended Dissection. Cancer 2008; 112 (5).
31. Sefik Hosal A, Carrau RL, Johnson JT, Myers EN. Selective Neck Dissection in the Management of the Clinically Node-Negative Neck. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 2037–40.
2. Kaprin A.D., Starinskii V.V., Petrova G.V. Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniia v Rossii v 2012 godu (zabolevaemost' i smertnost'). M., 2014. [in Russian]
3. Paches A.I. Opukholi golovy i shei. M.: Meditsina, 2001. [in Russian]
4. Poddubnaia I.V. Onkologiia: Spravochnik prakticheskogo vracha. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2009; s. 162–3. [in Russian]
5. Snow GВ, Patel P, Leemans CR, Tiwari R. Management of cervical lymph nodes in patients with head and neck cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1992; 249 (4): 187–94.
6. Abuzarova G.R., Alekseev B.Ia., Antipov V.A. i dr. Onkologiia: klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Pod red. V.I.Chissova, S.L.Dar'ialovoi. 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. 2009; s. 154. [in Russian]
7. Woolgar JA, Triantafyllou A, Jr Lewis JS et al. Prognostic biological features in neck dissection specimens. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 270: 1581–92.
8. Som PM. Detection of metastasis in cervical lymph nodes: CT and MR criteria and differential diagnosis. Am J Roentgenol 1992; 158: 961.
9. Robbins KT, Medina JE, Wolfe GT et al. Standardizing neck dissection terminology. Official report of the academy’s committee for head and neck surgery and oncology. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117: 601–5.
10. Bataini JP, Bernier J, Brugere J et al. Natural history of neck disease in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and pharyngolarynx. Radiother Oncol 1985; 3: 245–55.
11. Shah JP, Candela FC, Poddar AK. The patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer 1990; 66: 109–13.
12. Romanov I.S. Strategiia diagnostiki i lecheniia regionarnykh metastazov raka slizistoi obolochki polosti rta. M., 2013 [in Russian]
13. Hamoir M, Schmitz S, Gregoire V. The Role of Neck Dissection in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Springer Science 2014.
14. Govers TM, Hannink G, Merkx MA et al. Sentinel node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 726–32.
15. Stoekli SJ, Pfalz M, Steinert H et al. Histopathological features of occultmetastasis detected by sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 111–5.
16. Civantos FJ, Zitsch RP, Schuller DE et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy accurately stages the regional lymph nodes for T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinomas: results of a prospective multi-institutional trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1395–400.
17. Clayman GL, Frank DK. Selective neck dissection of anatomically appropriate levels is as efficacious as modified radical neck dissection for elective treatment of the clinically negative neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124: 348–52.
18. Byers RM. Modified neck dissection. A study of 967 cases from1970 to 1980. Am J Surg 1985; 150: 414–21.
19. Spiro JD, Spiro RH, Shah JP et al. Critical assessment of supraomohyoid neck dissection. Am J Surg 1988; 156: 286–9.
20. Byers RM, Weber RS, Andrews T et al. Frequency and therapeutic implications of “skip metastases” in the neck from squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue. Head Neck 1997; 19: 14–9.
21. De Zinis LO, Bolzoni A, Piazza C et al. Prevalence and localization of nodal metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: role and extension of neck dissection. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 263: 1131–5.
22. Mishra P, Sharma AK. A 3-year study of supraomohyoid neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection type I in oral cancer: with special reference to involvement of level IV node metastasis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 267: 933–8.
23. St-John C, Hoffman A, Potts J, Fardy MJ. Reduction of occult metastatic disease by extension of the supraomohyoid neck dissection to include level IV, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2003; 25: 758–62.
24. Yu S, Li J, Li Z et al. Efficacy of supraomohyoid neck dissection in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and negative neck. Am J Surg 2006; 191: 94–9.
25. Kligerman J, Lima RA, Soares JR et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection in the treatment of T1/T2 squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. Am J Surg 1994; 168 (5): 391–4.
26. Vandenbrouck C, Sancho-Garnier H, Chassagne D et al. Elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity: results of a randomized clinical trial. Cancer 1980; 46 (2): 386–90.
27. Fakih AR, Rao RS, Borges AM, Patel AR. Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in early carcinoma of the oral tongue. Am J Surg 1989; 158 (4): 309–13.
28. Guo CB, Feng Z, Zhang JG et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection for clinically node-negative oral squamous cell carcinoma: A prospective study of prognosis, complications and quality of life. J Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg 2014; 42: 1885e1890.
29. Kerawala C, Martin IC. Extending the supraomohyoid neck dissection in squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of mouth [letter]. Head Neck 1998; 20: 434.
30. Huang S-F, Kang C-J, Lin C-Y et al. Neck Treatment of Patients With Early Stage Oral Tongue Cancer. Comparison Between Observation, Supraomohyoid Dissection, and Extended Dissection. Cancer 2008; 112 (5).
31. Sefik Hosal A, Carrau RL, Johnson JT, Myers EN. Selective Neck Dissection in the Management of the Clinically Node-Negative Neck. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 2037–40.
2. Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Петрова Г.В. Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2012 году (заболеваемость и смертность). М., 2014. / Kaprin A.D., Starinskii V.V., Petrova G.V. Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniia v Rossii v 2012 godu (zabolevaemost' i smertnost'). M., 2014. [in Russian]
3. Пачес А.И. Опухоли головы и шеи. М.: Медицина, 2001. / Paches A.I. Opukholi golovy i shei. M.: Meditsina, 2001. [in Russian]
4. Поддубная И.В. Онкология. Справочник практического врача. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2009; с. 162–3. / Poddubnaia I.V. Onkologiia: Spravochnik prakticheskogo vracha. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2009; s. 162–3. [in Russian]
5. Snow GВ, Patel P, Leemans CR, Tiwari R. Management of cervical lymph nodes in patients with head and neck cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1992; 249 (4): 187–94.
