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Диагностика и лечение метастазов меланомы без выявленного первичного очага
Диагностика и лечение метастазов меланомы без выявленного первичного очага
Крыловецкая М.А., Комаров И.Г., Карселадзе Д.А. Диагностика и лечение метастазов меланомы без выявленного первичного очага. Современная Онкология. 2018; 20 (3): 30–34. DOI: 10.26442/1815-1434_2018.3.30-34
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Аннотация
Меланома – злокачественная опухоль, развивающаяся из меланоцитов. Меланома характеризуется бурным и ранним метастазированием. Чаще всего метастазами поражаются регионарные лимфатические узлы. Метастазы меланомы могут быть первыми обращающими на себя внимание признаками распространенности процесса и единственным проявлением заболевания. Пациенты с метастазами меланомы без выявленного первичного очага составляют примерно от 1 до 8% от всех случаев меланомы и до 12,6% – среди всех случаев метастазов злокачественной опухоли без первичного очага. Понимание особенностей клинического течения метастазов меланомы без выявленного первичного очага необходимо для определения прогноза заболевания. В данной статье выполнен анализ публикаций, посвященных описанию клинических проявлений заболевания и характерным особенностям клинического течения в зависимости от локализации опухоли.
Ключевые слова: меланома, метастазы меланомы без выявленного первичного очага, прогноз, выживаемость, иммуногистохимическое исследование, комбинированное лечение.
Key words: melanoma, metastatic melanoma of unknown primary, prognosis, survival, immunohistochemical study, combined
treatment.
Ключевые слова: меланома, метастазы меланомы без выявленного первичного очага, прогноз, выживаемость, иммуногистохимическое исследование, комбинированное лечение.
________________________________________________
Key words: melanoma, metastatic melanoma of unknown primary, prognosis, survival, immunohistochemical study, combined
treatment.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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6. Anisimov V.V. Soderzhanie poniatiia "mestnyi retsidiv" posle khirurgicheskogo lecheniia zlokachestvennoi melanomy kozhi. Vopr. onkologii. 1985; 31 (1): 32–7. [in Russian]
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8. Nambiar S, Mirmohammadsadegh A, Doroudi R et al. Signaling networks in cutaneous melanoma metastasis identified by complementary DNA microarrays. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141: 165–73.
9. Zinchenko C.B., Rudyk A.N., Khasanov R.Sh. Lechenie bol'nykh s metastazami zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Vestn. RONTs im. H.H.Blokhina RAMN. 2009; 20 (3): 3–12.
[in Russian]
10. Cormier JN, Xing Y, Feng L et al. Metastatic Melanoma to Lymph Nodes in Patients with Unknown Primary Sites. Cancer 2006; 106 (9): 2012–20.
11. Marochko A.Iu., Kosykh N.E., Briantseva A.I. i dr. Metastazy melanomy bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Dal'nevost. med. zhurn. 2009; 1: 47–9. [in Russian]
12. Akhmetov I.R. Melanoma kozhi: taktika khirurgicheskogo lecheniia v otnoshenii regionarnykh limfaticheskikh uzlov. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2006; 3: 68–73. [in Russian]
13. Komarov I.G., Komov D.V. Metastazy zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. V kn.: Onkologiia. Pod red. I.V.Poddubnoi. M., 2009; s. 750–7. [in Russian]
14. Vagner R.I., Anisimov V.V., Barchuk A.S. Melanoma kozhi. Ch. 2. SPb.: Nauka, 1996. [in Russian]
15. Zinchenko S.V., Khasanov R.Sh., Rudyk A.N. K voprosu o klassifikatsii metastazov zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Kazan. med. zhurn. 2010; 91 (2): 246–8. [in Russian]
16. Gafur-Akhunov M.A., Amiraslanov A.T., Parshikov S.M. i dr. Metastazy melanomy v perifericheskie limfaticheskie uzly bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Vestn. VONTs AMN SSSR. 1991; 3: 24–7. [in Russian]
17. Savoia P, Fava P, Osella-Abate S et al. Melanoma of unknown primary site: a 33-year experience at the turin melanoma centre. Melanoma Res 2010; 20: 227–32.
