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Влияние гормональной контрацепции на риск развития рака молочной железы
Юрова М.В., Межевитинова Е.А., Якушевская О.В., Родионов В.В., Прилепская В.Н., Павлович С.В. Влияние гормональной контрацепции на риск развития рака молочной железы. Современная Онкология. 2023;25(2):199–207. DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2023.2.202287
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2023 г.
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Iurova MV, Mezhevitinova EA, Yakushevskaya OV, Rodionov VV, Prilepskaya VN, Pavlovich SV. The effect of hormonal contraception on the risk of breast cancer: A review. Journal of Modern Oncology. 2023;25(2):199–207. DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2023.2.202287
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Аннотация
Гормонально обусловленные изменения в молочных железах происходят как под влиянием эндогенных, так и экзогенных половых гормонов. В течение двух десятилетий в литературе обсуждается безопасность назначения гормональных контрацептивов (ГК) в аспекте их влияния на ткань молочной железы. Плейотропное воздействие компонентов в составе комбинированных ГК, с одной стороны, предупреждает наступление нежелательной беременности, с другой – помогает обеспечить оптимальное состояние здоровья женщин детородного возраста за счет широкого спектра неконтрацептивных эффектов (устранение проявлений гиперандрогении, снижение выраженности болевого синдрома при менструации и объема менструальной кровопотери, риска рецидивирования функциональных кист яичников, онкопротективный эффект в виде снижения рисков развития рака яичников и эндометрия, а также колоректального рака, рака поджелудочной железы и легких). Однако согласно данным эпидемиологических исследований помимо благоприятного воздействия существуют риски, требующие дальнейшего изучения, в том числе дискуссионным остается влияние применения ГК на онкогенез и прогрессирование рака молочной железы. Кроме того, у части молодых женщин, перенесших рак молочной железы, после противоопухолевого лечения развивается индуцированная менопауза, однако аменорея не является маркером полного выключения функции яичников, а беременность сопряжена с риском рецидива или прогрессирования заболевания. Поэтому в каждом конкретном случае необходимо установить степень потребности в назначении эффективного и безопасного метода контрацепции.
Ключевые слова: BRCA, канцерогенез, контрацепция, рак молочной железы, эстетрол
Ключевые слова: BRCA, канцерогенез, контрацепция, рак молочной железы, эстетрол
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Hormonal-induced changes in the breast occur due to both endogenous and exogenous sex hormones. For two decades, the safety of hormonal contraceptives (HC) in terms of their effect on breast tissue has been discussed in the literature. The pleiotropic effect of the components in the combined HC, on the one hand, prevents unwanted pregnancy; on the other hand, they help to maintain good health of women of childbearing age due to a wide range of non-contraceptive effects (eliminating hyperandrogenism manifestations, reducing the pain severity during menstruation and the menstrual blood loss, the risk of recurrence of functional ovarian cysts, oncoprotective effect due to reducing the risk of ovarian, endometrial, colorectal, pancreatic, and lung cancer). However, according to epidemiological studies, in addition to the beneficial effects, there are risks that require further study, including the controversial impact of HC on the oncogenesis and progression of breast cancer. In addition, some young women with breast cancer experience induced menopause after antitumor treatment. However, amenorrhea is not a marker for complete disabling of ovarian function, and pregnancy is associated with a risk of disease recurrence or progression. Therefore, in each case, it is necessary to determine the need for an effective and safe method of contraception.
