Распространенность абдоминального ожирения в субъектах Российской Федерации и его связь с социально-экономическим статусом, результаты эпидемиологического исследования ЭССЕ-РФ
Распространенность абдоминального ожирения в субъектах Российской Федерации и его связь с социально-экономическим статусом, результаты эпидемиологического исследования ЭССЕ-РФ
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Аннотация
Абдоминальное ожирение (АО) является предиктором как сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, так и сахарного диабета 2-го типа. Оценка его распространенности и изучение социально-экономического статуса лиц с данным фенотипом ожирения необходимы для разработки эффективных механизмов борьбы с этим фактором риска в популяции.
Цель исследования – определить распространенность АО в популяции и оценить его связь с социально-экономическими факторами на основании данных, полученных в ходе исследования ЭССЕ-РФ (Эпидемиология Сердечно-Сосудистых заболеваний в рЕгионах Российской Федерации).
Материалы и методы. Объект исследования – случайная популяционная выборка мужского и женского населения в возрасте 25–64 лет из 13 регионов РФ (n=21 817). Абдоминальное ожирение у мужчин определялось как окружность талии (ОТ) >94 см, у женщин – ОТ >80 см. За критерий общего ожирения принят индекс массы тела (ИМТ) >30,0 кг/м2.
Результаты и обсуждение. Распространенность АО в РФ составила 55% (61,8% среди женщин и 44% среди мужчин), тогда как доля лиц с ожирением, определяемым по ИМТ, значительно ниже (33,4%). Число обследованных с АО увеличивалось с возрастом, как среди мужчин, так и среди женщин (р<0,0001). Лица с АО чаще относились к категории людей с низким и очень низким доходом и невысоким уровнем образования (p<0,0001). Прямой связи статуса занятости и семейного положения с АО в настоящем исследовании не выявлено, однако ОТ оказалась статистически значимо большей у работающих мужчин по сравнению с теми, кто никогда не работал (р<0,0001), у молодых мужчин и женщин, состоящих в браке, а также у состоящих в браке мужчин старшей возрастной группы (р<0,0001).
Ключевые слова: эпидемиологическое исследование, ожирение, абдоминальное ожирение, факторы риска, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, социально-экономический портрет.
The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of AO in the population and to assess the association with socioeconomic factors according to the data of the ESSE-RF study (Epidemiology of Cardiovascular diseases in the Regions of the Russian Federation).
Materials and methods. The object of the study is a random population sample of men and women aged 25–64 years from 13 regions of the Russian Federation (n=21 817). Abdominal obesity in men was defined as waist circumference (WC) >94 cm, and in women – WC >80 cm. Body mass index (BMI) >30.0 kg/m2 was adopted as the criterion of common obesity.
Results and discussion. The prevalence of AO in Russia was 55% (61.8% in women and 44% in men), while the percent of people with obesity, defined by BMI was significantly lower (33.4%). The number of examined patients with AO increased with age among both men and women (p<0.0001). A person with AO more often were people with low and very low income and low education levels (p<0.0001). Direct association between employment status and family status and AO in present study did not find, but WC was statistically significantly important criterion among male workers in comparison with those who never worked (p<0.0001), young men and women married, as well as married men of older age groups (p<0.0001).
Keywords: epidemiological study, obesity, abdominal obesity, risk factors, cardiovascular disease, socio-economic portrait.
Цель исследования – определить распространенность АО в популяции и оценить его связь с социально-экономическими факторами на основании данных, полученных в ходе исследования ЭССЕ-РФ (Эпидемиология Сердечно-Сосудистых заболеваний в рЕгионах Российской Федерации).
Материалы и методы. Объект исследования – случайная популяционная выборка мужского и женского населения в возрасте 25–64 лет из 13 регионов РФ (n=21 817). Абдоминальное ожирение у мужчин определялось как окружность талии (ОТ) >94 см, у женщин – ОТ >80 см. За критерий общего ожирения принят индекс массы тела (ИМТ) >30,0 кг/м2.