18. Samadder NJ, Smith KR, Hanson H et al. Familial risk in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary. JAMA Oncol 2016; 2 (3): 340–6. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.4265
19. Das Gupta T, Bowden L, Berg JW. Malignant melanoma of unknown primary origin. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1963; 117: 341–5.
20. Miller FR, Kamad AB, Eng T et al. Management of unknown primary carcinoma: long-term followup on a negative PET Scan and negative panendoscopy. Head Neck 2008; 30 (1): 28–34.
21. Chen YH, Yang XM, Li SS et al. Value of fused positron emission tomography CT in detecting primaries in patients with primary unknown cervical lymph node metastasis. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2012; 56 (1): 66–74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02331.x
22. Guarischi A, Keane TJ, Elhakim T. Metastic inguinal nodes from an unknown primary neoplasm. A review of 56 cases. Cancer (Philad.) 1987; 59 (3): 572–7.
23. Anisimov V.V. Standartnoe obsledovanie patsientov s podozreniem na melanomu. Sovremennaia klinicheskaia klassifikatsiia. Prakticheskaia onkologiia. 2001; 4: 12–22. [in Russian]
24. Rukovodstvo po immunogistokhimicheskoi diagnostike opukholei cheloveka. Pod red. S.V.Petrova, N.T.Raikhlina. Kazan', 2012. [in Russian]
25. Strojan P, Ferlito A, Medina JE et al. Contemporary management of lymph node metastases from an unknown primary to the neck. I. A review of diagnostic approaches. Head Neck 2011; 35 (1): 123–32. DOI: 10.1002/hed.21898
26. Starritt EC, Uren RF, Scolyer RA et al. Ultrasound Examination of Sentinel Nodes in the Initial Assessment of Patients With Primary Cutaneous Melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2005; 12 (1): 18–23. DOI: 10.1245/ ASO.2005.03.019
27. Velez A, Walsh D, Constantine P. Karakousis. Treatment of Unknown Primary Melanoma. Cancer 1991; 68 (12): 2579–81.
28. Novik A.V., Moiseenko V.M. Diagnostika i lechenie opukholei neizvestnoi pervichnoi lokalizatsii. Vopr. onkologii. 2004; 3: 271–8. [in Russian]
29. Vishnevskaia Ia.V., Stroganova A.M., Senderovich A.I. i dr. Sovremennaia gistologicheskaia, immunogistokhimicheskaia i molekuliarno-geneticheskaia diagnostika melanomy kozhi. Sib. onkologicheskii zhurn. 2012; 4: 74–5. [in Russian]
30. Mazurenko N.N. Geneticheskie osobennosti i markery melanomy kozhi. Molekuliarnyi kantserogenez. Pod red. M.A.Krasil'nikova, I.B.Zborovskoi. M., 2016; s. 253–73. [in Russian]
31. Rajkumar S, Watson IR. Molecular characterization of cutaneous melanoma: creating a framework for targeted and immune therapies. Br J Cancer 2016; 115 (2): 145–55.
32. Bello DM, Ariyan CE, Carvajal RD. Melanoma mutagenesis and aberrant cell signaling. Cancer Control 2013; 20 (4): 261–81.
33. Fedorenko IV, Gibney GT, Keiran SM. NRAS mutant melanoma: biological behavior and future strategies for therapeutic management. Oncogene 2013; 32 (25): 3009–18.
34. Beadling C, Jacobson-Dunlop E, Hodi FS et al. KIT gene mutations and copy number in melanoma subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14 (21): 6821–8.
35. Dumaz N. Mechanism of RAF isoform switching induced by oncogenic RAS in melanoma. Small GTPases 2011; 2 (5): 289–92.
36. Grimaldi AM, Simeone E, Festino L et al. Novel mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in melanoma: targeting the MAPK pathway. Dis Med 2015; 19 (107): 455–61.
37. Larkin J, Ascierto PA, Dreno B et al. Combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF – mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med 2014; 371 (20): 1867–76.
