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Современный взгляд на вопросы диагностики и верификации поражения аксиллярных лимфатических узлов при раннем раке молочной железы
Современный взгляд на вопросы диагностики и верификации поражения аксиллярных лимфатических узлов при раннем раке молочной железы
Колядина И.В., Данзанова Т.Ю., Хохлова С.В. и др. Современный взгляд на вопросы диагностики и верификации поражения аксиллярных лимфатических узлов при раннем раке молочной железы. Современная Онкология. 2020; 22 (1): 22–28. DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2020.1.200018
2020.1.200018
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2020.1.200018
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Аннотация
Поражение аксиллярных лимфатических узлов является одним из важнейших прогностических факторов, существенно влияющих на стратегию лечения при раннем раке молочной железы (РМЖ). Риск аксиллярного метастазирования напрямую зависит от ряда факторов (возраста пациенток, размера опухоли, наличия лимфоваскулярной инвазии и биологических характеристик карциномы). Оценка статуса регионарных лимфоузлов у больных ранним РМЖ включает клинический осмотр регионарных зон и ультразвуковое исследование (УЗИ), при котором возможно оценить форму, контуры и структуру лимфатических узлов. Чувствительность УЗИ в оценке статуса регионарных лимфатических узлов напрямую зависит от биологического подтипа опухоли; минимальный уровень чувствительности УЗИ в оценке статуса лимфатических узлов отмечен для люминального HER2-негативного рака (менее 40%), и максимальная чувствительность показана для тройного негативного и HER2+ подтипов заболевания (68–71%). Клинический осмотр и современное УЗИ являются наиболее доступными методами оценки статуса регионарных лимфатических узлов, однако вероятность недооценки их метастатического поражения имеют около 1/4 больных. Верификация диагноза на предоперационном этапе (тонкоигольная биопсия/core-биопсия под ультразвуковой навигацией) позволяет минимизировать число ошибок регионарного стадирования. Биопсия «сторожевого» («сигнального») лимфатического узла (БСЛУ) является в настоящее время «золотым стандартом» регионарного лечения у больных с ранними стадиями РМЖ. В серии рандомизированных исследований (NSABP B-32, ACOSOG Z0011) показана безопасность отказа от регионарной лимфодиссекции в пользу БСЛУ не только при клинически негативных лимфатических узлах, но и у пациенток с метастазами в ≤2 сигнальных лимфатических узлах, при условии выполнения органосохраняющего лечения и последующей лучевой терапии. Качественное регионарное стадирование, выбор лечебного алгоритма в соответствии с биологическими характеристиками карциномы, проведение максимально эффективных современных лекарственных режимов, проведение оптимальной лучевой терапии позволяют не только минимизировать объем хирургического лечения, но и достичь высоких отдаленных результатов выживаемости, обеспечить отличные функциональные результаты и высокое качество жизни у пациенток с пораженными аксиллярными лимфатическими узлами.
Ключевые слова: рак молочной железы, метастазы в аксиллярные лимфатические узлы, ультразвуковая оценка статуса регионарных лимфатических узлов, биопсия сторожевого лимфатического узла, локорегионарное лечение раннего рака молочной железы.
Key words: breast cancer, axillary lymph nodes metastases, ultrasound assessment of the status of regional lymph nodes, sentinel lymph node biopsy, locoregional treatment of early breast cancer.
Ключевые слова: рак молочной железы, метастазы в аксиллярные лимфатические узлы, ультразвуковая оценка статуса регионарных лимфатических узлов, биопсия сторожевого лимфатического узла, локорегионарное лечение раннего рака молочной железы.
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Key words: breast cancer, axillary lymph nodes metastases, ultrasound assessment of the status of regional lymph nodes, sentinel lymph node biopsy, locoregional treatment of early breast cancer.
Полный текст
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6 (1): 33–8 (in Russian).
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27. Choi YJ, Lee JH, Baek JH. Ultrasound elastography for evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. Ultrasonography 2015; 34: 157–64.
28. Ban EJ, Lee JS, Koo JS et al. How many sentinel lymph nodes are enough for accurate axillary staging in t1-2 breast cancer? J Breast Cancer 2011; 4 (14): 296–300.