Результаты и обсуждение. Распространенность АО в РФ составила 55% (61,8% среди женщин и 44% среди мужчин), тогда как доля лиц с ожирением, определяемым по ИМТ, значительно ниже (33,4%). Число обследованных с АО увеличивалось с возрастом, как среди мужчин, так и среди женщин (р<0,0001). Лица с АО чаще относились к категории людей с низким и очень низким доходом и невысоким уровнем образования (p<0,0001). Прямой связи статуса занятости и семейного положения с АО в настоящем исследовании не выявлено, однако ОТ оказалась статистически значимо большей у работающих мужчин по сравнению с теми, кто никогда не работал (р<0,0001), у молодых мужчин и женщин, состоящих в браке, а также у состоящих в браке мужчин старшей возрастной группы (р<0,0001).
Ключевые слова: эпидемиологическое исследование, ожирение, абдоминальное ожирение, факторы риска, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, социально-экономический портрет.
________________________________________________
The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of AO in the population and to assess the association with socioeconomic factors according to the data of the ESSE-RF study (Epidemiology of Cardiovascular diseases in the Regions of the Russian Federation).
Materials and methods. The object of the study is a random population sample of men and women aged 25–64 years from 13 regions of the Russian Federation (n=21 817). Abdominal obesity in men was defined as waist circumference (WC) >94 cm, and in women – WC >80 cm. Body mass index (BMI) >30.0 kg/m2 was adopted as the criterion of common obesity.
Results and discussion. The prevalence of AO in Russia was 55% (61.8% in women and 44% in men), while the percent of people with obesity, defined by BMI was significantly lower (33.4%). The number of examined patients with AO increased with age among both men and women (p<0.0001). A person with AO more often were people with low and very low income and low education levels (p<0.0001). Direct association between employment status and family status and AO in present study did not find, but WC was statistically significantly important criterion among male workers in comparison with those who never worked (p<0.0001), young men and women married, as well as married men of older age groups (p<0.0001).
Keywords: epidemiological study, obesity, abdominal obesity, risk factors, cardiovascular disease, socio-economic portrait.
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2. Katz D, Friedman R. Diet, weight regulation, and obesity. In: Nutrition in clinical practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. P. 43-101.
3. Kushner RF, Kahan S. Introduction: The State of Obesity in 2017. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.003
4. Rakel D. Integrative Medicine. E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.
5. González-Muniesa P, Mártinez-González MA, Hu FB, et al. Obesity. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2017;3:17034. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.34
6. Kerr J, Anderson C, Lippman SM. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(8):e457-e471. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30411-4
7. Billington CJ, Epstein LH, Goodwin NJ, et al. Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(7):898-904. doi: 10.1001/archinte.160.7.898
8. Lin X, Zhang X, Guo J, et al. Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(7):e002014. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002014
9. DeLaet D, Schauer D. Obesity in adults. BMJ Clin Evid. 2011;2011:0604 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217730/).
10. Caleyachetty R, Thomas N, Konstantinos A, et al. Metabolically Healthy Obese and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Events Among 3.5 Million Men and Women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(12):1429-1437. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.763
11. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pub Health. 2009;9:88. doi: 10.4236/ojpm.2017.72002
12. Anari R, Amani R, Latifi SM, Veissi M, Shahbazian H. Association of obesity with hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2017;11(1):37-41. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.07.004
13. Jahangir E, de Schutter A, Lavie CJ. The relationship between obesity and coronary artery disease. Transl Res. 2014;164(4):336-344. doi: 2014;164(4):336-344. 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.03.010
14. Wilson PWF, D’Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and Obesity as Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk: The Framingham Experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(16):1867-1872. doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.16.1867
15. Mancusi C, Gerdts E, Losi MA, et al. Differential effect of obesity on prevalence of cardiac and carotid target organ damage in hypertension (the Campania Salute Network). Int J Cardiol. 2017;244:260-264. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.045
16. Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Akasaka H, et al. Incidence of Hypertension in Individuals with Abdominal Obesity in a Rural Japanese Population: The Tanno and Sobetsu Study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31(7):hr2008176. doi: 10.1291/hypres.31.1385
17. Guo Y, Yue X, Li H, et al. Overweight and Obesity in Young Adulthood and the Risk of Stroke: a Meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25(12):2995-3004. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.08.018
18. Yatsuya H, Toyoshima H, Yamagishi K, et al. Body Mass Index and Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction in a Relatively Lean Population: Meta-Analysis of 16 Japanese Cohorts Using Individual Data. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3(5):498-505. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.908517
19. Kovesdy CP, Furth SL, Zoccali C. Obesity and kidney disease: hidden consequences of the epidemic. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(1):1-8.