38. Bollag G, Tsai J, Zhang J et al. Vemurafenib: the first drug approved for BRAF-mutant cancer. Nat Rev Drug Dis 2012; 11 (11): 873–86. DOI: 10.1038/nrd3847
39. Ballantyne AD, Garnock-Jones KP. Dabrafenib: first global approval. Drugs 2013; 73 (12): 1367–76. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0095-2
40. Wright CJ, McCormack PL. Trametinib: first global approval. Drugs 2013; 73 (11): 1245–54. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0096-1
41. Blank C, Brown I, Peterson AC et al. PD-L1/B7H-1 inhibits the effector phase of tumor rejection by T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64 (3): 1140–45.
42. Okazaki T, Honjo T. PD-1 and PD-1 ligands: from discovery to clinical application. Int Immunol 2007; 19 (7): 813–24.
43. Abramov M.E. Sovremennye dostizheniia v lekarstvennoi terapii disseminirovannoi melanomy kozhi. Farmateka. 2015; 18 (311). [in Russian]
44. Postow MA, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33 (17): 191–9. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.59.4358
45. Chin L, Garraway LA, Fisher DE. Malignant melanoma: genetics and therapeutics in the genomic era. US Genes Dev 2006; 20 (16): 2149–8.
46. Kamposioras K, Pentheroudakis G, Pectasides D, Pavlidis N. Malignant melanoma of uknown primary site. To make the long story short. A systematic review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 78 (2): 112–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.04.007
47. Milton GW, Shaw HM, Mecarthy WH. Occult primary malignant melanoma; factors influeneing survival. Br J Surg 1977; 64 (11): 805–8.
48. Demidov L.V., Kharkevich G.Iu. Melanoma kozhi: stadirovanie, diagnostika i lechenie. RMZh. 2003; 11: 658. [in Russian]
49. Balch СМ, Soong SJ, Murad TM et al. A multifactorial analysis of melanoma: III. Prognostic factors in melanoma patients with lymph node metastases (stage 11). Ann Surg 1981; 193: 377–88.
50. Clark WHJr, Elder DE, Guerry D et al. Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression. J Nat Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1893–904.
2. Давыдов М.И., Аксель Е.М. Статистика злокачественных новообразований в России и странах СНГ в 2009 г. Вестн. РОНЦ им. Н.Н.Блохина РАМН. 2011; 22 (3); Прил. 1. / Davydov M.I., Aksel' E.M. Statistika zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovanii v Rossii i stranakh SNG v 2009 g. Vestn. RONTs im. N.N.Blokhina RAMN. 2011; 22 (3); Pril. 1. [in Russian]
3. Вавилов А.М., Самсонов В. А., Чистякова И.А., Соколова И.Н. Диссеминированная меланома без первично выявленного очага, клинически имитирующая саркому Капоши. Вестн. дерматологии и венерологии. 1999; 6: 68–70. / Vavilov A.M., Samsonov V. A., Chistiakova I.A., Sokolova I.N. Disseminirovannaia melanoma bez pervichno vyiavlennogo ochaga, klinicheski imitiruiushchaia sarkomu Kaposhi. Vestn. dermatologii i venerologii. 1999; 6: 68–70. [in Russian]
4. Генетическая ДНК-диагностика меланомы глаз. Ген CDKN2A. Гены меланомы хориоидеи. http://oftalmic. ru/b_melanoma.php / Geneticheskaia DNK-diagnostika melanomy glaz. Gen CDKN2A. Geny melanomy khorioidei. http://oftalmic. ru/b_melanoma.php [in Russian]
5. Manola J, Ibrahim J, Atkins M et al. Prognostic factors in metastatic melanoma: A pooled analysis of ECOG trials. Proc. ASCO 2000; 19: 2171.
6. Анисимов В.В. Содержание понятия «местный рецидив» после хирургического лечения злокачественной меланомы кожи. Вопр. онкологии. 1985; 31 (1): 32–7. / Anisimov V.V. Soderzhanie poniatiia "mestnyi retsidiv" posle khirurgicheskogo lecheniia zlokachestvennoi melanomy kozhi. Vopr. onkologii. 1985; 31 (1): 32–7. [in Russian]
7. Фрадкин С.З., Залуцкий И.В. Меланома кожи. Минск, 2000. / Fradkin S.Z., Zalutskii I.V. Melanoma kozhi. Minsk, 2000. [in Russian]
8. Nambiar S, Mirmohammadsadegh A, Doroudi R et al. Signaling networks in cutaneous melanoma metastasis identified by complementary DNA microarrays. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141: 165–73.