29. Liang X, Yu J, Wen B et al. MRI and FDG-PET/CT based assessment of axillary lymph node metastasis in early breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Radiol 2017; 4 (72): 295–301. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2016.12.001
30. Tafreshi NK, Enkemann SA, Bui MM et al. A mammaglobin-A targeting agent for noninvasive detection of breast cancer metastasis in lymph nodes. Cancer Res 2011; 3 (71): 1050–9. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3091
31. Koelliker SL, Chung MA, Mainiero MB et al. Axillary lymph nodes: US-guided fine-needle aspiration for initial staging of breast cancer-correlation with primary tumor size. Radiology 2008; 1 (246): 81–9.
32. Abe H, Schmidt RA, Kulkarni K et al. Axillary lymph nodes suspicious for breast cancer metastasis: sampling with US-guided 14-gauge core-needle biopsy – clinical experience in 100 patients. Radiology 2009; 1 (250): 41–9.
33. Işık A, Grassi A, Soran A. Positive Axilla in Breast Cancer; Clinical Practice in 2018. Eur J Breast Health 2018; 3 (14): 134–5. DOI: 10.5152/ejbh.2018.4132
34. Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB et al. Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 927–33. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70207-2
35. Giuliano AE, Ballman KV, McCall L et al. Effect of Axillary Dissection vs No Axillary Dissection on 10-Year Overall Survival Among Women With Invasive Breast Cancer and Sentinel Node Metastasis: The ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2017; 318: 918–26. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.11470
36. Giuliano AE, Ballman K, McCall L et al. Locoregional Recurrence After Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection With or Without AxillaryDissection in Patients With Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases: Long-term Follow-up From the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (Alliance) ACOSOG Z0011 Randomized Trial. Ann Surg 2016 (264): 413–20. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001863
37. Donker M, van Tienhoven G, Straver ME et al. Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer (EORTC 10981-22023 AMAROS): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1303–10. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70460-7
38. Filonenko D.A., Gan'shina I.P., Kondrat'eva O.E. et al. Osobennosti metastazirovaniia dol'kovogo raka molochnoi zhelezy. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2019; 10: 180–7 (in Russian).
39. Alieva G.S., Korzhenkova G.P., Kolyadina I.V. Kompleksnaia luchevaia diagnostika rannego raka molochnoi zhelezy (obzor literatury). Sovr. onkologiia. 2019; 21 (3): 26–32 (in Russian).
40. Gordeeva O.O., Zhukova L.G., Koliadina I.V., Gan'shina I.P. Otsenka retseptornogo statusa pervichnoi opukholi molochnoi zhelezy i sinkhronnykh regionarnykh metastazov: ikh klinicheskaia i prognosticheskaia rol'? Sibirskii onkologicheskii zhurn. 2019; 18 (2): 78–82 (in Russian).
[Bondarenko I.N., El'khazhzh M.Kh., Prokhach A.V. et al. Rak molochnoi zhelezy. Ot molekuliarnoi biologii k personifitsirovannoi terapii. Morfologiia. 2016; 10 (1): 18–25 (in Russian).]
2. Поддубная И.В., Колядина И.В. Неоадъювантная химиотерапия HER2-положительного рака молочной железы. Практическое руководство. М.: МедиаМедика, 2016.
[Poddubnaya I.V., Kolyadina I.V. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. A practical guide. Moscow: MediaMedica, 2016 (in Russian).]
3. Семиглазов В.Ф., Семиглазов В.В., Клетсель А.Е. Неоадъювантное и адъювантное лечение рака молочной железы. М.: МИА, 2008.
[Semiglazov V.F., Semiglazov V.V., Kletsel A.E. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Moscow: MIA, 2008 (in Russian).]
4. Семиглазов В.Ф. Хирургическое лечение рака молочной железы (история и современность). Практическая онкология. 2002;
3 (1): 21–8.
[Semiglazov V.F. Khirurgicheskoe lechenie raka molochnoi zhelezy (istoriia i sovremennost'). Prakticheskaia onkologiia. 2002; 3 (1): 21–8 (in Russian).]
5. Портной С.М., Лактионов К.П., Кушлинский Н.Е. Лечение первично-операбельного рака молочной железы. М.: Издательство РАМН, 2005.
[Tailor S.M., Laktionov K.P., Kushlinsky N.E. Treatment of primary operable breast cancer. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo RAMN, 2005 (in Russian).]