20. Tsuboi N, Okabayashi Y, Shimizu A, Yokoo T. The Renal Pathology of Obesity. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;2(2):251-260.
21. Salvatore SP, Chevalier JM, Kuo SF, Audia PF, Seshan SV. Kidney disease in patients with obesity: It is not always obesity-related glomerulopathy alone. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2017;11(5):597-606.
22. Chen H-M, Chen Y, Zhang YD, et al. Evaluation Evaluation of Metabolic Risk Marker in Obesity-related Glomerulopathy. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(4):309-315. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2010.06.019
23. [Kutyrina IM. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: mechanisms of development, clinical course. Therapevticheskiy Arhiv. 2017;89(6):97-101 (In Russ.)].
24. Hess PL, Al-Khalidi HR, Friedman DJ, et al. The Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(8):e006103. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006103
25. Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Ezzati M, et al. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1.8 million participants. Lancet (Lond). 2014;383(9921):970-983. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61836-X
26. [Chazova IE, Nedogoda SV, Zhernakova YuV, Susekov AV, Medvedeva IV, Shestakova MV. Recommendation for management of arterial hypertension patients with metabolic disorders. Kardiologicheskiy Vestnik = Russian Cardiology Bulletin. 2014;IX(1):3-57 (In Russ.)].
27. [Starodubova AV, Kislyak OA. Obesity as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Literature review. Pharmateka. 2015;17(310):28-35 (In Russ.)].
28. [Chazova IE, Zhernakova YuV, Oshchepkova EV, et al. The prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Russian population of patients with arterial hypertension. Kardiologiya = Cardiology. 2014;54(10):4-12 (In Russ.)].
29. [Efremova YuE, Oshchepkova EV, Zhernakova YuV, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in people with high normal blood pressure in the Russian population (based on data obtained in ESSE-RF epidemiological study). Sistemnye Gipertenzii = Systemic Hypertension. 2017;14(1):6-11 (In Russ.)].
30. [Boytsov SA, Chazov EI, Shlyahto EV, et al. Scientific Organizing Committee of the ESSE-RF. Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in different regions of Russia (ESSE-RF). Rationale reasons and study design. Profilakticheskaya Meditsina = Preventive Medicine. 2013;16(6):25-34 (In Russ.)].
31. Beltrán-Sánchez H, Harhay MO, Harhay MM, McElligott S. Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult U.S. population, 1999–2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(8):697-703. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.064
32. Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Guallar-Castillón P, León-Muñoz LM, Graciani A, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008-2010: the ENRICA study. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes. 2012;13(4):388-392.
33. Schienkiewitz A, Mensink GBM, Scheidt-Nave C. Comorbidity of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of German adults aged 18–79 years. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:658. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-658
34. Riediger ND, Clara I. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Canadian adult population. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J. 2011;183(15):E1127-1134. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.110070
35. Sardinha LB, Santos DA, Silva AM, et al. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity in a representative sample of Portuguese adults. PloS One. 2012;7(10):e47883.
36. Barquera S, Campos-Nonato I, Hernández-Barrera L, Pedroza A, Rivera-Dommarco JA. [Prevalence of obesity in Mexican adults 2000-2012]. Salud Publica Mex. 2013;55 Suppl 2:S151-160.