9. Зинченко C.B., Рудык А.Н., Хасанов Р.Ш. Лечение больных с метастазами злокачественных опухолей без выявленного первичного очага. Вестн. РОНЦ им. H.H.Блохина РАМН. 2009; 20 (3): 3–12. / Zinchenko C.B., Rudyk A.N., Khasanov R.Sh. Lechenie bol'nykh s metastazami zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Vestn. RONTs im. H.H.Blokhina RAMN. 2009; 20 (3): 3–12.
[in Russian]
10. Cormier JN, Xing Y, Feng L et al. Metastatic Melanoma to Lymph Nodes in Patients with Unknown Primary Sites. Cancer 2006; 106 (9): 2012–20.
11. Марочко А.Ю., Косых Н.Э., Брянцева А.И. и др. Метастазы меланомы без выявленного первичного очага. Дальневост. мед. журн. 2009; 1: 47–9. / Marochko A.Iu., Kosykh N.E., Briantseva A.I. i dr. Metastazy melanomy bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Dal'nevost. med. zhurn. 2009; 1: 47–9. [in Russian]
12. Ахметов И.Р. Меланома кожи: тактика хирургического лечения в отношении регионарных лимфатических узлов. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2006; 3: 68–73. / Akhmetov I.R. Melanoma kozhi: taktika khirurgicheskogo lecheniia v otnoshenii regionarnykh limfaticheskikh uzlov. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2006; 3: 68–73. [in Russian]
13. Комаров И.Г., Комов Д.В. Метастазы злокачественных опухолей без выявленного первичного очага. В кн.: Онкология. Под ред. И.В.Поддубной. М., 2009; с. 750–7. / Komarov I.G., Komov D.V. Metastazy zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. V kn.: Onkologiia. Pod red. I.V.Poddubnoi. M., 2009; s. 750–7. [in Russian]
14. Вагнер Р.И., Анисимов В.В., Барчук А.С. Меланома кожи. Ч. 2. СПб.: Наука, 1996. / Vagner R.I., Anisimov V.V., Barchuk A.S. Melanoma kozhi. Ch. 2. SPb.: Nauka, 1996. [in Russian]
15. Зинченко С.В., Хасанов Р.Ш., Рудык А.Н. К вопросу о классификации метастазов злокачественных опухолей без выявленного первичного очага. Казан. мед. журн. 2010; 91 (2): 246–8. / Zinchenko S.V., Khasanov R.Sh., Rudyk A.N. K voprosu o klassifikatsii metastazov zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Kazan. med. zhurn. 2010; 91 (2): 246–8. [in Russian]
16. Гафур-Ахунов М.А., Амирасланов А.Т., Паршиков С.М. и др. Метастазы меланомы в периферические лимфатические узлы без выявленного первичного очага. Вестн. ВОНЦ АМН СССР. 1991; 3: 24–7. / Gafur-Akhunov M.A., Amiraslanov A.T., Parshikov S.M. i dr. Metastazy melanomy v perifericheskie limfaticheskie uzly bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Vestn. VONTs AMN SSSR. 1991; 3: 24–7. [in Russian]
17. Savoia P, Fava P, Osella-Abate S et al. Melanoma of unknown primary site: a 33-year experience at the turin melanoma centre. Melanoma Res 2010; 20: 227–32.
18. Samadder NJ, Smith KR, Hanson H et al. Familial risk in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary. JAMA Oncol 2016; 2 (3): 340–6. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.4265
19. Das Gupta T, Bowden L, Berg JW. Malignant melanoma of unknown primary origin. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1963; 117: 341–5.
20. Miller FR, Kamad AB, Eng T et al. Management of unknown primary carcinoma: long-term followup on a negative PET Scan and negative panendoscopy. Head Neck 2008; 30 (1): 28–34.
21. Chen YH, Yang XM, Li SS et al. Value of fused positron emission tomography CT in detecting primaries in patients with primary unknown cervical lymph node metastasis. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2012; 56 (1): 66–74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02331.x
22. Guarischi A, Keane TJ, Elhakim T. Metastic inguinal nodes from an unknown primary neoplasm. A review of 56 cases. Cancer (Philad.) 1987; 59 (3): 572–7.
