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Хронические цереброваскулярные заболевания: патогенез, диагностика, лечение
Хронические цереброваскулярные заболевания: патогенез, диагностика, лечение
Чердак М.А. Хронические цереброваскулярные заболевания: патогенез, диагностика, лечение. Справочник поликлинического врача. 2017; 5: 52–57.
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Аннотация
Пациенты с хроническими цереброваскулярными заболеваниями, возникающими вторично по отношению к различным патологическим состояниям сердечно-сосудистой системы, составляют существенную долю приема как врачей-неврологов, так и многих других специалистов. Внедрение в рутинную клиническую практику современных методов нейровизуализации, а также формирование концепции сосудистых когнитивных расстройств позволили коренным образом изменить подходы к диагностике и ведению подобных пациентов. В статье суммированы данные по этиологии, патогенезу, современным критериям инструментальной и клинической диагностики хронических цереброваскулярных заболеваний. Обсуждается вопрос взаимосвязи сосудистых и нейродегенеративных заболеваний. Подчеркивается важность всесторонней оценки не только неврологического дефицита, но и сопутствующих когнитивных и некогнитивных нейропсихических нарушений. Описаны современные подходы к лекарственной и нелекарственной терапии пациентов с цереброваскулярными заболеваниями с акцентом на необходимость полноценной коррекции сосудистых факторов риска, принципы выбора противодементных средств.
Ключевые слова: цереброваскулярные заболевания, сосудистые когнитивные расстройства, патогенез, болезнь Альцгеймера, ингибиторы ацетилхолинэстеразы, мемантин.
Key words: cerebrovascular diseases, vascular cognitive disorders, pathogenesis, Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine.
Ключевые слова: цереброваскулярные заболевания, сосудистые когнитивные расстройства, патогенез, болезнь Альцгеймера, ингибиторы ацетилхолинэстеразы, мемантин.
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Key words: cerebrovascular diseases, vascular cognitive disorders, pathogenesis, Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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9. Roman GC, Erkinjuntti T, Wallin A et al. Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Lancet Neurology 2002; 1: 426–36.
10. Pantoni L, Poggesi A, Inzitari D. The relation between white matter lesions and cognition. Curr Opin Neurol 2007; 20: 390–7.
11. Yakhno N.N., Levin O.S., Damulin I.V. Sopostavlenie klinicheskikh i MRT-dannykh pri distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii. Kognitivnye narusheniia. Nevrol. zhurn. 2001; 3: 10–8. [in Russian]
12. Cordonnier C, van der Flier WM, Sluimer JD et al. Prevalence and severity of microbleeds in a memory clinic setting. Neurology 2006; 66: 1356–60.
13. Levin O.S., Yunishchenko N.A. Diagnostika i lechenie kognitivnykh narushenii pri distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii. Consilium Medicum. 2007; 9 (8): 47–53. [in Russian]
14. Girouard H, Iadecola C. Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension. Stroke and Alzheimer disease. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 328–35.
15. Fonyakin A.V., Geraskina L.A. Arterial'naia rigidnost', endotelial'naia funktsiia i tserebrovaskuliarnye zabolevaniia. Handbook for Practitioners Doctors. 2014; 4: 22–5. [in Russian]
16. Van Sloten TT, Stehouwer CD. Carotid stiffness: a novel cerebrovascular disease risk factor. Pulse (Basel) 2016; 4 (1): 24–7.
17. Scuteri A, Nilsson PM, Tzourio C et al. Microvascular brain damage with aging and hypertension: pathophysiological consideration and clinical implications. J Hypertens 2011; 29 (8): 1469–77.
18. Saji N,Toba K, Sakurai T. Cerebral small vessel disease and arterial stiffness: Tsunami effect in the brain? Pulse (Basel) 2016; 3 (3–4): 182–9.
19. Solov'eva E.Yu., Karneev A.N., Fedin A.I. Patogeneticheskoe obosnovanie antioksidantnoi terapii pri khronicheskoi ishemii mozga. Effekt. farmakoterapiia v nevrologii i psikhiatrii. 2009; 3: 6–12. [in Russian]
20. Schaller B. Extracranial-intracranial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in intracranial aneurysms of the anterior cerebral circulation: a systematic review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 17: 287–98.