37. Misra A, Shrivastava U. Obesity and dyslipidemia in South Asians. Nutrients. 2013;5(7):2708-2733. doi: 10.3390/nu5072708
38. Du T, Sun X, Yin P, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of low risk factor burden for cardiovascular disease according to obesity status among Chinese adults, 1993–2009. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:961. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-961
39. Chukwuonye II , Chuku A, Onyeonoro UU, et al. Prevalence of abdominal obesity in Abia State, Nigeria: results of a population-based house-to-house survey. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013;6:285-291. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S43545
40. Da S. Linhares R, Horta BL, Gigante DP, Dias-da-Costa JS, Olinto MTA. [Distribution of general and abdominal obesity in adults in a city in southern Brazil]. Cad Saude Publica. 2012;28(3):438-447.
41. Alves RFS, Faerstein E. Educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity according to gender and color/race: the Pro-Health Study, 1999–2001 and 2011–2012. Cad Saúde Pública. 2016;32(2):e00077415. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00077415
42. Pradhan AD. Sex Differences in the Metabolic Syndrome: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in Women. Clin Chem. 2014;60(1):44-52. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.202549
43. Kvist H, Chowdhury B, Grangård U, Tylén U, Sjöström L. Total and visceral adipose-tissue volumes derived from measurements with computed tomography in adult men and women: predictive equations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(6):1351-1361. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/48.6.1351
44. Lemieux S, Prud’homme D, Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Després JP. Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58(4):463-467. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/58.4.463
45. Kuk JL, Lee S, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Waist circumference and abdominal adipose tissue distribution: influence of age and sex. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(6):1330-1334. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1330
46. Theodoro H, Rodrigues AD, Mendes KG, Liane RH, Paniz VMV, Olinto MTA. Reproductive characteristics and obesity in middle-aged women seen at an outpatient clinic in southern Brazil. Menopause N Y N. 2012;19(9):1022-1028. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182503834
47. Blaudeau TE, Hunter GR, Sirikul B. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue deposition and parity. Int J Obes. 2005;30(7):1119-1124. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803252
48. Orsatti FL, Nahas EAP, Nahas-Neto J, Maestá N, Padoani NP, Orsatti CL. [Anthropometric measures: predictors of non-transmissible chronic diseases in postmenopausal women in the Southeast region of Brazil]. Rev Bras Ginecol E Obstet. 2008;30(4):182-189.
49. Kim HM, Park J, Ryu SY, Kim J. The effect of menopause on the metabolic syndrome among Korean women: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):701-706. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1400
50. Mendes KG, Theodoro H, Rodrigues AD, Olinto MTA. [Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the menopausal transition: a systematic review]. Cad Saude Publica. 2012;28(8):1423-1437.
51. Lovejoy J. Weight gain in women at midlife: the influence of menopause. Obesity Managementе. 2009;10:52-56. doi: 10.1089/obe.2009.0203
52. Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:341-378.
53. Kreiger N, Kosheleva A, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Beckfield J, Kiang MV. 50-Year Trends in US Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: US-Born Black and White Americans, 1959-2008. Intern J Epidemiol. 2014;43(4):1294-1313. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu047
54. Elovainio M, Ferrie JE, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Socioeconomic Differences in Cardiometabolic Factors: Social Causation or Health-related Selection? Evidence From the Whitehall II Cohort Study, 1991–2004. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(7):779-789. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr149
55. Sobal J, Rauschenbach BS, Frongillo EA. Marital status, fatness and obesity. Soc Sci Med. 1992;35(7):915-923. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(92)90106-Z
56. Jeffery RW, Rick AM. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between body mass index and marriage-related factors. Obes Res. 2002;10(8):809-815. doi: 10.1038/oby.2002.109
57. Wilson SE. Marriage, gender and obesity in later life. Econ Hum Biol. 2012;10(4):431-453. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2012.04.012
2. Katz D, Friedman R. Diet, weight regulation, and obesity. In: Nutrition in clinical practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. P. 43-101.
3. Kushner RF, Kahan S. Introduction: The State of Obesity in 2017. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.003
4. Rakel D. Integrative Medicine. E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.
5. González-Muniesa P, Mártinez-González MA, Hu FB, et al. Obesity. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2017;3:17034. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.34
6. Kerr J, Anderson C, Lippman SM. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(8):e457-e471. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30411-4
7. Billington CJ, Epstein LH, Goodwin NJ, et al. Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(7):898-904. doi: 10.1001/archinte.160.7.898
8. Lin X, Zhang X, Guo J, et al. Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(7):e002014. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002014
9. DeLaet D, Schauer D. Obesity in adults. BMJ Clin Evid. 2011;2011:0604 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217730/).