6. Стенина М.Б., Фролова М.А., Купчан Д.З. и др. Изменения в нео- и адъювантном лечении рака молочной железы за последние
5 лет. Практическая онкология. 2017; 18 (3): 256–64.
[Stenina M.B., Frolova M.A., Kupchan D.Z. et al. Izmeneniia v neo-
i ad"iuvantnom lechenii raka molochnoi zhelezy za poslednie 5 let. Prakticheskaia onkologiia. 2017; 18 (3): 256–64 (in Russian).]
7. Тюляндин С.А. Системная терапия операбельного рака молочной железы. Практическая онкология. 2002; 3 (1): 29–37.
[Tiuliandin S.A. Sistemnaia terapiia operabel'nogo raka molochnoi zhelezy. Prakticheskaia onkologiia. 2002; 3 (1): 29–37 (in Russian).]
8. Silverstein MJ, Skinner KA, Lomis TJ. Predicting axillary nodal positivity in 2282 patients with breast carcinoma. World J Surg 2001;
6 (25): 767–72.
9. Intra M, Zurrida S, Maffini F et al. Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Microinvasive Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 10 (10): 1160–5. DOI: 10.1245/ASO.2003.04.009
10. Fein DA, Fowble BL, Hanlon AL et al. Identification of women with T1-T2 breast cancer at low risk of positive axillary nodes. J Surg Oncol 1997; 1 (65): 34–9.
11. Chung MH, Ye W, Giuliano AE. Role for sentinel lymph node dissection in the management of large (>or = 5 cm) invasive breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 9 (8): 688–92.
12. McGee JM, Youmans R, Clingan F et al. The value of axillary dissection in T1a breast cancer. Am J Surg 1996; 5 (172): 501–4.
13. Rivadeneira DE, Simmons RM, Christos PJ et al. Predictive factors associated with axillary lymph node metastases in T1a and T1b breast carcinomas: analysis in more than 900 patients. J Am Coll Surg 2000; 1 (191): 1–6.
14. Liu Т, Yang Z, Liu X et al. Lymph node status in different molecular subtype of breast cancer: triple negative tumours are more likely lymph node negative. Oncotarget 2017; 33 (8): 55534–43. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15022
15. Oliveira Filho HR, Dória MT et al. Criteria for prediction of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in early-stage breast cancer. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2015; 37 (7): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-720320150005343
16. Verheuvel NC, van den Hoven I, Ooms HW et al. The role of ultrasound-guided lymph node biopsy in axillary staging of invasive breast cancer in the post-ACOSOG Z0011 trial era. Ann Surg Oncol 2015;
2 (22): 409–15.
17. Стенина М.Б., Жукова Л.Г., Королева И.А. и др. Практические рекомендации по лекарственному лечению инвазивного рака молочной железы. Злокачественные опухоли. Практические рекомендации RUSSCO #3s2. 2017; 7: 105–34.
[Stenina M.B., Zhukova L.G., Koroleva I.A. et al. Prakticheskie rekomendatsii po lekarstvennomu lecheniiu invazivnogo raka molochnoi zhelezy. Zlokachestvennye opukholi. Prakticheskie rekomendatsii RUSSCO #3s2. 2017; 7: 105–34 (in Russian).]
18. Bevers TB, Helvie M, Bonaccio E et al. Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis, Version 3.2018. JNCCN – J National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2018; 16 (11): 1362–89.
19. Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S et al. Primary Breast Cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 2015 (Suppl.) 5; 26: 8–30.
20. Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Primary and Metastatic Breast Cancer. AGO breast cancer guidelines. www.ago-online.de
21. Lyman G, Somerfield M, Bosserman L et al. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Patients With Early-Stage Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35 (5): 561–4.
22. Helfgott R, Mittlböck М, Miesbauer М et al. The influence of breast cancer subtypes on axillary ultrasound accuracy: A retrospective single center analysis of 583 women. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2018.10.001
23. Алымов Ю.В., Шолохов В.Н., Подвязников С.О. и др. Новые возможности ультразвуковой оценки состояния лимфатических узлов шеи при раке слизистой оболочки полости рта. Опухоли головы и шеи. 2016; 6 (1): 33–8.
[Alymov Iu.V., Sholokhov V.N., Podviaznikov S.O. et al. Novye vozmozhnosti ul'trazvukovoi otsenki sostoianiia limfaticheskikh uzlov shei pri rake slizistoi obolochki polosti rta. Opukholi golovy i shei. 2016;
6 (1): 33–8 (in Russian).]