21. Vereshchagin N.V., Morgunov V.A., Gulevskaya T.S. Patologiia golovnogo mozga pri ateroskleroze i arterial'noi gipertonii. M.: Meditsina, 1997. [in Russian]
22. Farrall AJ, Wardlaw JM. Blood-brain barrier: Ageing and microvascular disease – systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30: 337–52.
23. Hilal S, Sikking E, Shaik MA. Cortical cerebral microinfarcts on 3T MRI: A novel marker of cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 2016; 87 (15): 1583–90.
24. Gavrilescu T, Babikian VL. Cerebral microembolism during carotid endarterectomy. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 159–64.
25. Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Аmerican heart association. Аmerican stroke association. Stroke 2011; 42 (9): 2672–713.
26. Daulatzai MA. Cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism: key pathophysiological modulators promote neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95 (4): 943–72.
27. Du SQ, Wang XR, Xiao LY. Molecular mechanisms of vascular dementia: what can be learned from animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion? Mol Neurobiol 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9915-1
28. Mkhitaryan E.A., Preobrazhenskaia I.S. Bolezn' Al'tsgeimera i tserebrovaskuliarnye rasstroistva. Nevrol. zhurn. 2006; 11 (1): 31–6. [in Russian]
29. Cherdak M.A., Uspenskaya O.V. Sosudistaia dementsiia. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosoomatika. 2010; 1: 30–6. [in Russian]
30. Akinyemi RO, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Attems J. Vascular risk factors and neurodegeneration in ageing related dementias: Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2013; 10 (6): 642–53.
31. Barker WW, Luis CA, Kashuba A. Relative frequencies of Alzheimer disease, Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia, and hippocampal sclerosis in the State of Florida Brain Bank. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2002; 16 (4): 203–12.
32. Cherdak M.A., Yakhno N.N. Neirodegenerativnye i sosudistye faktory razvitiia postinsul'tnykh kognitivnykh rasstroistv. Nevrol. zhurn. 2012; 17 (5): 10–5. [in Russian]
33. Zakharov V.V., Lokshina A.B. Kognitivnye narusheniia pri distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii. RMZh. 2009; 17 (20): 1325–9. [in Russian]
34. Preobrazhenskaya I.S., Yakhno N.N. Sosudistye kognitivnye rasstroistva: klinicheskie proiavleniia, diagnostika, lechenie. Nevrol. zhurn. 2007; 12 (5): 45–50. [in Russian]
35. Damulin I.V. Bolezn' Al'tsgeimera i sosudistaia dementsiia. Pod red. N.N.Iakhno. M., 2002. [in Russian]
36. Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Petersen RC et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 2006; 37 (9): 2220–41.
37. Isaikin A.I. Patogeneticheskie aspekty terapii ishemicheskogo insul'ta. Trudnyi patsient. 2010; 4: 21–5. [in Russian]
38. Pizova N.V. Proizvodnye iantarnoi kisloty v terapii tserebrovaskuliarnykh zabolevanii. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosomatika. 2010; 1: 67–8. [in Russian]
39. De Kosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 2253–62.
40. Baor KJ, Boettger MK, Seidler N et al. Influence of galantamine on vasomotor reactivity in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia due to cerebral microangiopathy. Stroke 2007; 38: 3186–92.
41. Kavirajan H, Schneider LS. Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6 (9): 782–92.
42. Xi Y, Wang M, Zhang W et al. Neuronal damage, central cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage correlate with cognitive deficits in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 109: 7–19.
43. Cummings JL, Mackell J, Kaufer D. Behavioral effects of current Alzheimer's disease treatments: a descriptive review. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4 (1): 49–60.
44. Baskys A, Hou AC. Vascular dementia: pharmacological treatment approaches and perspectives. Clin Interv Aging 2007; 2 (3): 327–35.
45. Voznesenskaya T.G. Nekognitivnye nervno-psikhicheskie rasstroistva pri kognitivnykh narusheniiakh v pozhilom vozraste. Nevrol. zhurn. 2010; 15 (2): 4–18. [in Russian]
46. Voznesenskaia T.G. Emotsional'no-affektivnye i povedencheskie narusheniia pri legkikh i umerennykh kognitivnykh rasstroistvakh. Opyt primeneniia memantina. Nevrol. zhurn. 2009; 14 (3): 49–55. [in Russian]
47. Orr WB. Apathy in the older adult. Geriatrics 2004; 59 (7): 34–6.
48. Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O′Brien J et al. Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2014; 28 (3): 206–18.