10. Caleyachetty R, Thomas N, Konstantinos A, et al. Metabolically Healthy Obese and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Events Among 3.5 Million Men and Women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(12):1429-1437. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.763
11. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pub Health. 2009;9:88. doi: 10.4236/ojpm.2017.72002
12. Anari R, Amani R, Latifi SM, Veissi M, Shahbazian H. Association of obesity with hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2017;11(1):37-41. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.07.004
13. Jahangir E, de Schutter A, Lavie CJ. The relationship between obesity and coronary artery disease. Transl Res. 2014;164(4):336-344. doi: 2014;164(4):336-344. 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.03.010
14. Wilson PWF, D’Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and Obesity as Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk: The Framingham Experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(16):1867-1872. doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.16.1867
15. Mancusi C, Gerdts E, Losi MA, et al. Differential effect of obesity on prevalence of cardiac and carotid target organ damage in hypertension (the Campania Salute Network). Int J Cardiol. 2017;244:260-264. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.045
16. Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Akasaka H, et al. Incidence of Hypertension in Individuals with Abdominal Obesity in a Rural Japanese Population: The Tanno and Sobetsu Study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31(7):hr2008176. doi: 10.1291/hypres.31.1385
17. Guo Y, Yue X, Li H, et al. Overweight and Obesity in Young Adulthood and the Risk of Stroke: a Meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25(12):2995-3004. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.08.018
18. Yatsuya H, Toyoshima H, Yamagishi K, et al. Body Mass Index and Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction in a Relatively Lean Population: Meta-Analysis of 16 Japanese Cohorts Using Individual Data. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2010;3(5):498-505. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.908517
19. Kovesdy CP, Furth SL, Zoccali C. Obesity and kidney disease: hidden consequences of the epidemic. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(1):1-8.
20. Tsuboi N, Okabayashi Y, Shimizu A, Yokoo T. The Renal Pathology of Obesity. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;2(2):251-260.
21. Salvatore SP, Chevalier JM, Kuo SF, Audia PF, Seshan SV. Kidney disease in patients with obesity: It is not always obesity-related glomerulopathy alone. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2017;11(5):597-606.
22. Chen H-M, Chen Y, Zhang YD, et al. Evaluation Evaluation of Metabolic Risk Marker in Obesity-related Glomerulopathy. J Ren Nutr. 2011;21(4):309-315. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2010.06.019
23. Кутырина И.М. Гломерулопатия, ассоциированная с ожирением: механизмы развития, клиническое течение. Терапевтический архив. 2017;89(6):97-101 [Kutyrina IM. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: mechanisms of development, clinical course. Therapevticheskiy Arhiv. 2017;89(6):97-101 (In Russ.)].
24. Hess PL, Al-Khalidi HR, Friedman DJ, et al. The Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(8):e006103. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006103
25. Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Ezzati M, et al. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1.8 million participants. Lancet (Lond). 2014;383(9921):970-983. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61836-X
26. Чазова И.Е., Недогода С.В., Жернакова Ю.В., Сусеков А.В., Медведева И.В., Шестакова М.В. Рекомендации по ведению больных артериальной гипертонией с метаболическими нарушениями. Кардиологический вестник. 2014;IX(1):3-57 [Chazova IE, Nedogoda SV, Zhernakova YuV, Susekov AV, Medvedeva IV, Shestakova MV. Recommendation for management of arterial hypertension patients with metabolic disorders. Kardiologicheskiy Vestnik = Russian Cardiology Bulletin. 2014;IX(1):3-57 (In Russ.)].
27. Стародубова А.В., Кисляк О.А. Ожирение как фактор риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Обзор литературы. Фарматека. 2015;17(310):28-35 [Starodubova AV, Kislyak OA. Obesity as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Literature review. Pharmateka. 2015;17(310):28-35 (In Russ.)].