Keywords: BRCA, carcinogenesis, contraception, breast cancer, estetrol
Полный текст
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3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(1):7-33. DOI:10.3322/caac.21654
4. Сметник А.А., Родионов В.В., Кометова В.В., и др. Молочная железа и половые гормоны. Акушерство и гинекология. 2021;12:58-66 [Smetnik AA, Rodionov VV, Kometova VV, et al. The breast and sex hormones. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;12:58-66 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/aig.2021.12.58-66
5. Rusidzé M, Adlanmérini M, Chantalat E, et al. Estrogen receptor-α signaling in post-natal mammary development and breast cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78:5681-705. DOI:10.1007/s00018-021-03860-4
6. Russo J, Hu YF, Silva IDCG, Russo IH. Cancer risk related to mammary gland structure and development. Microsc Res Tech. 2001;52:204-23. DOI:10.1002/1097-0029(20010115)52:2<204::AID-JEMT1006>3.0.CO;2-F
7. Trabert B, Sherman ME, Kannan N, Stanczyk FZ. Progesterone and breast cancer. Endocr Rev. 2020;41(2):320-44. DOI:10.1210/endrev/bnz001
8. Iversen L, Sivasubramaniam S, Lee AJ, et al. Lifetime cancer risk and combined oral contraceptives: the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(6):580.e1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.002
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DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12949-2
10. Michels KA, Pfeiffer RM, Brinton LA, Trabert B. Modification of the Associations Between Duration of Oral Contraceptive Use and Ovarian, Endometrial, Breast, and Colorectal Cancers. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(4):516-21. DOI:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4942
11. Gallez A, Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, et al. Estetrol and Mammary Gland: Friends or Foes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2021;26:297-308. DOI:10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0
12. Khbouz B, Bournonville C, Court L, et al. Role for the membrane estrogen receptor alpha in the sexual differentiation of the brain. Eur J Neurosci. 2020;52:2627-45.
13. Клинические рекомендации «Менопауза и климактерическое состояние у женщины». M.: РОАГ, 2021 [Klinicheskiie rekomendatsii “Menopauza i klimaktericheskoe sostoianie u zhenshchiny”. Moscow: ROAG, 2021 (in Russian)].
14. Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ. 2020;371:m3873. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m3873
15. Beatson G. On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: suggestions for a new method of treatment, with illustrative cases. Trans Med Chir Soc Edinb. 1896;15:153-79.
16. Якушевская О.В., Юренева С.В., Протасова А.Э. Метаболизм эстрогенов: почему так важно сохранять равновесие? Гинекология. 2019;21(6):31-5 [Yakushevskaya OV, Yureneva SV, Protasova AE. Estrogen metabolism: why it's so crucial to keep the balance? Gynecology. 2019;21(6):31-5 (in Russian)].
17. Teal S, Edelman A. Contraception selection, effectiveness, and adverse effects. JAMA. 2021;326(24):2507-18.
18. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Contraceptive use by method 2019: data booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/435). 2019.
19. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Manson JE, et al. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses' Health Study, United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8(1):65-72. DOI:10.1023/a:1018435205695
20. Vessey M, Yeates D. Oral contraceptive use and cancer: final report from the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Contraception. 2013;88(6):678-83. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2013.08.008
21. Hannaford PC, Selvaraj S, Elliott AM, et al. Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner's oral contraception study. BMJ. 2007;335(7621):651. DOI:10.1136/bmj.39289.649410.55
22. Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(26):2025-32. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa013202
23. Pompei L, Fernandes C. Hormone Therapy, Breast Cancer Risk and the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Article. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020;42(05):233-4. DOI:10.1055/s-0040-1712941
24. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347(9017):1713-27. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90806-5
25. FSRH Guideline (January 2019, amended November 2020) Combined Hormonal Contraception. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2019;45:1-93
26. Black A, Guilbert E, Costescu D, et al. No. 329-Canadian Contraception Consensus Part 4 of 4 Chapter 9: Combined Hormonal Contraception. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017;39(4):229-68.e5. DOI:10.1016/j.jogc.2016.10.005
27. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228‑39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
28. Karlsson T, Johansson T, Höglund J, et al. Time-Dependent Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Breast, Ovarian, and Endometrial Cancers. Cancer Res. 2021;81(4):1153-62. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-2476
29. Павлович С.В., Юрова М.В., Чаговец В.В., и др. Особенности профиля стероидных гормонов крови пациентов репродуктивного возраста с распространенным эндометриозом. Акушерство и гинекология. 2021;3:90-100 [Pavlovich SV, Yurova MV, Chagovets VV, et al. Osobennosti profilia steroidnykh gormonov krovi patsiientov reproduktivnogo vozrasta s rasprostranennym endometriozom. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2021;3:90-100 (in Russian)].