49. Thomas SJ, Grossberg GT. Memantine: a review of studies into its safety and efficacy in treating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Clin Interv Aging 2009; 4: 367–77.
50. Rammes G, Rupprecht R, Ferrari U. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel blockers memantine, MRZ 2/579 and other amino-alkyl-cyclohexanes antagonise 5-HT(3) receptor currents in cultured HEK-293 and N1E-115 cell systems in a non-competitive manner. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306: 81–4.
2. Максудов Г.А. Классификация сосудистых поражений головного и спинного мозга. Сосудистые заболевания нервной системы. Под. ред. Е.В.Шмидта. М., 1975; с. 12–7. / Maksudov G.A. Klassifikatsiia sosudistykh porazhenii golovnogo i spinnogo mozga. Sosudistye zabolevaniia nervnoi sistemy. Pod. red. E.V.Shmidta. M., 1975; s. 12–7. [in Russian]
3. Левин О.С. Дисциркуляторная энцефалопатия: анахронизм или клиническая реальность? Соврем. терапия в психиатрии и неврологии. 2012; 3: 40–6. / Levin O.S. Distsirkuliatornaia entsefalopatiia: anakhronizm ili klinicheskaia real'nost'? Sovrem. terapiia v psikhiatrii i nevrologii. 2012; 3: 40–6. [in Russian]
4. Яхно Н.Н., Дамулин И.В., Захаров В.В. Дисциркуляторная энцефалопатия. М., 2000. / Yakhno N.N., Damulin I.V., Zakharov V.V. Distsirkuliatornaia entsefalopatiia. M., 2000. [in Russian]
5. Кадыков A.С., Шахпаронова Н.В. Дисциркуляторная энцефалопатия: алгоритм диагностики и лечения у больных с артериальной гипертензией. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2010; 3: 12–7. / Kadykov A.S., Shakhparonova N.V. Distsirkuliatornaia entsefalopatiia: algoritm diagnostiki i lecheniia u bol'nykh s arterial'noi gipertenziei. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosomatika. 2010; 3: 12–7. [in Russian]
6. Супонева Н.А. Дисциркуляторная энцефалопатия. Рус. мед. журн. 2006; 14 (23): 1670–2. / Suponeva N.A. Distsirkuliatornaia entsefalopatiia. Rus. med. zhurn. 2006; 14 (23): 1670–2. [in Russian]
7. Котова О.В. Хронические нарушения мозгового кровообращения. Фарматека. 2010; 15: 46–50. / Kotova O.V. Khronicheskie narusheniia mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia. Farmateka. 2010; 15: 46–50. [in Russian]
8. Harrison SL, Tang EY, Keage HA.et al. A systematic review of the definitions of vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia in cohort studies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2016; 42 (1–2): 69–79.
9. Roman GC, Erkinjuntti T, Wallin A et al. Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Lancet Neurology 2002; 1: 426–36.
10. Pantoni L, Poggesi A, Inzitari D. The relation between white matter lesions and cognition. Curr Opin Neurol 2007; 20: 390–7.
11. Яхно Н.Н., Левин О.С., Дамулин И.В. Сопоставление клинических и МРТ-данных при дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии. Когнитивные нарушения. Неврол. журн. 2001; 3: 10–8. / Yakhno N.N., Levin O.S., Damulin I.V. Sopostavlenie klinicheskikh i MRT-dannykh pri distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii. Kognitivnye narusheniia. Nevrol. zhurn. 2001; 3: 10–8. [in Russian]
12. Cordonnier C, van der Flier WM, Sluimer JD et al. Prevalence and severity of microbleeds in a memory clinic setting. Neurology 2006; 66: 1356–60.
13. Левин О.С., Юнищенко Н.А. Диагностика и лечение когнитивных нарушений при дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии. Consilium Medicum. 2007; 9 (8): 47–53. / Levin O.S., Yunishchenko N.A. Diagnostika i lechenie kognitivnykh narushenii pri distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii. Consilium Medicum. 2007; 9 (8): 47–53. [in Russian]
14. Girouard H, Iadecola C. Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension. Stroke and Alzheimer disease. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 328–35.