23. Анисимов В.В. Стандартное обследование пациентов с подозрением на меланому. Современная клиническая классификация. Практическая онкология. 2001; 4: 12–22. / Anisimov V.V. Standartnoe obsledovanie patsientov s podozreniem na melanomu. Sovremennaia klinicheskaia klassifikatsiia. Prakticheskaia onkologiia. 2001; 4: 12–22. [in Russian]
24. Руководство по иммуногистохимической диагностике опухолей человека. Под ред. С.В.Петрова, Н.Т.Райхлина. Казань, 2012. / Rukovodstvo po immunogistokhimicheskoi diagnostike opukholei cheloveka. Pod red. S.V.Petrova, N.T.Raikhlina. Kazan', 2012. [in Russian]
25. Strojan P, Ferlito A, Medina JE et al. Contemporary management of lymph node metastases from an unknown primary to the neck. I. A review of diagnostic approaches. Head Neck 2011; 35 (1): 123–32. DOI: 10.1002/hed.21898
26. Starritt EC, Uren RF, Scolyer RA et al. Ultrasound Examination of Sentinel Nodes in the Initial Assessment of Patients With Primary Cutaneous Melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2005; 12 (1): 18–23. DOI: 10.1245/ ASO.2005.03.019
27. Velez A, Walsh D, Constantine P. Karakousis. Treatment of Unknown Primary Melanoma. Cancer 1991; 68 (12): 2579–81.
28. Новик А.В., Моисеенко В.М. Диагностика и лечение опухолей неизвестной первичной локализации. Вопр. онкологии. 2004;
3: 271–8. / Novik A.V., Moiseenko V.M. Diagnostika i lechenie opukholei neizvestnoi pervichnoi lokalizatsii. Vopr. onkologii. 2004; 3: 271–8. [in Russian]
29. Вишневская Я.В., Строганова А.М., Сендерович А.И. и др. Современная гистологическая, иммуногистохимическая и молекулярно-генетическая диагностика меланомы кожи. Сиб. онкологический журн. 2012; 4: 74–5. / Vishnevskaia Ia.V., Stroganova A.M., Senderovich A.I. i dr. Sovremennaia gistologicheskaia, immunogistokhimicheskaia i molekuliarno-geneticheskaia diagnostika melanomy kozhi. Sib. onkologicheskii zhurn. 2012; 4: 74–5. [in Russian]
30. Мазуренко Н.Н. Генетические особенности и маркеры меланомы кожи. Молекулярный канцерогенез. Под ред. М.А.Красильникова, И.Б.Зборовской. М., 2016; с. 253–73. / Mazurenko N.N. Geneticheskie osobennosti i markery melanomy kozhi. Molekuliarnyi kantserogenez. Pod red. M.A.Krasil'nikova, I.B.Zborovskoi. M., 2016; s. 253–73. [in Russian]
31. Rajkumar S, Watson IR. Molecular characterization of cutaneous melanoma: creating a framework for targeted and immune therapies. Br J Cancer 2016; 115 (2): 145–55.
32. Bello DM, Ariyan CE, Carvajal RD. Melanoma mutagenesis and aberrant cell signaling. Cancer Control 2013; 20 (4): 261–81.
33. Fedorenko IV, Gibney GT, Keiran SM. NRAS mutant melanoma: biological behavior and future strategies for therapeutic management. Oncogene 2013; 32 (25): 3009–18.
34. Beadling C, Jacobson-Dunlop E, Hodi FS et al. KIT gene mutations and copy number in melanoma subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14 (21): 6821–8.
35. Dumaz N. Mechanism of RAF isoform switching induced by oncogenic RAS in melanoma. Small GTPases 2011; 2 (5): 289–92.
36. Grimaldi AM, Simeone E, Festino L et al. Novel mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in melanoma: targeting the MAPK pathway. Dis Med 2015; 19 (107): 455–61.
37. Larkin J, Ascierto PA, Dreno B et al. Combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF – mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med 2014; 371 (20): 1867–76.
