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Задняя обратимая лейкоэнцефалопатия у детей с гематологическими и онкологическими заболеваниями (собственные данные и анализ литературы)
Задняя обратимая лейкоэнцефалопатия у детей с гематологическими и онкологическими заболеваниями (собственные данные и анализ литературы)
Делягин В.М., Сердюк О.А., Балашов Д.Н. и др. Задняя обратимая лейкоэнцефалопатия у детей с гематологическими и онкологическими заболеваниями (собственные данные и анализ литературы). Современная Онкология. 2017; 19 (1): 69–74.
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Аннотация
Актуальность. Синдром задней обратимой энцефалопатии (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome – PRES) может быть осложнением при лечении гематологических и онкологических заболеваний, но недостаточно известен широкому кругу специалистов.
Цель – описать клиническую картину, МРТ- и ЭЭГ-изменения у детей с PRES.
Материал и методы. Наблюдали 7 пациентов с PRES в возрасте 5–22 лет.
Результаты. PRES развился из-за артериальной гипертензии у 6 пациентов на фоне иммуносупрессивной терапии, у 1 – на фоне приема циклоспорина. Наблюдались генерализованные тонико-клонические судороги, гиперкинезы оральной мускулатуры, девиации взора, нарушения сознания, гипертензионный синдром, изменение психического статуса, нарушение зрения, цефалгии. По данным магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) наблюдались изменения белого вещества головного мозга преимущественно теменно-затылочных областей. На электроэнцефалограмме во время дебюта PRES регистрировались выраженные диффузные изменения биоэлектрической активности мозга, дезорганизация биоэлектрической активности мозга в фоновой записи медленными волнами и стойкая межполушарная асимметрия. Локальные изменения эпилептиформного характера соответствовали МРТ-картине. Исходом PRES явилась эпилепсия у 2 пациентов, у 3 – клинико-рентгенологические симптомы были обратимыми. Основное заболевание оказалось фатальным для 3 детей.
Выводы. Для постановки диагноза PRES и его исхода первостепенное значение имеет ранняя клиническо-рентгенологическая диагностика с регистрацией МРТ и электроэнцефалографии.
Ключевые слова: синдром задней обратимой энцефалопатии, дети, магнитно-резонансная томография, электроэнцефалография.
Objective. Describe the clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) changes in children with PRES.
Materials and methods. We observed 7 patients with PRES aged 5–22 years (2 of them girls) with hematologic and malignancies diseases.
Results. PRES developed because of hypertension in 6 patients, during immunosuppressive therapy (cyclosporine and methotrexate).
3 patients had generalized seizures. We observed in 1 child hyperkinesis of oral musculature, eye deviation, impaired consciousness. Development of hypertensive syndrome, altered mental status, visual disturbances were observed in 3 patients, 2 of them combined with a headache. Repeated signs of PRES were observed in 2 children, one of these as tonic-clonic seizures. According to the MRI changes were observed in patients of white matter of the brain predominantly parietal-occipital regions. EEG during debut PRES were recorded expressed diffuse changes in brain activity in the background recording marked disorganization brain activity slow waves and persistent hemispheric asymmetry. Local changes epileptic nature recorded in 1 child in the form of slow waves emphasis in the central parietal regions of the left with the inclusion of acute a-waves and single generalized paroxysm, the 2-nd – in the form of single epileptic complexes “sharp-slow wave” in the fronto-central department right, in the 3-rd – as a hotbed of epileptic activity in the fronto-temporal department left a sharp wave complexes and “sharp-slow wave”. These local changes in EEG corresponded described MRI picture of these children. PRES outcome was epilepsy in 2 patients, 3 children clinical-radiological symptoms were reversible. Underlying disease was fatal to 3 children.
Conclusions. For the diagnosis of PRES and its outcome is paramount early clinical-radiological diagnosis with MRI registration, including the registration of EEG.
Key words: posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, children, magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography.
Цель – описать клиническую картину, МРТ- и ЭЭГ-изменения у детей с PRES.
Материал и методы. Наблюдали 7 пациентов с PRES в возрасте 5–22 лет.