15. Фонякин А.В., Гераскина Л.А. Артериальная ригидность, эндотелиальная функция и цереброваскулярные заболевания. Справочник поликлинического врача. 2014; 4: 22–5. / Fonyakin A.V., Geraskina L.A. Arterial'naia rigidnost', endotelial'naia funktsiia i tserebrovaskuliarnye zabolevaniia. Handbook for Practitioners Doctors. 2014; 4: 22–5. [in Russian]
16. Van Sloten TT, Stehouwer CD. Carotid stiffness: a novel cerebrovascular disease risk factor. Pulse (Basel) 2016; 4 (1): 24–7.
17. Scuteri A, Nilsson PM, Tzourio C et al. Microvascular brain damage with aging and hypertension: pathophysiological consideration and clinical implications. J Hypertens 2011; 29 (8): 1469–77.
18. Saji N,Toba K, Sakurai T. Cerebral small vessel disease and arterial stiffness: Tsunami effect in the brain? Pulse (Basel) 2016; 3 (3–4): 182–9.
19. Соловьева Э.Ю., Карнеев А.Н., Федин А.И. Патогенетическое обоснование антиоксидантной терапии при хронической ишемии мозга. Эффект. фармакотерапия в неврологии и психиатрии. 2009; 3: 6–12. / Solov'eva E.Yu., Karneev A.N., Fedin A.I. Patogeneticheskoe obosnovanie antioksidantnoi terapii pri khronicheskoi ishemii mozga. Effekt. farmakoterapiia v nevrologii i psikhiatrii. 2009; 3: 6–12. [in Russian]
20. Schaller B. Extracranial-intracranial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in intracranial aneurysms of the anterior cerebral circulation: a systematic review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 17: 287–98.
21. Верещагин Н.В., Моргунов В.А., Гулевская Т.С. Патология головного мозга при атеросклерозе и артериальной гипертонии. М.: Медицина, 1997. / Vereshchagin N.V., Morgunov V.A., Gulevskaya T.S. Patologiia golovnogo mozga pri ateroskleroze i arterial'noi gipertonii. M.: Meditsina, 1997. [in Russian]
22. Farrall AJ, Wardlaw JM. Blood-brain barrier: Ageing and microvascular disease – systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30: 337–52.
23. Hilal S, Sikking E, Shaik MA. Cortical cerebral microinfarcts on 3T MRI: A novel marker of cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 2016; 87 (15): 1583–90.
24. Gavrilescu T, Babikian VL. Cerebral microembolism during carotid endarterectomy. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 159–64.
25. Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Аmerican heart association. Аmerican stroke association. Stroke 2011; 42 (9): 2672–713.
26. Daulatzai MA. Cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism: key pathophysiological modulators promote neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95 (4): 943–72.
27. Du SQ, Wang XR, Xiao LY. Molecular mechanisms of vascular dementia: what can be learned from animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion? Mol Neurobiol 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9915-1
28. Мхитарян Э.А., Преображенская И.С. Болезнь Альцгеймера и цереброваскулярные расстройства. Неврол. журн. 2006; 11 (1): 31–6. / Mkhitaryan E.A., Preobrazhenskaia I.S. Bolezn' Al'tsgeimera i tserebrovaskuliarnye rasstroistva. Nevrol. zhurn. 2006; 11 (1): 31–6. [in Russian]
29. Чердак М.А., Успенская О.В. Сосудистая деменция. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосооматика. 2010; 1: 30–6. / Cherdak M.A., Uspenskaya O.V. Sosudistaia dementsiia. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosoomatika. 2010; 1: 30–6. [in Russian]
30. Akinyemi RO, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Attems J. Vascular risk factors and neurodegeneration in ageing related dementias: Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2013; 10 (6): 642–53.
31. Barker WW, Luis CA, Kashuba A. Relative frequencies of Alzheimer disease, Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia, and hippocampal sclerosis in the State of Florida Brain Bank. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2002; 16 (4): 203–12.