38. Bollag G, Tsai J, Zhang J et al. Vemurafenib: the first drug approved for BRAF-mutant cancer. Nat Rev Drug Dis 2012; 11 (11): 873–86. DOI: 10.1038/nrd3847
39. Ballantyne AD, Garnock-Jones KP. Dabrafenib: first global approval. Drugs 2013; 73 (12): 1367–76. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0095-2
40. Wright CJ, McCormack PL. Trametinib: first global approval. Drugs 2013; 73 (11): 1245–54. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0096-1
41. Blank C, Brown I, Peterson AC et al. PD-L1/B7H-1 inhibits the effector phase of tumor rejection by T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64 (3): 1140–45.
42. Okazaki T, Honjo T. PD-1 and PD-1 ligands: from discovery to clinical application. Int Immunol 2007; 19 (7): 813–24.
43. Абрамов М.Е. Современные достижения в лекарственной терапии диссеминированной меланомы кожи. Фарматека. 2015; 18 (311). / Abramov M.E. Sovremennye dostizheniia v lekarstvennoi terapii disseminirovannoi melanomy kozhi. Farmateka. 2015; 18 (311). [in Russian]
44. Postow MA, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33 (17): 191–9. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.59.4358
45. Chin L, Garraway LA, Fisher DE. Malignant melanoma: genetics and therapeutics in the genomic era. US Genes Dev 2006; 20 (16): 2149–8.
46. Kamposioras K, Pentheroudakis G, Pectasides D, Pavlidis N. Malignant melanoma of uknown primary site. To make the long story short. A systematic review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 78 (2): 112–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.04.007
47. Milton GW, Shaw HM, Mecarthy WH. Occult primary malignant melanoma; factors influeneing survival. Br J Surg 1977; 64 (11): 805–8.
48. Демидов Л.В., Харкевич Г.Ю. Меланома кожи: стадирование, диагностика и лечение. РМЖ. 2003; 11: 658. / Demidov L.V., Kharkevich G.Iu. Melanoma kozhi: stadirovanie, diagnostika i lechenie. RMZh. 2003; 11: 658. [in Russian]
49. Balch СМ, Soong SJ, Murad TM et al. A multifactorial analysis of melanoma: III. Prognostic factors in melanoma patients with lymph node metastases (stage 11). Ann Surg 1981; 193: 377–88.
50. Clark WHJr, Elder DE, Guerry D et al. Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression. J Nat Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1893–904.
________________________________________________
2. Davydov M.I., Aksel' E.M. Statistika zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovanii v Rossii i stranakh SNG v 2009 g. Vestn. RONTs im. N.N.Blokhina RAMN. 2011; 22 (3); Pril. 1. [in Russian]
3. Vavilov A.M., Samsonov V. A., Chistiakova I.A., Sokolova I.N. Disseminirovannaia melanoma bez pervichno vyiavlennogo ochaga, klinicheski imitiruiushchaia sarkomu Kaposhi. Vestn. dermatologii i venerologii. 1999; 6: 68–70. [in Russian]
4. Geneticheskaia DNK-diagnostika melanomy glaz. Gen CDKN2A. Geny melanomy khorioidei. http://oftalmic. ru/b_melanoma.php [in Russian]
5. Manola J, Ibrahim J, Atkins M et al. Prognostic factors in metastatic melanoma: A pooled analysis of ECOG trials. Proc. ASCO 2000; 19: 2171.
6. Anisimov V.V. Soderzhanie poniatiia "mestnyi retsidiv" posle khirurgicheskogo lecheniia zlokachestvennoi melanomy kozhi. Vopr. onkologii. 1985; 31 (1): 32–7. [in Russian]
7. Fradkin S.Z., Zalutskii I.V. Melanoma kozhi. Minsk, 2000. [in Russian]
8. Nambiar S, Mirmohammadsadegh A, Doroudi R et al. Signaling networks in cutaneous melanoma metastasis identified by complementary DNA microarrays. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141: 165–73.
9. Zinchenko C.B., Rudyk A.N., Khasanov R.Sh. Lechenie bol'nykh s metastazami zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Vestn. RONTs im. H.H.Blokhina RAMN. 2009; 20 (3): 3–12.