30. Reinecke I, Hofmann B, Mesic E, et al. An Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis to Characterize Levonorgestrel Pharmacokinetics After Different Administration Routes. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(12):1639-54. DOI:10.1002/jcph.1288
31. Basaraba CN, Westhoff CL, Pike MC, et al. Estimating systemic exposure to levonorgestrel from an oral contraceptive. Contraception. 2017;95(4):398-404. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.12.007
32. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81
33. Norethindrone tablet. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved product information. Revised November 2015. US National Library of Medicine. Available at: www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed: 27.01.1023.
34. Soini T, Hurskainen R, Grénman S, et al. Cancer risk in women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in Finland. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(2 Pt. 1):292-9. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000356
35. Dinger J, Bardenheuer K, Minh TD. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices and the risk of breast cancer. Contraception. 2011;83(3):211‑7. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.11.009
36. Fitzpatrick D, Pirie K, Reeves G, et al. Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case-control study and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2023;20(3):e1004188. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004188
37. Zürcher A, Knabben L, Janka H, et al. Influence of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2023;307(6):1747-61. DOI:10.1007/s00404-022-06640-y
38. Jareid M, Thalabard JC, Aarflot M, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system use is associated with a decreased risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer, without increased risk of breast cancer. Results from the Nowac study. Gynecol Oncol. 2018;149(1):127-32. DOI:10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.02.006
39. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Lancet. 2016;388:1775-812.
40. Copson ER, Maishman TC, Tapper WJ, et al. Germline BRCA mutation and outcome in young-onset breast cancer (POSH): A prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19:169-80.
41. Rosenberg SM, Ruddy KJ, Tamimi RM, et al. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing in young women with breast cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2:730-6.
42. Gaffield ME, Culwell KR, Ravi A. Oral contraceptives and family history of breast cancer. Contraception. 2009;80(4):372-80. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2009.04.010
43. Moorman PG, Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM, et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among high-risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(33):4188-98. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2013.48.9021
44. Iodice S, Barile M, Rotmensz N, et al. Oral contraceptive use and breast or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1/2 carriers: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(12):2275‑84. DOI:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.018
45. Jordan SJ, Green AC, Whiteman DC, et al. Serous ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers: a comparative epidemiological analysis. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(7):1598-603. DOI:10.1002/ijc.23287
46. Kowalczyk W, Waliszczak G, Jach R, Dulinska-Litewka J. Steroid receptors in breast cancer: understanding of molecular function as a basis for effective therapy development. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(19):4779. DOI:10.3390/cancers13194779
47. National Institute of Cancer. Fertility Issues in Girls and Women with Cancer. Reviewed: February 24, 2020. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/fertility-women. Accessed: 27.01.1023.
48. Медицинские критерии приемлемости для использования методов контрацепции (Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ), 2015 г. Режим доступа: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/181468/9789241549158_eng.pdf. Ссылка активна на 27.01.1023 [Medical Eligibility Criteria for the Use of Contraceptive Methods (World Health Organization (WHO), 2015). Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/181468/9789241549158_eng.pdf. Accessed: 27.01.1023 (in Russian)].
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51. Trastuzumab injection. United States Prescribing Information. US National Library of Medicine. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/761091s000lbl.pdf. Accessed: 27.01.1023.
52. Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, et al. U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65(3):1-103. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1
53. Lambertini M, Kroman N, Ameye L, et al. Long-term Safety of Pregnancy Following Breast Cancer According to Estrogen Receptor Status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110(4):426-9.
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59. Patel A, Schwarz EB; Society of Family Planning. Cancer and contraception. Release date May 2012. SFP Guideline #20121. Contraception. 2012;86(3):191-8. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.008
60. Dominick S, Hickey M, Chin J, Su HI. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(12):CD007245. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007245.pub3
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________________________________________________
1. Zlokachestvennyie novoobrazovaniia v Rossii v 2021 godu (zabolevaiemost' i smertnost'). Pod red. AD Kaprina, VV Starinskogo, AO Shakhzadovoi. Moscow, 2022 (in Russian).
2. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288:321-33.
3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(1):7-33. DOI:10.3322/caac.21654
4. Smetnik AA, Rodionov VV, Kometova VV, et al. The breast and sex hormones. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;12:58-66 (in Russian). DOI:10.18565/aig.2021.12.58-66
5. Rusidzé M, Adlanmérini M, Chantalat E, et al. Estrogen receptor-α signaling in post-natal mammary development and breast cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78:5681-705. DOI:10.1007/s00018-021-03860-4
6. Russo J, Hu YF, Silva IDCG, Russo IH. Cancer risk related to mammary gland structure and development. Microsc Res Tech. 2001;52:204-23. DOI:10.1002/1097-0029(20010115)52:2<204::AID-JEMT1006>3.0.CO;2-F
7. Trabert B, Sherman ME, Kannan N, Stanczyk FZ. Progesterone and breast cancer. Endocr Rev. 2020;41(2):320-44. DOI:10.1210/endrev/bnz001
8. Iversen L, Sivasubramaniam S, Lee AJ, et al. Lifetime cancer risk and combined oral contraceptives: the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(6):580.e1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.002
9. Smith JS, Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet. 2003;361(9364):1159-67.
DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12949-2
10. Michels KA, Pfeiffer RM, Brinton LA, Trabert B. Modification of the Associations Between Duration of Oral Contraceptive Use and Ovarian, Endometrial, Breast, and Colorectal Cancers. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(4):516-21. DOI:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4942
11. Gallez A, Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, et al. Estetrol and Mammary Gland: Friends or Foes? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2021;26:297-308. DOI:10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0
12. Khbouz B, Bournonville C, Court L, et al. Role for the membrane estrogen receptor alpha in the sexual differentiation of the brain. Eur J Neurosci. 2020;52:2627-45.
13. Klinicheskiie rekomendatsii “Menopauza i klimaktericheskoe sostoianie u zhenshchiny”. Moscow: ROAG, 2021 (in Russian).
14. Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ. 2020;371:m3873. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m3873
15. Beatson G. On the treatment of inoperable cases of carcinoma of the mamma: suggestions for a new method of treatment, with illustrative cases. Trans Med Chir Soc Edinb. 1896;15:153-79.
16. Yakushevskaya OV, Yureneva SV, Protasova AE. Estrogen metabolism: why it's so crucial to keep the balance? Gynecology. 2019;21(6):31-5 (in Russian).
17. Teal S, Edelman A. Contraception selection, effectiveness, and adverse effects. JAMA. 2021;326(24):2507-18.
18. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Contraceptive use by method 2019: data booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/435). 2019.
19. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Manson JE, et al. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses' Health Study, United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8(1):65-72. DOI:10.1023/a:1018435205695
20. Vessey M, Yeates D. Oral contraceptive use and cancer: final report from the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Contraception. 2013;88(6):678-83. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2013.08.008
21. Hannaford PC, Selvaraj S, Elliott AM, et al. Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner's oral contraception study. BMJ. 2007;335(7621):651. DOI:10.1136/bmj.39289.649410.55
22. Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(26):2025-32. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa013202
23. Pompei L, Fernandes C. Hormone Therapy, Breast Cancer Risk and the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Article. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2020;42(05):233-4. DOI:10.1055/s-0040-1712941
24. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347(9017):1713-27. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90806-5
25. FSRH Guideline (January 2019, amended November 2020) Combined Hormonal Contraception. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2019;45:1-93
26. Black A, Guilbert E, Costescu D, et al. No. 329-Canadian Contraception Consensus Part 4 of 4 Chapter 9: Combined Hormonal Contraception. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017;39(4):229-68.e5. DOI:10.1016/j.jogc.2016.10.005
27. Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228‑39. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
28. Karlsson T, Johansson T, Höglund J, et al. Time-Dependent Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use on Breast, Ovarian, and Endometrial Cancers. Cancer Res. 2021;81(4):1153-62. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-2476
29. Pavlovich SV, Yurova MV, Chagovets VV, et al. Osobennosti profilia steroidnykh gormonov krovi patsiientov reproduktivnogo vozrasta s rasprostranennym endometriozom. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2021;3:90-100 (in Russian).