32. Чердак М.А., Яхно Н.Н. Нейродегенеративные и сосудистые факторы развития постинсультных когнитивных расстройств. Неврол. журн. 2012; 17 (5): 10–5. / Cherdak M.A., Yakhno N.N. Neirodegenerativnye i sosudistye faktory razvitiia postinsul'tnykh kognitivnykh rasstroistv. Nevrol. zhurn. 2012; 17 (5): 10–5. [in Russian]
33. Захаров В.В., Локшина А.Б. Когнитивные нарушения при дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии. РМЖ. 2009; 17 (20): 1325–9. / Zakharov V.V., Lokshina A.B. Kognitivnye narusheniia pri distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii. RMZh. 2009; 17 (20): 1325–9. [in Russian]
34. Преображенская И.С., Яхно Н.Н. Сосудистые когнитивные расстройства: клинические проявления, диагностика, лечение. Неврол. журн. 2007; 12 (5): 45–50. / Preobrazhenskaya I.S., Yakhno N.N. Sosudistye kognitivnye rasstroistva: klinicheskie proiavleniia, diagnostika, lechenie. Nevrol. zhurn. 2007; 12 (5): 45–50. [in Russian]
35. Дамулин И.В. Болезнь Альцгеймера и сосудистая деменция. Под ред. Н.Н.Яхно. М., 2002. / Damulin I.V. Bolezn' Al'tsgeimera i sosudistaia dementsiia. Pod red. N.N.Iakhno. M., 2002. [in Russian]
36. Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Petersen RC et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 2006; 37 (9): 2220–41.
37. Исайкин А.И. Патогенетические аспекты терапии ишемического инсульта. Трудный пациент. 2010; 4: 21–5. / Isaikin A.I. Patogeneticheskie aspekty terapii ishemicheskogo insul'ta. Trudnyi patsient. 2010; 4: 21–5. [in Russian]
38. Пизова Н.В. Производные янтарной кислоты в терапии цереброваскулярных заболеваний. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2010; 1: 67–8. / Pizova N.V. Proizvodnye iantarnoi kisloty v terapii tserebrovaskuliarnykh zabolevanii. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosomatika. 2010; 1: 67–8. [in Russian]
39. De Kosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 2253–62.
40. Baor KJ, Boettger MK, Seidler N et al. Influence of galantamine on vasomotor reactivity in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia due to cerebral microangiopathy. Stroke 2007; 38: 3186–92.
41. Kavirajan H, Schneider LS. Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6 (9): 782–92.
42. Xi Y, Wang M, Zhang W et al. Neuronal damage, central cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage correlate with cognitive deficits in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 109: 7–19.
43. Cummings JL, Mackell J, Kaufer D. Behavioral effects of current Alzheimer's disease treatments: a descriptive review. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4 (1): 49–60.
44. Baskys A, Hou AC. Vascular dementia: pharmacological treatment approaches and perspectives. Clin Interv Aging 2007; 2 (3): 327–35.
45. Вознесенская Т.Г. Некогнитивные нервно-психические расстройства при когнитивных нарушениях в пожилом возрасте. Неврол. журн. 2010; 15 (2): 4–18. / Voznesenskaya T.G. Nekognitivnye nervno-psikhicheskie rasstroistva pri kognitivnykh narusheniiakh v pozhilom vozraste. Nevrol. zhurn. 2010; 15 (2): 4–18. [in Russian]
46. Вознесенская Т.Г. Эмоционально-аффективные и поведенческие нарушения при легких и умеренных когнитивных расстройствах. Опыт применения мемантина. Неврол. журн. 2009; 14 (3): 49–55. / Voznesenskaia T.G. Emotsional'no-affektivnye i povedencheskie narusheniia pri legkikh i umerennykh kognitivnykh rasstroistvakh. Opyt primeneniia memantina. Nevrol. zhurn. 2009; 14 (3): 49–55. [in Russian]
47. Orr WB. Apathy in the older adult. Geriatrics 2004; 59 (7): 34–6.
48. Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O′Brien J et al. Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2014; 28 (3): 206–18.
49. Thomas SJ, Grossberg GT. Memantine: a review of studies into its safety and efficacy in treating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Clin Interv Aging 2009; 4: 367–77.
50. Rammes G, Rupprecht R, Ferrari U. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel blockers memantine, MRZ 2/579 and other amino-alkyl-cyclohexanes antagonise 5-HT(3) receptor currents in cultured HEK-293 and N1E-115 cell systems in a non-competitive manner. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306: 81–4.