[in Russian]
10. Cormier JN, Xing Y, Feng L et al. Metastatic Melanoma to Lymph Nodes in Patients with Unknown Primary Sites. Cancer 2006; 106 (9): 2012–20.
11. Marochko A.Iu., Kosykh N.E., Briantseva A.I. i dr. Metastazy melanomy bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Dal'nevost. med. zhurn. 2009; 1: 47–9. [in Russian]
12. Akhmetov I.R. Melanoma kozhi: taktika khirurgicheskogo lecheniia v otnoshenii regionarnykh limfaticheskikh uzlov. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2006; 3: 68–73. [in Russian]
13. Komarov I.G., Komov D.V. Metastazy zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. V kn.: Onkologiia. Pod red. I.V.Poddubnoi. M., 2009; s. 750–7. [in Russian]
14. Vagner R.I., Anisimov V.V., Barchuk A.S. Melanoma kozhi. Ch. 2. SPb.: Nauka, 1996. [in Russian]
15. Zinchenko S.V., Khasanov R.Sh., Rudyk A.N. K voprosu o klassifikatsii metastazov zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Kazan. med. zhurn. 2010; 91 (2): 246–8. [in Russian]
16. Gafur-Akhunov M.A., Amiraslanov A.T., Parshikov S.M. i dr. Metastazy melanomy v perifericheskie limfaticheskie uzly bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. Vestn. VONTs AMN SSSR. 1991; 3: 24–7. [in Russian]
17. Savoia P, Fava P, Osella-Abate S et al. Melanoma of unknown primary site: a 33-year experience at the turin melanoma centre. Melanoma Res 2010; 20: 227–32.
18. Samadder NJ, Smith KR, Hanson H et al. Familial risk in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary. JAMA Oncol 2016; 2 (3): 340–6. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.4265
19. Das Gupta T, Bowden L, Berg JW. Malignant melanoma of unknown primary origin. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1963; 117: 341–5.
20. Miller FR, Kamad AB, Eng T et al. Management of unknown primary carcinoma: long-term followup on a negative PET Scan and negative panendoscopy. Head Neck 2008; 30 (1): 28–34.
21. Chen YH, Yang XM, Li SS et al. Value of fused positron emission tomography CT in detecting primaries in patients with primary unknown cervical lymph node metastasis. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2012; 56 (1): 66–74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02331.x
22. Guarischi A, Keane TJ, Elhakim T. Metastic inguinal nodes from an unknown primary neoplasm. A review of 56 cases. Cancer (Philad.) 1987; 59 (3): 572–7.
23. Anisimov V.V. Standartnoe obsledovanie patsientov s podozreniem na melanomu. Sovremennaia klinicheskaia klassifikatsiia. Prakticheskaia onkologiia. 2001; 4: 12–22. [in Russian]
24. Rukovodstvo po immunogistokhimicheskoi diagnostike opukholei cheloveka. Pod red. S.V.Petrova, N.T.Raikhlina. Kazan', 2012. [in Russian]
25. Strojan P, Ferlito A, Medina JE et al. Contemporary management of lymph node metastases from an unknown primary to the neck. I. A review of diagnostic approaches. Head Neck 2011; 35 (1): 123–32. DOI: 10.1002/hed.21898
26. Starritt EC, Uren RF, Scolyer RA et al. Ultrasound Examination of Sentinel Nodes in the Initial Assessment of Patients With Primary Cutaneous Melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2005; 12 (1): 18–23. DOI: 10.1245/ ASO.2005.03.019
27. Velez A, Walsh D, Constantine P. Karakousis. Treatment of Unknown Primary Melanoma. Cancer 1991; 68 (12): 2579–81.
28. Novik A.V., Moiseenko V.M. Diagnostika i lechenie opukholei neizvestnoi pervichnoi lokalizatsii. Vopr. onkologii. 2004; 3: 271–8. [in Russian]
29. Vishnevskaia Ia.V., Stroganova A.M., Senderovich A.I. i dr. Sovremennaia gistologicheskaia, immunogistokhimicheskaia i molekuliarno-geneticheskaia diagnostika melanomy kozhi. Sib. onkologicheskii zhurn. 2012; 4: 74–5. [in Russian]
30. Mazurenko N.N. Geneticheskie osobennosti i markery melanomy kozhi. Molekuliarnyi kantserogenez. Pod red. M.A.Krasil'nikova, I.B.Zborovskoi. M., 2016; s. 253–73. [in Russian]
31. Rajkumar S, Watson IR. Molecular characterization of cutaneous melanoma: creating a framework for targeted and immune therapies. Br J Cancer 2016; 115 (2): 145–55.