Результаты. PRES развился из-за артериальной гипертензии у 6 пациентов на фоне иммуносупрессивной терапии, у 1 – на фоне приема циклоспорина. Наблюдались генерализованные тонико-клонические судороги, гиперкинезы оральной мускулатуры, девиации взора, нарушения сознания, гипертензионный синдром, изменение психического статуса, нарушение зрения, цефалгии. По данным магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) наблюдались изменения белого вещества головного мозга преимущественно теменно-затылочных областей. На электроэнцефалограмме во время дебюта PRES регистрировались выраженные диффузные изменения биоэлектрической активности мозга, дезорганизация биоэлектрической активности мозга в фоновой записи медленными волнами и стойкая межполушарная асимметрия. Локальные изменения эпилептиформного характера соответствовали МРТ-картине. Исходом PRES явилась эпилепсия у 2 пациентов, у 3 – клинико-рентгенологические симптомы были обратимыми. Основное заболевание оказалось фатальным для 3 детей.
Выводы. Для постановки диагноза PRES и его исхода первостепенное значение имеет ранняя клиническо-рентгенологическая диагностика с регистрацией МРТ и электроэнцефалографии.
Ключевые слова: синдром задней обратимой энцефалопатии, дети, магнитно-резонансная томография, электроэнцефалография.
________________________________________________
Objective. Describe the clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) changes in children with PRES.
Materials and methods. We observed 7 patients with PRES aged 5–22 years (2 of them girls) with hematologic and malignancies diseases.
Results. PRES developed because of hypertension in 6 patients, during immunosuppressive therapy (cyclosporine and methotrexate).
3 patients had generalized seizures. We observed in 1 child hyperkinesis of oral musculature, eye deviation, impaired consciousness. Development of hypertensive syndrome, altered mental status, visual disturbances were observed in 3 patients, 2 of them combined with a headache. Repeated signs of PRES were observed in 2 children, one of these as tonic-clonic seizures. According to the MRI changes were observed in patients of white matter of the brain predominantly parietal-occipital regions. EEG during debut PRES were recorded expressed diffuse changes in brain activity in the background recording marked disorganization brain activity slow waves and persistent hemispheric asymmetry. Local changes epileptic nature recorded in 1 child in the form of slow waves emphasis in the central parietal regions of the left with the inclusion of acute a-waves and single generalized paroxysm, the 2-nd – in the form of single epileptic complexes “sharp-slow wave” in the fronto-central department right, in the 3-rd – as a hotbed of epileptic activity in the fronto-temporal department left a sharp wave complexes and “sharp-slow wave”. These local changes in EEG corresponded described MRI picture of these children. PRES outcome was epilepsy in 2 patients, 3 children clinical-radiological symptoms were reversible. Underlying disease was fatal to 3 children.
Conclusions. For the diagnosis of PRES and its outcome is paramount early clinical-radiological diagnosis with MRI registration, including the registration of EEG.
Key words: posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, children, magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B et al. A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 494–500.
2. Casey S, Sampaio R, Michel E Truwit C. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions. Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 1199–206.
3. Lee V, Wijdicks E, Manno E, Rabinstein A. Clinical spectrum of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 205–10.
4. Burnett M, Hess C, Roberts J et al. Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 886–9.
5. Raps E, Galetta S, Brodenick M, Atlas S. Delayed peripartum vasculopathy: cerebral eclampsia revised. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 222–5.
6. Matsuda H, Sakaguchi K, Shibasaki T et al. Cerbral edema on MRI in several preeclampsia women developing eclampsia. J Perinat Med 2005; 33: 199–205.
7. Karuppannasammy D, Vikrant K, Raghuram A, Kumaar T. Cortical visual loss in posterior reversibleencephalopathy syndrome in late postpartum eclampsia: case series. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014; 62: 635–8.
8. Gera D, Patril S, Jyer A et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol 2014; 24: 28–34.
9. Morris E, Laningham F, Sandlund J, Khan R. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2007; 48: 152–9.
10. Lucchini G, Grioni D, Colombini A et al. Encephalopathy syndrome in children with hemato-oncological disorders is not always posterior and reversible. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2008; 51: 629–33.
11. Gupta A, Swaroop C, Rastogi R et al. Simultaneous occurrence of posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome in two cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction chemotherapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 25: 351–8.
12. Panis B, Vlaar A, van Well G et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in pediatric leukaemia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2010; 14: 539–45.
13. Ay H, Buonanno F, Schaefer P et al. Posterior leukoencephalopathy without severe hypertension: utility of diffusion-weighted MRI. Neurology 1998; 51: 1369–76.
14. Norman J, Parke J, Wilson D, McNall-Knapp R. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in children undergoing induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2007; 49: 198–203.
15. Eguchi K, Kasahara K, Nagashima A et al. Two cases of malignant hypertension with reversible diffuse leukoencephalopathy exhibiting a reversible nocturnal blood pressure “riser” pattern. Hypertens Res 2002; 25: 467–73.