________________________________________________
2. Maksudov G.A. Klassifikatsiia sosudistykh porazhenii golovnogo i spinnogo mozga. Sosudistye zabolevaniia nervnoi sistemy. Pod. red. E.V.Shmidta. M., 1975; s. 12–7. [in Russian]
3. Levin O.S. Distsirkuliatornaia entsefalopatiia: anakhronizm ili klinicheskaia real'nost'? Sovrem. terapiia v psikhiatrii i nevrologii. 2012; 3: 40–6. [in Russian]
4. Yakhno N.N., Damulin I.V., Zakharov V.V. Distsirkuliatornaia entsefalopatiia. M., 2000. [in Russian]
5. Kadykov A.S., Shakhparonova N.V. Distsirkuliatornaia entsefalopatiia: algoritm diagnostiki i lecheniia u bol'nykh s arterial'noi gipertenziei. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosomatika. 2010; 3: 12–7. [in Russian]
6. Suponeva N.A. Distsirkuliatornaia entsefalopatiia. Rus. med. zhurn. 2006; 14 (23): 1670–2. [in Russian]
7. Kotova O.V. Khronicheskie narusheniia mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia. Farmateka. 2010; 15: 46–50. [in Russian]
8. Harrison SL, Tang EY, Keage HA.et al. A systematic review of the definitions of vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia in cohort studies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2016; 42 (1–2): 69–79.
9. Roman GC, Erkinjuntti T, Wallin A et al. Subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Lancet Neurology 2002; 1: 426–36.
10. Pantoni L, Poggesi A, Inzitari D. The relation between white matter lesions and cognition. Curr Opin Neurol 2007; 20: 390–7.
11. Yakhno N.N., Levin O.S., Damulin I.V. Sopostavlenie klinicheskikh i MRT-dannykh pri distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii. Kognitivnye narusheniia. Nevrol. zhurn. 2001; 3: 10–8. [in Russian]
12. Cordonnier C, van der Flier WM, Sluimer JD et al. Prevalence and severity of microbleeds in a memory clinic setting. Neurology 2006; 66: 1356–60.
13. Levin O.S., Yunishchenko N.A. Diagnostika i lechenie kognitivnykh narushenii pri distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii. Consilium Medicum. 2007; 9 (8): 47–53. [in Russian]
14. Girouard H, Iadecola C. Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension. Stroke and Alzheimer disease. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 328–35.
15. Fonyakin A.V., Geraskina L.A. Arterial'naia rigidnost', endotelial'naia funktsiia i tserebrovaskuliarnye zabolevaniia. Handbook for Practitioners Doctors. 2014; 4: 22–5. [in Russian]
16. Van Sloten TT, Stehouwer CD. Carotid stiffness: a novel cerebrovascular disease risk factor. Pulse (Basel) 2016; 4 (1): 24–7.
17. Scuteri A, Nilsson PM, Tzourio C et al. Microvascular brain damage with aging and hypertension: pathophysiological consideration and clinical implications. J Hypertens 2011; 29 (8): 1469–77.
18. Saji N,Toba K, Sakurai T. Cerebral small vessel disease and arterial stiffness: Tsunami effect in the brain? Pulse (Basel) 2016; 3 (3–4): 182–9.
19. Solov'eva E.Yu., Karneev A.N., Fedin A.I. Patogeneticheskoe obosnovanie antioksidantnoi terapii pri khronicheskoi ishemii mozga. Effekt. farmakoterapiia v nevrologii i psikhiatrii. 2009; 3: 6–12. [in Russian]
20. Schaller B. Extracranial-intracranial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in intracranial aneurysms of the anterior cerebral circulation: a systematic review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 17: 287–98.
21. Vereshchagin N.V., Morgunov V.A., Gulevskaya T.S. Patologiia golovnogo mozga pri ateroskleroze i arterial'noi gipertonii. M.: Meditsina, 1997. [in Russian]
22. Farrall AJ, Wardlaw JM. Blood-brain barrier: Ageing and microvascular disease – systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30: 337–52.
23. Hilal S, Sikking E, Shaik MA. Cortical cerebral microinfarcts on 3T MRI: A novel marker of cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 2016; 87 (15): 1583–90.
24. Gavrilescu T, Babikian VL. Cerebral microembolism during carotid endarterectomy. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 159–64.
25. Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Аmerican heart association. Аmerican stroke association. Stroke 2011; 42 (9): 2672–713.
26. Daulatzai MA. Cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism: key pathophysiological modulators promote neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95 (4): 943–72.