6. Абузарова Г.Р., Алексеев Б.Я., Антипов В.А. и др. Онкология: клинические рекомендации. Под ред. В.И.Чиссова, С.Л.Дарьяловой. 2-е изд., испр. и доп. 2009; с. 154. / Abuzarova G.R., Alekseev B.Ia., Antipov V.A. i dr. Onkologiia: klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Pod red. V.I.Chissova, S.L.Dar'ialovoi. 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. 2009; s. 154. [in Russian]
7. Woolgar JA, Triantafyllou A, Jr Lewis JS et al. Prognostic biological features in neck dissection specimens. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 270: 1581–92.
8. Som PM. Detection of metastasis in cervical lymph nodes: CT and MR criteria and differential diagnosis. Am J Roentgenol 1992; 158: 961.
9. Robbins KT, Medina JE, Wolfe GT et al. Standardizing neck dissection terminology. Official report of the academy’s committee for head and neck surgery and oncology. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117: 601–5.
10. Bataini JP, Bernier J, Brugere J et al. Natural history of neck disease in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and pharyngolarynx. Radiother Oncol 1985; 3: 245–55.
11. Shah JP, Candela FC, Poddar AK. The patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer 1990; 66: 109–13.
12. Романов И.С. Стратегия диагностики и лечения регионарных метастазов рака слизистой оболочки полости рта. М., 2013. / Romanov I.S. Strategiia diagnostiki i lecheniia regionarnykh metastazov raka slizistoi obolochki polosti rta. M., 2013 [in Russian]
13. Hamoir M, Schmitz S, Gregoire V. The Role of Neck Dissection in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Springer Science 2014.
14. Govers TM, Hannink G, Merkx MA et al. Sentinel node biopsy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 726–32.
15. Stoekli SJ, Pfalz M, Steinert H et al. Histopathological features of occultmetastasis detected by sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 111–5.
16. Civantos FJ, Zitsch RP, Schuller DE et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy accurately stages the regional lymph nodes for T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinomas: results of a prospective multi-institutional trial. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1395–400.
17. Clayman GL, Frank DK. Selective neck dissection of anatomically appropriate levels is as efficacious as modified radical neck dissection for elective treatment of the clinically negative neck in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124: 348–52.
18. Byers RM. Modified neck dissection. A study of 967 cases from1970 to 1980. Am J Surg 1985; 150: 414–21.
19. Spiro JD, Spiro RH, Shah JP et al. Critical assessment of supraomohyoid neck dissection. Am J Surg 1988; 156: 286–9.
20. Byers RM, Weber RS, Andrews T et al. Frequency and therapeutic implications of “skip metastases” in the neck from squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue. Head Neck 1997; 19: 14–9.
21. De Zinis LO, Bolzoni A, Piazza C et al. Prevalence and localization of nodal metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: role and extension of neck dissection. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 263: 1131–5.
22. Mishra P, Sharma AK. A 3-year study of supraomohyoid neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection type I in oral cancer: with special reference to involvement of level IV node metastasis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 267: 933–8.
23. St-John C, Hoffman A, Potts J, Fardy MJ. Reduction of occult metastatic disease by extension of the supraomohyoid neck dissection to include level IV, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2003; 25: 758–62.
24. Yu S, Li J, Li Z et al. Efficacy of supraomohyoid neck dissection in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and negative neck. Am J Surg 2006; 191: 94–9.
25. Kligerman J, Lima RA, Soares JR et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection in the treatment of T1/T2 squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. Am J Surg 1994; 168 (5): 391–4.
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25. Kligerman J, Lima RA, Soares JR et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection in the treatment of T1/T2 squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. Am J Surg 1994; 168 (5): 391–4.
26. Vandenbrouck C, Sancho-Garnier H, Chassagne D et al. Elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity: results of a randomized clinical trial. Cancer 1980; 46 (2): 386–90.
27. Fakih AR, Rao RS, Borges AM, Patel AR. Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in early carcinoma of the oral tongue. Am J Surg 1989; 158 (4): 309–13.
28. Guo CB, Feng Z, Zhang JG et al. Supraomohyoid neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection for clinically node-negative oral squamous cell carcinoma: A prospective study of prognosis, complications and quality of life. J Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg 2014; 42: 1885e1890.
29. Kerawala C, Martin IC. Extending the supraomohyoid neck dissection in squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of mouth [letter]. Head Neck 1998; 20: 434.
30. Huang S-F, Kang C-J, Lin C-Y et al. Neck Treatment of Patients With Early Stage Oral Tongue Cancer. Comparison Between Observation, Supraomohyoid Dissection, and Extended Dissection. Cancer 2008; 112 (5).
31. Sefik Hosal A, Carrau RL, Johnson JT, Myers EN. Selective Neck Dissection in the Management of the Clinically Node-Negative Neck. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 2037–40.
Авторы
Ю.В.Алымов*1, С.О.Подвязников1, А.М.Мудунов2
1 ГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ФГБУ Российский онкологический научный центр им. Н.Н.Блохина Минздрава России. 115478, Россия, Москва, Каширское ш., д. 23
*allmedperevod@gmail.com
1 Russian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 N.N.Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 115478, Russian Federation, Moscow, Kashirskoe sh., d. 23
*allmedperevod@gmail.com
1 ГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ФГБУ Российский онкологический научный центр им. Н.Н.Блохина Минздрава России. 115478, Россия, Москва, Каширское ш., д. 23
*allmedperevod@gmail.com
________________________________________________
1 Russian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 N.N.Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 115478, Russian Federation, Moscow, Kashirskoe sh., d. 23
*allmedperevod@gmail.com
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