30. Reinecke I, Hofmann B, Mesic E, et al. An Integrated Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis to Characterize Levonorgestrel Pharmacokinetics After Different Administration Routes. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(12):1639-54. DOI:10.1002/jcph.1288
31. Basaraba CN, Westhoff CL, Pike MC, et al. Estimating systemic exposure to levonorgestrel from an oral contraceptive. Contraception. 2017;95(4):398-404. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.12.007
32. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: The Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1375-81
33. Norethindrone tablet. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved product information. Revised November 2015. US National Library of Medicine. Available at: www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed: 27.01.1023.
34. Soini T, Hurskainen R, Grénman S, et al. Cancer risk in women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in Finland. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(2 Pt. 1):292-9. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000356
35. Dinger J, Bardenheuer K, Minh TD. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices and the risk of breast cancer. Contraception. 2011;83(3):211‑7. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.11.009
36. Fitzpatrick D, Pirie K, Reeves G, et al. Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case-control study and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2023;20(3):e1004188. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004188
37. Zürcher A, Knabben L, Janka H, et al. Influence of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2023;307(6):1747-61. DOI:10.1007/s00404-022-06640-y
38. Jareid M, Thalabard JC, Aarflot M, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system use is associated with a decreased risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer, without increased risk of breast cancer. Results from the Nowac study. Gynecol Oncol. 2018;149(1):127-32. DOI:10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.02.006
39. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators. Lancet. 2016;388:1775-812.
40. Copson ER, Maishman TC, Tapper WJ, et al. Germline BRCA mutation and outcome in young-onset breast cancer (POSH): A prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19:169-80.
41. Rosenberg SM, Ruddy KJ, Tamimi RM, et al. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing in young women with breast cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2:730-6.
42. Gaffield ME, Culwell KR, Ravi A. Oral contraceptives and family history of breast cancer. Contraception. 2009;80(4):372-80. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2009.04.010
43. Moorman PG, Havrilesky LJ, Gierisch JM, et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among high-risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(33):4188-98. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2013.48.9021
44. Iodice S, Barile M, Rotmensz N, et al. Oral contraceptive use and breast or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1/2 carriers: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(12):2275‑84. DOI:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.018
45. Jordan SJ, Green AC, Whiteman DC, et al. Serous ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancers: a comparative epidemiological analysis. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(7):1598-603. DOI:10.1002/ijc.23287
46. Kowalczyk W, Waliszczak G, Jach R, Dulinska-Litewka J. Steroid receptors in breast cancer: understanding of molecular function as a basis for effective therapy development. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(19):4779. DOI:10.3390/cancers13194779
47. National Institute of Cancer. Fertility Issues in Girls and Women with Cancer. Reviewed: February 24, 2020. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/fertility-women. Accessed: 27.01.1023.
48. Medical Eligibility Criteria for the Use of Contraceptive Methods (World Health Organization (WHO), 2015). Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/181468/9789241549158_eng.pdf. Accessed: 27.01.1023 (in Russian).
49. Natsional'nyie kriterii priiemlemosti kontratseptsii, pod red. GT Sukhikh, VN Prilepskoi. Moscow, 2023 (in Russian).
50. Summary Chart of U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2020. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/pdf/summarychart-us-medical-eligibility-criteri.... Accessed: 27.01.1023.
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Авторы
М.В. Юрова*1,2, Е.А. Межевитинова1, О.В. Якушевская1, В.В. Родионов1, В.Н. Прилепская1, С.В. Павлович1,2
1 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*m_yurova@oparina4.ru
1 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*m_yurova@oparina4.ru
________________________________________________
Mariia V. Iurova*1,2, Elena A. Mezhevitinova1, Oksana V. Yakushevskaya1, Valerii V. Rodionov1, Vera N. Prilepskaya1, Stanislav V. Pavlovich1,2
1 Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia;
2 Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*m_yurova@oparina4.ru
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