16. Schwartz R, Feske S, Polak J et al. Preeclampsia-eclampsia: clinical and neuroradiographic correlate and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. Radiology 2000; 217: 371–6.
17. Lewis M. Cyclosporin neurotoxicity after chemotherapy: Cyclosporin causes reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Br Med J 1999; 319: 54–5.
18. Koch S, Rabinstein A, Falcone S, Forteza A. Diffusion-weighted imaging shows cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in eclampsia. AJNR 2001; 22: 1068–70.
19. Bartynski W, Boardman J, Zeigler Z et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock. AJNR 2006; 27: 2179–90.
20. Wong R, Beguelin GZ, de Lima M et al. Tacrolimus-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2003; 122: 128–34.
21. Ito Y, Arahata Y, Goto Y et al. Cisplatin neurotoxicity presenting asreversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. AJNR 1998; 19: 415–7.
22. Bartynski W. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Part 2: Controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema. Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29: 1043–9.
23. Kim S, Im S. Predisposing Factors of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Acute Childhood Leukemia. Pediatric Neurology 2012; 47: 436–42.
24. Bartynski W, Zeigler Z, Spearman M et al. Etiology of cortical and white matter lesions in cyclosporin-A and FK-506 neurotoxicity. AJNR 2001; 22: 1901–14.
25. Giitenbeek J, Beut M, Vecht C. Cyclosporine neurotoxicity: a review. J Neurol 1999; 246: 339–46.
26. Kon R, Greif D, Michel T. Dephosphorylation of endothelial nitric-oxid synthase by vascular endothelial growth factor. Implications for the vascular responses to cyclosporine A. J Biol Chem 2002; 227: 29669–73.
27. Woodard P, Helton K, McDaniel H et al. Encephalopathy in pediatric patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with a poor prognosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33: 1151–7.
28. Yoshida K, Yamamoto T, Mory K, Maeda M. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in a patient with hypertensive encephalopathy: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2001; 41: 364–9.
29. Kastrup О, Gerwig M. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): electroencephalographic findings and seizure patterns. J Neurol 2012; 259: 1383–9.
30. Reinohs M, Straube T, Baum P et al. Recurrent reversible cerebral edema after long term immunosuppression with tacrolimus. J Neurol 2002; 249: 780–1.
31. Chou M, Lai P, Yeh L et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging in 12 cases. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2004; 20 (8): 381–8.
32. Burnett M, Hess C, Roberts J et al. Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 886–9.
33. Covarrubias D, Luetmer P, Campeau N. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: prognostic utility of quantitative diffusion-weighted MR images. Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23 (6): 1038–48.
34. Garg R. Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77 (903): 24–8.
2. Casey S, Sampaio R, Michel E Truwit C. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions. Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 1199–206.
3. Lee V, Wijdicks E, Manno E, Rabinstein A. Clinical spectrum of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 205–10.
4. Burnett M, Hess C, Roberts J et al. Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 886–9.
5. Raps E, Galetta S, Brodenick M, Atlas S. Delayed peripartum vasculopathy: cerebral eclampsia revised. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 222–5.
6. Matsuda H, Sakaguchi K, Shibasaki T et al. Cerbral edema on MRI in several preeclampsia women developing eclampsia. J Perinat Med 2005; 33: 199–205.
7. Karuppannasammy D, Vikrant K, Raghuram A, Kumaar T. Cortical visual loss in posterior reversibleencephalopathy syndrome in late postpartum eclampsia: case series. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014; 62: 635–8.
8. Gera D, Patril S, Jyer A et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol 2014; 24: 28–34.
9. Morris E, Laningham F, Sandlund J, Khan R. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2007; 48: 152–9.
10. Lucchini G, Grioni D, Colombini A et al. Encephalopathy syndrome in children with hemato-oncological disorders is not always posterior and reversible. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2008; 51: 629–33.
11. Gupta A, Swaroop C, Rastogi R et al. Simultaneous occurrence of posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome in two cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction chemotherapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 25: 351–8.
12. Panis B, Vlaar A, van Well G et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in pediatric leukaemia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2010; 14: 539–45.
13. Ay H, Buonanno F, Schaefer P et al. Posterior leukoencephalopathy without severe hypertension: utility of diffusion-weighted MRI. Neurology 1998; 51: 1369–76.
14. Norman J, Parke J, Wilson D, McNall-Knapp R. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in children undergoing induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2007; 49: 198–203.
15. Eguchi K, Kasahara K, Nagashima A et al. Two cases of malignant hypertension with reversible diffuse leukoencephalopathy exhibiting a reversible nocturnal blood pressure “riser” pattern. Hypertens Res 2002; 25: 467–73.