24. Sorin M Dudea et al. Differentiating benign from malignant superficial lymph nodes with Sonoelastography. Med Ultrason 2013; 15 (2): 132–9.
25. Yu M, Liu Q, Song HP et al. Clinical application of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in diagnosis of superficial lymphadenopathy. J Ultrasound Med 2010; 29: 735–40.
26. Piscaglia F, Nolsøe C, Dietrich CF et al. The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Practice of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS): update 2011 on non-hepatic applications. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33: 33–59.
27. Choi YJ, Lee JH, Baek JH. Ultrasound elastography for evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. Ultrasonography 2015; 34: 157–64.
28. Ban EJ, Lee JS, Koo JS et al. How many sentinel lymph nodes are enough for accurate axillary staging in t1-2 breast cancer? J Breast Cancer 2011; 4 (14): 296–300.
29. Liang X, Yu J, Wen B et al. MRI and FDG-PET/CT based assessment of axillary lymph node metastasis in early breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Radiol 2017; 4 (72): 295–301. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2016.12.001
30. Tafreshi NK, Enkemann SA, Bui MM et al. A mammaglobin-A targeting agent for noninvasive detection of breast cancer metastasis in lymph nodes. Cancer Res 2011; 3 (71): 1050–9. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3091
31. Koelliker SL, Chung MA, Mainiero MB et al. Axillary lymph nodes: US-guided fine-needle aspiration for initial staging of breast cancer-correlation with primary tumor size. Radiology 2008; 1 (246): 81–9.
32. Abe H, Schmidt RA, Kulkarni K et al. Axillary lymph nodes suspicious for breast cancer metastasis: sampling with US-guided 14-gauge core-needle biopsy – clinical experience in 100 patients. Radiology 2009; 1 (250): 41–9.
33. Işık A, Grassi A, Soran A. Positive Axilla in Breast Cancer; Clinical Practice in 2018. Eur J Breast Health 2018; 3 (14): 134–5. DOI: 10.5152/ejbh.2018.4132
34. Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB et al. Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 927–33. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70207-2
35. Giuliano AE, Ballman KV, McCall L et al. Effect of Axillary Dissection vs No Axillary Dissection on 10-Year Overall Survival Among Women With Invasive Breast Cancer and Sentinel Node Metastasis: The ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2017; 318: 918–26. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.11470
36. Giuliano AE, Ballman K, McCall L et al. Locoregional Recurrence After Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection With or Without AxillaryDissection in Patients With Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases: Long-term Follow-up From the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (Alliance) ACOSOG Z0011 Randomized Trial. Ann Surg 2016 (264): 413–20. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001863
37. Donker M, van Tienhoven G, Straver ME et al. Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer (EORTC 10981-22023 AMAROS): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1303–10. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70460-7
38. Филоненко Д.А., Ганьшина И.П., Кондратьева О.Е. и др. Особенности метастазирования долькового рака молочной железы. Акушерство и гинекология. 2019; 10: 180–7.
[Filonenko D.A., Gan'shina I.P., Kondrat'eva O.E. et al. Osobennosti metastazirovaniia dol'kovogo raka molochnoi zhelezy. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2019; 10: 180–7 (in Russian).]
39. Алиева Г.С., Корженкова Г.П., Колядина И.В. Комплексная лучевая диагностика раннего рака молочной железы (обзор литературы). Совр. онкология. 2019; 21 (3): 26–32.
[Alieva G.S., Korzhenkova G.P., Kolyadina I.V. Kompleksnaia luchevaia diagnostika rannego raka molochnoi zhelezy (obzor literatury). Sovr. onkologiia. 2019; 21 (3): 26–32 (in Russian).]
40. Гордеева О.О., Жукова Л.Г., Колядина И.В., Ганьшина И.П. Оценка рецепторного статуса первичной опухоли молочной железы и синхронных регионарных метастазов: их клиническая и прогностическая роль? Сибирский онкологический журн. 2019; 18 (2): 78–82.
[Gordeeva O.O., Zhukova L.G., Koliadina I.V., Gan'shina I.P. Otsenka retseptornogo statusa pervichnoi opukholi molochnoi zhelezy i sinkhronnykh regionarnykh metastazov: ikh klinicheskaia i prognosticheskaia rol'? Sibirskii onkologicheskii zhurn. 2019; 18 (2): 78–82 (in Russian).]