32. Bello DM, Ariyan CE, Carvajal RD. Melanoma mutagenesis and aberrant cell signaling. Cancer Control 2013; 20 (4): 261–81.
33. Fedorenko IV, Gibney GT, Keiran SM. NRAS mutant melanoma: biological behavior and future strategies for therapeutic management. Oncogene 2013; 32 (25): 3009–18.
34. Beadling C, Jacobson-Dunlop E, Hodi FS et al. KIT gene mutations and copy number in melanoma subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14 (21): 6821–8.
35. Dumaz N. Mechanism of RAF isoform switching induced by oncogenic RAS in melanoma. Small GTPases 2011; 2 (5): 289–92.
36. Grimaldi AM, Simeone E, Festino L et al. Novel mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in melanoma: targeting the MAPK pathway. Dis Med 2015; 19 (107): 455–61.
37. Larkin J, Ascierto PA, Dreno B et al. Combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib in BRAF – mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med 2014; 371 (20): 1867–76.
38. Bollag G, Tsai J, Zhang J et al. Vemurafenib: the first drug approved for BRAF-mutant cancer. Nat Rev Drug Dis 2012; 11 (11): 873–86. DOI: 10.1038/nrd3847
39. Ballantyne AD, Garnock-Jones KP. Dabrafenib: first global approval. Drugs 2013; 73 (12): 1367–76. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0095-2
40. Wright CJ, McCormack PL. Trametinib: first global approval. Drugs 2013; 73 (11): 1245–54. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0096-1
41. Blank C, Brown I, Peterson AC et al. PD-L1/B7H-1 inhibits the effector phase of tumor rejection by T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64 (3): 1140–45.
42. Okazaki T, Honjo T. PD-1 and PD-1 ligands: from discovery to clinical application. Int Immunol 2007; 19 (7): 813–24.
43. Abramov M.E. Sovremennye dostizheniia v lekarstvennoi terapii disseminirovannoi melanomy kozhi. Farmateka. 2015; 18 (311). [in Russian]
44. Postow MA, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33 (17): 191–9. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.59.4358
45. Chin L, Garraway LA, Fisher DE. Malignant melanoma: genetics and therapeutics in the genomic era. US Genes Dev 2006; 20 (16): 2149–8.
46. Kamposioras K, Pentheroudakis G, Pectasides D, Pavlidis N. Malignant melanoma of uknown primary site. To make the long story short. A systematic review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 78 (2): 112–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.04.007
47. Milton GW, Shaw HM, Mecarthy WH. Occult primary malignant melanoma; factors influeneing survival. Br J Surg 1977; 64 (11): 805–8.
48. Demidov L.V., Kharkevich G.Iu. Melanoma kozhi: stadirovanie, diagnostika i lechenie. RMZh. 2003; 11: 658. [in Russian]
49. Balch СМ, Soong SJ, Murad TM et al. A multifactorial analysis of melanoma: III. Prognostic factors in melanoma patients with lymph node metastases (stage 11). Ann Surg 1981; 193: 377–88.
50. Clark WHJr, Elder DE, Guerry D et al. Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression. J Nat Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1893–904.
Авторы
М.А.Крыловецкая*1, И.Г.Комаров2, Д.А.Карселадзе2
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н.Блохина» Минздрава России. 115478, Россия, Москва, Каширское ш., д. 23
*mariyakrilo@gmail.com
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 115478, Russian Federation, Moscow, Kashirskoe sh., d. 23
*mariyakrilo@gmail.com
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н.Блохина» Минздрава России. 115478, Россия, Москва, Каширское ш., д. 23
*mariyakrilo@gmail.com
________________________________________________
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 115478, Russian Federation, Moscow, Kashirskoe sh., d. 23
*mariyakrilo@gmail.com
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