16. Schwartz R, Feske S, Polak J et al. Preeclampsia-eclampsia: clinical and neuroradiographic correlate and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. Radiology 2000; 217: 371–6.
17. Lewis M. Cyclosporin neurotoxicity after chemotherapy: Cyclosporin causes reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Br Med J 1999; 319: 54–5.
18. Koch S, Rabinstein A, Falcone S, Forteza A. Diffusion-weighted imaging shows cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in eclampsia. AJNR 2001; 22: 1068–70.
19. Bartynski W, Boardman J, Zeigler Z et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock. AJNR 2006; 27: 2179–90.
20. Wong R, Beguelin GZ, de Lima M et al. Tacrolimus-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2003; 122: 128–34.
21. Ito Y, Arahata Y, Goto Y et al. Cisplatin neurotoxicity presenting asreversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. AJNR 1998; 19: 415–7.
22. Bartynski W. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Part 2: Controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema. Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29: 1043–9.
23. Kim S, Im S. Predisposing Factors of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Acute Childhood Leukemia. Pediatric Neurology 2012; 47: 436–42.
24. Bartynski W, Zeigler Z, Spearman M et al. Etiology of cortical and white matter lesions in cyclosporin-A and FK-506 neurotoxicity. AJNR 2001; 22: 1901–14.
25. Giitenbeek J, Beut M, Vecht C. Cyclosporine neurotoxicity: a review. J Neurol 1999; 246: 339–46.
26. Kon R, Greif D, Michel T. Dephosphorylation of endothelial nitric-oxid synthase by vascular endothelial growth factor. Implications for the vascular responses to cyclosporine A. J Biol Chem 2002; 227: 29669–73.
27. Woodard P, Helton K, McDaniel H et al. Encephalopathy in pediatric patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with a poor prognosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33: 1151–7.
28. Yoshida K, Yamamoto T, Mory K, Maeda M. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in a patient with hypertensive encephalopathy: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2001; 41: 364–9.
29. Kastrup О, Gerwig M. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): electroencephalographic findings and seizure patterns. J Neurol 2012; 259: 1383–9.
30. Reinohs M, Straube T, Baum P et al. Recurrent reversible cerebral edema after long term immunosuppression with tacrolimus. J Neurol 2002; 249: 780–1.
31. Chou M, Lai P, Yeh L et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging in 12 cases. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2004; 20 (8): 381–8.
32. Burnett M, Hess C, Roberts J et al. Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 886–9.
33. Covarrubias D, Luetmer P, Campeau N. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: prognostic utility of quantitative diffusion-weighted MR images. Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23 (6): 1038–48.
34. Garg R. Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77 (903): 24–8.
2. Casey S, Sampaio R, Michel E Truwit C. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions. Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 1199–206.
3. Lee V, Wijdicks E, Manno E, Rabinstein A. Clinical spectrum of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 205–10.
4. Burnett M, Hess C, Roberts J et al. Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 886–9.
5. Raps E, Galetta S, Brodenick M, Atlas S. Delayed peripartum vasculopathy: cerebral eclampsia revised. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 222–5.
6. Matsuda H, Sakaguchi K, Shibasaki T et al. Cerbral edema on MRI in several preeclampsia women developing eclampsia. J Perinat Med 2005; 33: 199–205.
7. Karuppannasammy D, Vikrant K, Raghuram A, Kumaar T. Cortical visual loss in posterior reversibleencephalopathy syndrome in late postpartum eclampsia: case series. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014; 62: 635–8.
8. Gera D, Patril S, Jyer A et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol 2014; 24: 28–34.
9. Morris E, Laningham F, Sandlund J, Khan R. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2007; 48: 152–9.
10. Lucchini G, Grioni D, Colombini A et al. Encephalopathy syndrome in children with hemato-oncological disorders is not always posterior and reversible. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2008; 51: 629–33.
11. Gupta A, Swaroop C, Rastogi R et al. Simultaneous occurrence of posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome in two cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction chemotherapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 25: 351–8.
12. Panis B, Vlaar A, van Well G et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in pediatric leukaemia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2010; 14: 539–45.
13. Ay H, Buonanno F, Schaefer P et al. Posterior leukoencephalopathy without severe hypertension: utility of diffusion-weighted MRI. Neurology 1998; 51: 1369–76.
14. Norman J, Parke J, Wilson D, McNall-Knapp R. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in children undergoing induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2007; 49: 198–203.