28. Чазова И.Е. Жернакова Ю.В., Ощепкова Е.В. и др. Распространенность факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в российской популяции больных артериальной гипертонией. Кардиология. 2014;54(10):4-12 [Chazova IE, Zhernakova YuV, Oshchepkova EV, et al. The prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Russian population of patients with arterial hypertension. Kardiologiya = Cardiology. 2014;54(10):4-12 (In Russ.)].
29. Ефремова Ю.Е., Ощепкова Е.В., Жернакова Ю.В. и др. Факторы риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний у лиц с высоким нормальным артериальным давлением в Российской Федерации (по данным эпидемиологического исследования ЭССЕ-РФ). Системные гипертензии. 2017;14(1):6-11 [Efremova YuE, Oshchepkova EV, Zhernakova YuV, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in people with high normal blood pressure in the Russian population (based on data obtained in ESSE-RF epidemiological study). Sistemnye Gipertenzii = Systemic Hypertension. 2017;14(1):6-11 (In Russ.)].
30. Бойцов С.А., Чазов Е.И., Шляхто Е.В. и др. Научно-организационный комитет проекта ЭССЕ-РФ. Эпидемиология сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в различных регионах России (ЭССЕ-РФ). Обоснование и дизайн исследования». Профилактическая медицина. 2013;16(6):25-34 [Boytsov SA, Chazov EI, Shlyahto EV, et al. Scientific Organizing Committee of the ESSE-RF. Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in different regions of Russia (ESSE-RF). Rationale reasons and study design. Profilakticheskaya Meditsina = Preventive Medicine. 2013;16(6):25-34 (In Russ.)].
31. Beltrán-Sánchez H, Harhay MO, Harhay MM, McElligott S. Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult U.S. population, 1999–2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(8):697-703. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.064
32. Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Guallar-Castillón P, León-Muñoz LM, Graciani A, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008-2010: the ENRICA study. Obes Rev Off J Int Assoc Study Obes. 2012;13(4):388-392.
33. Schienkiewitz A, Mensink GBM, Scheidt-Nave C. Comorbidity of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of German adults aged 18–79 years. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:658. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-658
34. Riediger ND, Clara I. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Canadian adult population. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J. 2011;183(15):E1127-1134. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.110070
35. Sardinha LB, Santos DA, Silva AM, et al. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity in a representative sample of Portuguese adults. PloS One. 2012;7(10):e47883.
36. Barquera S, Campos-Nonato I, Hernández-Barrera L, Pedroza A, Rivera-Dommarco JA. [Prevalence of obesity in Mexican adults 2000-2012]. Salud Publica Mex. 2013;55 Suppl 2:S151-160.
37. Misra A, Shrivastava U. Obesity and dyslipidemia in South Asians. Nutrients. 2013;5(7):2708-2733. doi: 10.3390/nu5072708
38. Du T, Sun X, Yin P, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of low risk factor burden for cardiovascular disease according to obesity status among Chinese adults, 1993–2009. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:961. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-961
39. Chukwuonye II , Chuku A, Onyeonoro UU, et al. Prevalence of abdominal obesity in Abia State, Nigeria: results of a population-based house-to-house survey. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013;6:285-291. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S43545
40. Da S. Linhares R, Horta BL, Gigante DP, Dias-da-Costa JS, Olinto MTA. [Distribution of general and abdominal obesity in adults in a city in southern Brazil]. Cad Saude Publica. 2012;28(3):438-447.