________________________________________________
2. Poddubnaya I.V., Kolyadina I.V. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. A practical guide. Moscow: MediaMedica, 2016 (in Russian).
3. Semiglazov V.F., Semiglazov V.V., Kletsel A.E. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Moscow: MIA, 2008 (in Russian).
4. Semiglazov V.F. Khirurgicheskoe lechenie raka molochnoi zhelezy (istoriia i sovremennost'). Prakticheskaia onkologiia. 2002; 3 (1): 21–8 (in Russian).
5. Tailor S.M., Laktionov K.P., Kushlinsky N.E. Treatment of primary operable breast cancer. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo RAMN, 2005 (in Russian).
6. Stenina M.B., Frolova M.A., Kupchan D.Z. et al. Izmeneniia v neo-
i ad"iuvantnom lechenii raka molochnoi zhelezy za poslednie 5 let. Prakticheskaia onkologiia. 2017; 18 (3): 256–64 (in Russian).
7. Tiuliandin S.A. Sistemnaia terapiia operabel'nogo raka molochnoi zhelezy. Prakticheskaia onkologiia. 2002; 3 (1): 29–37 (in Russian).
8. Silverstein MJ, Skinner KA, Lomis TJ. Predicting axillary nodal positivity in 2282 patients with breast carcinoma. World J Surg 2001;
6 (25): 767–72.
9. Intra M, Zurrida S, Maffini F et al. Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Microinvasive Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 10 (10): 1160–5. DOI: 10.1245/ASO.2003.04.009
10. Fein DA, Fowble BL, Hanlon AL et al. Identification of women with T1-T2 breast cancer at low risk of positive axillary nodes. J Surg Oncol 1997; 1 (65): 34–9.
11. Chung MH, Ye W, Giuliano AE. Role for sentinel lymph node dissection in the management of large (>or = 5 cm) invasive breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 9 (8): 688–92.
12. McGee JM, Youmans R, Clingan F et al. The value of axillary dissection in T1a breast cancer. Am J Surg 1996; 5 (172): 501–4.
13. Rivadeneira DE, Simmons RM, Christos PJ et al. Predictive factors associated with axillary lymph node metastases in T1a and T1b breast carcinomas: analysis in more than 900 patients. J Am Coll Surg 2000; 1 (191): 1–6.
14. Liu Т, Yang Z, Liu X et al. Lymph node status in different molecular subtype of breast cancer: triple negative tumours are more likely lymph node negative. Oncotarget 2017; 33 (8): 55534–43. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15022
15. Oliveira Filho HR, Dória MT et al. Criteria for prediction of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in early-stage breast cancer. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2015; 37 (7): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-720320150005343
16. Verheuvel NC, van den Hoven I, Ooms HW et al. The role of ultrasound-guided lymph node biopsy in axillary staging of invasive breast cancer in the post-ACOSOG Z0011 trial era. Ann Surg Oncol 2015;
2 (22): 409–15.
17. Stenina M.B., Zhukova L.G., Koroleva I.A. et al. Prakticheskie rekomendatsii po lekarstvennomu lecheniiu invazivnogo raka molochnoi zhelezy. Zlokachestvennye opukholi. Prakticheskie rekomendatsii RUSSCO #3s2. 2017; 7: 105–34 (in Russian).
18. Bevers TB, Helvie M, Bonaccio E et al. Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis, Version 3.2018. JNCCN – J National Comprehensive Cancer Network 2018; 16 (11): 1362–89.
19. Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S et al. Primary Breast Cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 2015 (Suppl.) 5; 26: 8–30.
20. Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Primary and Metastatic Breast Cancer. AGO breast cancer guidelines. www.ago-online.de
21. Lyman G, Somerfield M, Bosserman L et al. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Patients With Early-Stage Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35 (5): 561–4.
22. Helfgott R, Mittlböck М, Miesbauer М et al. The influence of breast cancer subtypes on axillary ultrasound accuracy: A retrospective single center analysis of 583 women. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2018.10.001
23. Alymov Iu.V., Sholokhov V.N., Podviaznikov S.O. et al. Novye vozmozhnosti ul'trazvukovoi otsenki sostoianiia limfaticheskikh uzlov shei pri rake slizistoi obolochki polosti rta. Opukholi golovy i shei. 2016;
6 (1): 33–8 (in Russian).