15. Eguchi K, Kasahara K, Nagashima A et al. Two cases of malignant hypertension with reversible diffuse leukoencephalopathy exhibiting a reversible nocturnal blood pressure “riser” pattern. Hypertens Res 2002; 25: 467–73.
16. Schwartz R, Feske S, Polak J et al. Preeclampsia-eclampsia: clinical and neuroradiographic correlate and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. Radiology 2000; 217: 371–6.
17. Lewis M. Cyclosporin neurotoxicity after chemotherapy: Cyclosporin causes reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Br Med J 1999; 319: 54–5.
18. Koch S, Rabinstein A, Falcone S, Forteza A. Diffusion-weighted imaging shows cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in eclampsia. AJNR 2001; 22: 1068–70.
19. Bartynski W, Boardman J, Zeigler Z et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock. AJNR 2006; 27: 2179–90.
20. Wong R, Beguelin GZ, de Lima M et al. Tacrolimus-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2003; 122: 128–34.
21. Ito Y, Arahata Y, Goto Y et al. Cisplatin neurotoxicity presenting asreversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. AJNR 1998; 19: 415–7.
22. Bartynski W. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, Part 2: Controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema. Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29: 1043–9.
23. Kim S, Im S. Predisposing Factors of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Acute Childhood Leukemia. Pediatric Neurology 2012; 47: 436–42.
24. Bartynski W, Zeigler Z, Spearman M et al. Etiology of cortical and white matter lesions in cyclosporin-A and FK-506 neurotoxicity. AJNR 2001; 22: 1901–14.
25. Giitenbeek J, Beut M, Vecht C. Cyclosporine neurotoxicity: a review. J Neurol 1999; 246: 339–46.
26. Kon R, Greif D, Michel T. Dephosphorylation of endothelial nitric-oxid synthase by vascular endothelial growth factor. Implications for the vascular responses to cyclosporine A. J Biol Chem 2002; 227: 29669–73.
27. Woodard P, Helton K, McDaniel H et al. Encephalopathy in pediatric patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with a poor prognosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33: 1151–7.
28. Yoshida K, Yamamoto T, Mory K, Maeda M. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in a patient with hypertensive encephalopathy: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2001; 41: 364–9.
29. Kastrup О, Gerwig M. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): electroencephalographic findings and seizure patterns. J Neurol 2012; 259: 1383–9.
30. Reinohs M, Straube T, Baum P et al. Recurrent reversible cerebral edema after long term immunosuppression with tacrolimus. J Neurol 2002; 249: 780–1.
31. Chou M, Lai P, Yeh L et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging in 12 cases. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2004; 20 (8): 381–8.
32. Burnett M, Hess C, Roberts J et al. Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 886–9.
33. Covarrubias D, Luetmer P, Campeau N. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: prognostic utility of quantitative diffusion-weighted MR images. Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23 (6): 1038–48.
34. Garg R. Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77 (903): 24–8.
________________________________________________
2. Casey S, Sampaio R, Michel E Truwit C. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions. Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21: 1199–206.
3. Lee V, Wijdicks E, Manno E, Rabinstein A. Clinical spectrum of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 205–10.
4. Burnett M, Hess C, Roberts J et al. Presentation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in patients on calcineurin inhibitors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 886–9.
5. Raps E, Galetta S, Brodenick M, Atlas S. Delayed peripartum vasculopathy: cerebral eclampsia revised. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 222–5.
6. Matsuda H, Sakaguchi K, Shibasaki T et al. Cerbral edema on MRI in several preeclampsia women developing eclampsia. J Perinat Med 2005; 33: 199–205.
7. Karuppannasammy D, Vikrant K, Raghuram A, Kumaar T. Cortical visual loss in posterior reversibleencephalopathy syndrome in late postpartum eclampsia: case series. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014; 62: 635–8.
8. Gera D, Patril S, Jyer A et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with kidney disease. Indian J Nephrol 2014; 24: 28–34.
9. Morris E, Laningham F, Sandlund J, Khan R. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2007; 48: 152–9.
10. Lucchini G, Grioni D, Colombini A et al. Encephalopathy syndrome in children with hemato-oncological disorders is not always posterior and reversible. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2008; 51: 629–33.
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Авторы
В.М.Делягин*, О.А.Сердюк, Д.Н.Балашов, Ю.В.Скворцова, Г.В.Терещенко
ФГБУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, д. 1
*v.m.delyagin@mail.ru
Dmitriy Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Samory Mashela, d. 1
*v.m.delyagin@mail.ru
ФГБУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Дмитрия Рогачева» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, д. 1
*v.m.delyagin@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Dmitriy Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Samory Mashela, d. 1
*v.m.delyagin@mail.ru
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