41. Alves RFS, Faerstein E. Educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity according to gender and color/race: the Pro-Health Study, 1999–2001 and 2011–2012. Cad Saúde Pública. 2016;32(2):e00077415. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00077415
42. Pradhan AD. Sex Differences in the Metabolic Syndrome: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in Women. Clin Chem. 2014;60(1):44-52. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.202549
43. Kvist H, Chowdhury B, Grangård U, Tylén U, Sjöström L. Total and visceral adipose-tissue volumes derived from measurements with computed tomography in adult men and women: predictive equations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(6):1351-1361. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/48.6.1351
44. Lemieux S, Prud’homme D, Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Després JP. Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58(4):463-467. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/58.4.463
45. Kuk JL, Lee S, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Waist circumference and abdominal adipose tissue distribution: influence of age and sex. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(6):1330-1334. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1330
46. Theodoro H, Rodrigues AD, Mendes KG, Liane RH, Paniz VMV, Olinto MTA. Reproductive characteristics and obesity in middle-aged women seen at an outpatient clinic in southern Brazil. Menopause N Y N. 2012;19(9):1022-1028. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182503834
47. Blaudeau TE, Hunter GR, Sirikul B. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue deposition and parity. Int J Obes. 2005;30(7):1119-1124. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803252
48. Orsatti FL, Nahas EAP, Nahas-Neto J, Maestá N, Padoani NP, Orsatti CL. [Anthropometric measures: predictors of non-transmissible chronic diseases in postmenopausal women in the Southeast region of Brazil]. Rev Bras Ginecol E Obstet. 2008;30(4):182-189.
49. Kim HM, Park J, Ryu SY, Kim J. The effect of menopause on the metabolic syndrome among Korean women: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):701-706. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1400
50. Mendes KG, Theodoro H, Rodrigues AD, Olinto MTA. [Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the menopausal transition: a systematic review]. Cad Saude Publica. 2012;28(8):1423-1437.
51. Lovejoy J. Weight gain in women at midlife: the influence of menopause. Obesity Managementе. 2009;10:52-56. doi: 10.1089/obe.2009.0203
52. Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:341-378.
53. Kreiger N, Kosheleva A, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Beckfield J, Kiang MV. 50-Year Trends in US Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health: US-Born Black and White Americans, 1959-2008. Intern J Epidemiol. 2014;43(4):1294-1313. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu047
54. Elovainio M, Ferrie JE, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Socioeconomic Differences in Cardiometabolic Factors: Social Causation or Health-related Selection? Evidence From the Whitehall II Cohort Study, 1991–2004. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(7):779-789. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr149
55. Sobal J, Rauschenbach BS, Frongillo EA. Marital status, fatness and obesity. Soc Sci Med. 1992;35(7):915-923. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(92)90106-Z
56. Jeffery RW, Rick AM. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between body mass index and marriage-related factors. Obes Res. 2002;10(8):809-815. doi: 10.1038/oby.2002.109
57. Wilson SE. Marriage, gender and obesity in later life. Econ Hum Biol. 2012;10(4):431-453. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2012.04.012
________________________________________________
2. Katz D, Friedman R. Diet, weight regulation, and obesity. In: Nutrition in clinical practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. P. 43-101.
3. Kushner RF, Kahan S. Introduction: The State of Obesity in 2017. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.003
4. Rakel D. Integrative Medicine. E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.
5. González-Muniesa P, Mártinez-González MA, Hu FB, et al. Obesity. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2017;3:17034. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.34
6. Kerr J, Anderson C, Lippman SM. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(8):e457-e471. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30411-4
7. Billington CJ, Epstein LH, Goodwin NJ, et al. Overweight, Obesity, and Health Risk. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(7):898-904. doi: 10.1001/archinte.160.7.898
8. Lin X, Zhang X, Guo J, et al. Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(7):e002014. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002014
9. DeLaet D, Schauer D. Obesity in adults. BMJ Clin Evid. 2011;2011:0604 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217730/).
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Авторы
Ю.В. Жернакова 1, Е.А. Железнова 1, И.Е. Чазова 1, Е.В. Ощепкова 1, Ю.А. Долгушева 1, Е.Б. Яровая 1, Н.В. Блинова 1, А.А. Орловский 1, И.Д. Коносова 1, С.А. Шальнова 2, О.П. Ротарь 3, А.О. Конради 3, Е.В. Шляхто 3, С.А. Бойцов 1 от имени участников исследования*
1 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр профилактической медицины», Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
3 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург, Россия
1 National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia;
2 National Scientific Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia;
3 V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia
1 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр профилактической медицины», Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
3 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург, Россия
________________________________________________
1 National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia;
2 National Scientific Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia;
3 V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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