24. Sorin M Dudea et al. Differentiating benign from malignant superficial lymph nodes with Sonoelastography. Med Ultrason 2013; 15 (2): 132–9.
25. Yu M, Liu Q, Song HP et al. Clinical application of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in diagnosis of superficial lymphadenopathy. J Ultrasound Med 2010; 29: 735–40.
26. Piscaglia F, Nolsøe C, Dietrich CF et al. The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Practice of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS): update 2011 on non-hepatic applications. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33: 33–59.
27. Choi YJ, Lee JH, Baek JH. Ultrasound elastography for evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. Ultrasonography 2015; 34: 157–64.
28. Ban EJ, Lee JS, Koo JS et al. How many sentinel lymph nodes are enough for accurate axillary staging in t1-2 breast cancer? J Breast Cancer 2011; 4 (14): 296–300.
29. Liang X, Yu J, Wen B et al. MRI and FDG-PET/CT based assessment of axillary lymph node metastasis in early breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Radiol 2017; 4 (72): 295–301. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2016.12.001
30. Tafreshi NK, Enkemann SA, Bui MM et al. A mammaglobin-A targeting agent for noninvasive detection of breast cancer metastasis in lymph nodes. Cancer Res 2011; 3 (71): 1050–9. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3091
31. Koelliker SL, Chung MA, Mainiero MB et al. Axillary lymph nodes: US-guided fine-needle aspiration for initial staging of breast cancer-correlation with primary tumor size. Radiology 2008; 1 (246): 81–9.
32. Abe H, Schmidt RA, Kulkarni K et al. Axillary lymph nodes suspicious for breast cancer metastasis: sampling with US-guided 14-gauge core-needle biopsy – clinical experience in 100 patients. Radiology 2009; 1 (250): 41–9.
33. Işık A, Grassi A, Soran A. Positive Axilla in Breast Cancer; Clinical Practice in 2018. Eur J Breast Health 2018; 3 (14): 134–5. DOI: 10.5152/ejbh.2018.4132
34. Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB et al. Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 927–33. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70207-2
35. Giuliano AE, Ballman KV, McCall L et al. Effect of Axillary Dissection vs No Axillary Dissection on 10-Year Overall Survival Among Women With Invasive Breast Cancer and Sentinel Node Metastasis: The ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2017; 318: 918–26. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.11470
36. Giuliano AE, Ballman K, McCall L et al. Locoregional Recurrence After Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection With or Without AxillaryDissection in Patients With Sentinel Lymph Node Metastases: Long-term Follow-up From the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (Alliance) ACOSOG Z0011 Randomized Trial. Ann Surg 2016 (264): 413–20. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001863
37. Donker M, van Tienhoven G, Straver ME et al. Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer (EORTC 10981-22023 AMAROS): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 1303–10. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70460-7
38. Filonenko D.A., Gan'shina I.P., Kondrat'eva O.E. et al. Osobennosti metastazirovaniia dol'kovogo raka molochnoi zhelezy. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2019; 10: 180–7 (in Russian).
39. Alieva G.S., Korzhenkova G.P., Kolyadina I.V. Kompleksnaia luchevaia diagnostika rannego raka molochnoi zhelezy (obzor literatury). Sovr. onkologiia. 2019; 21 (3): 26–32 (in Russian).
40. Gordeeva O.O., Zhukova L.G., Koliadina I.V., Gan'shina I.P. Otsenka retseptornogo statusa pervichnoi opukholi molochnoi zhelezy i sinkhronnykh regionarnykh metastazov: ikh klinicheskaia i prognosticheskaia rol'? Sibirskii onkologicheskii zhurn. 2019; 18 (2): 78–82 (in Russian).
Авторы
И.В. Колядина*1,2, Т.Ю. Данзанова3, С.В. Хохлова2, О.П. Трофимова1,3, Е.В. Ковалева3, В.В. Родионов2, И.В. Поддубная1
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. академика
В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
3 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*irinakolyadina@yandex.com
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2 Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia;
3 Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
*irinakolyadina@yandex.com
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. академика
В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
3 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*irinakolyadina@yandex.com
________________________________________________
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2 Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia;
3 Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
*irinakolyadina@yandex.com
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