27. Du SQ, Wang XR, Xiao LY. Molecular mechanisms of vascular dementia: what can be learned from animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion? Mol Neurobiol 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9915-1
28. Mkhitaryan E.A., Preobrazhenskaia I.S. Bolezn' Al'tsgeimera i tserebrovaskuliarnye rasstroistva. Nevrol. zhurn. 2006; 11 (1): 31–6. [in Russian]
29. Cherdak M.A., Uspenskaya O.V. Sosudistaia dementsiia. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosoomatika. 2010; 1: 30–6. [in Russian]
30. Akinyemi RO, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Attems J. Vascular risk factors and neurodegeneration in ageing related dementias: Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2013; 10 (6): 642–53.
31. Barker WW, Luis CA, Kashuba A. Relative frequencies of Alzheimer disease, Lewy body, vascular and frontotemporal dementia, and hippocampal sclerosis in the State of Florida Brain Bank. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2002; 16 (4): 203–12.
32. Cherdak M.A., Yakhno N.N. Neirodegenerativnye i sosudistye faktory razvitiia postinsul'tnykh kognitivnykh rasstroistv. Nevrol. zhurn. 2012; 17 (5): 10–5. [in Russian]
33. Zakharov V.V., Lokshina A.B. Kognitivnye narusheniia pri distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii. RMZh. 2009; 17 (20): 1325–9. [in Russian]
34. Preobrazhenskaya I.S., Yakhno N.N. Sosudistye kognitivnye rasstroistva: klinicheskie proiavleniia, diagnostika, lechenie. Nevrol. zhurn. 2007; 12 (5): 45–50. [in Russian]
35. Damulin I.V. Bolezn' Al'tsgeimera i sosudistaia dementsiia. Pod red. N.N.Iakhno. M., 2002. [in Russian]
36. Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Petersen RC et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 2006; 37 (9): 2220–41.
37. Isaikin A.I. Patogeneticheskie aspekty terapii ishemicheskogo insul'ta. Trudnyi patsient. 2010; 4: 21–5. [in Russian]
38. Pizova N.V. Proizvodnye iantarnoi kisloty v terapii tserebrovaskuliarnykh zabolevanii. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosomatika. 2010; 1: 67–8. [in Russian]
39. De Kosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 2253–62.
40. Baor KJ, Boettger MK, Seidler N et al. Influence of galantamine on vasomotor reactivity in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia due to cerebral microangiopathy. Stroke 2007; 38: 3186–92.
41. Kavirajan H, Schneider LS. Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6 (9): 782–92.
42. Xi Y, Wang M, Zhang W et al. Neuronal damage, central cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage correlate with cognitive deficits in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 109: 7–19.
43. Cummings JL, Mackell J, Kaufer D. Behavioral effects of current Alzheimer's disease treatments: a descriptive review. Alzheimers Dement 2008; 4 (1): 49–60.
44. Baskys A, Hou AC. Vascular dementia: pharmacological treatment approaches and perspectives. Clin Interv Aging 2007; 2 (3): 327–35.
45. Voznesenskaya T.G. Nekognitivnye nervno-psikhicheskie rasstroistva pri kognitivnykh narusheniiakh v pozhilom vozraste. Nevrol. zhurn. 2010; 15 (2): 4–18. [in Russian]
46. Voznesenskaia T.G. Emotsional'no-affektivnye i povedencheskie narusheniia pri legkikh i umerennykh kognitivnykh rasstroistvakh. Opyt primeneniia memantina. Nevrol. zhurn. 2009; 14 (3): 49–55. [in Russian]
47. Orr WB. Apathy in the older adult. Geriatrics 2004; 59 (7): 34–6.
48. Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O′Brien J et al. Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2014; 28 (3): 206–18.
49. Thomas SJ, Grossberg GT. Memantine: a review of studies into its safety and efficacy in treating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Clin Interv Aging 2009; 4: 367–77.
50. Rammes G, Rupprecht R, Ferrari U. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel blockers memantine, MRZ 2/579 and other amino-alkyl-cyclohexanes antagonise 5-HT(3) receptor currents in cultured HEK-293 and N1E-115 cell systems in a non-competitive manner. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306: 81–4.
Авторы
М.А.Чердак
ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1
maria.cherdak@yandex.ru
N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1
maria.cherdak@yandex.ru
ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1
maria.cherdak@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1
maria.cherdak@yandex.ru
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