Перспективы использования показателей жесткости легочной артерии для оценки прогноза больных с легочной артериальной гипертензией
Перспективы использования показателей жесткости легочной артерии для оценки прогноза больных с легочной артериальной гипертензией
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Аннотация
Цель исследования. Охарактеризовать механические свойства стенки легочной артерии (ЛА) у пациентов с легочной артериальной гипертензией (ЛАГ), используя данные магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) сердца, а также определить их диагностическое и прогностическое значение.
Материалы и методы. Обследовано 57 пациентов с ЛАГ. Диагноз ЛАГ верифицирован согласно рекомендациям ERS/ESC от 2015 г. Всем пациентам выполнено развернутое эхокардиографическое (ЭхоКГ) исследование, МРТ сердца и катетеризация правых отделов сердца (КПОС). Для расчета показателей жесткости стенки ЛА использовались данные МРТ и КПОС.
Результаты. Подтверждена связь между функциональным классом ЛАГ и показателями гемодинамики, физической работоспособности, ЭхоКГ параметрами правых камер. Не установлено различий в показателях жесткости ЛА в зависимости от функционального класса ЛАГ. Среди шести анализируемых показателей жесткости только индекс пульсации сопряжен со структурно-функциональными показателями правого желудочка и легочным сосудистым сопротивлением.
Заключение. Индекс пульсации – наиболее простой в исполнении и перспективный в отношении оценки прогноза больных с ЛАГ МРТ показатель жесткости стенки легочной артерии.
Ключевые слова: легочная гипертензия, правожелудочковая недостаточность, жесткость сосудистой стенки, патофизиология легочной артериальной гипертензии.
Materials and methods: 57 patients with PAH were examined. The diagnosis of PAH was verified according to the recommendations of the ERS/ESC from 2015. All patients underwent a detailed echocardiographic (ECHO) study, MRI of the heart and right heart catheterization (RHC). To calculate the stiffness of the pulmonary artery wall, the MRI and RHC data were used.
Results: We identified a correlation between the functional class of PAH and the parameters of hemodynamic, physical performance, ECHO parameters of the right chambers. There were no differences in the stiffness of the pulmonary artery wall, depending on the functional class of PAH. Among the six stiffness indicators, only pulsation index was associated with the structural and functional parameters of the right ventricle and pulmonary vascular resistance.
Conclusion: The MRI pulsation index is the simpleststiffness index of the pulmonary artery wall and the most promising one for evaluating the prognosis of patients with PAH.
Key words: pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular heart failure,stiffness of the vessel wall, pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Материалы и методы. Обследовано 57 пациентов с ЛАГ. Диагноз ЛАГ верифицирован согласно рекомендациям ERS/ESC от 2015 г. Всем пациентам выполнено развернутое эхокардиографическое (ЭхоКГ) исследование, МРТ сердца и катетеризация правых отделов сердца (КПОС). Для расчета показателей жесткости стенки ЛА использовались данные МРТ и КПОС.
Результаты. Подтверждена связь между функциональным классом ЛАГ и показателями гемодинамики, физической работоспособности, ЭхоКГ параметрами правых камер. Не установлено различий в показателях жесткости ЛА в зависимости от функционального класса ЛАГ. Среди шести анализируемых показателей жесткости только индекс пульсации сопряжен со структурно-функциональными показателями правого желудочка и легочным сосудистым сопротивлением.
Заключение. Индекс пульсации – наиболее простой в исполнении и перспективный в отношении оценки прогноза больных с ЛАГ МРТ показатель жесткости стенки легочной артерии.
Ключевые слова: легочная гипертензия, правожелудочковая недостаточность, жесткость сосудистой стенки, патофизиология легочной артериальной гипертензии.
________________________________________________
Materials and methods: 57 patients with PAH were examined. The diagnosis of PAH was verified according to the recommendations of the ERS/ESC from 2015. All patients underwent a detailed echocardiographic (ECHO) study, MRI of the heart and right heart catheterization (RHC). To calculate the stiffness of the pulmonary artery wall, the MRI and RHC data were used.
Results: We identified a correlation between the functional class of PAH and the parameters of hemodynamic, physical performance, ECHO parameters of the right chambers. There were no differences in the stiffness of the pulmonary artery wall, depending on the functional class of PAH. Among the six stiffness indicators, only pulsation index was associated with the structural and functional parameters of the right ventricle and pulmonary vascular resistance.
Conclusion: The MRI pulsation index is the simpleststiffness index of the pulmonary artery wall and the most promising one for evaluating the prognosis of patients with PAH.
Key words: pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular heart failure,stiffness of the vessel wall, pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Список литературы
1. Казымлы А.В., Рыжков А.В., Симакова М.А., Козленок А.В., Наймушин А.В., Моисеева О.М. Значение двухмерной эхокардиографии в оценке больных с легочной гипертензией. Кардиология. 2016;56(1):25-30. [Kyzymly AV, Ryzhkov AV, Simakova MA, Kozlyonok AV, Naimushin AV, Moiseeva OM. Value of Two Dimensional Echocardiography for Assessment of Disease Severity in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension. Kardiologiia. 2016;56(1):25-30. (In Russ.)] http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2016.1.25-30
2. Galie`N, Humbert M, Vachiery J, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, et al. ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Respir J. 2015; 46: 903-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01032-2015
3. Stevens G, Fida N, Sanz J. Computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;55(2):161-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2012.07.009
4. Swift A, Rajaram S, Condliffe R, et al. Pulmonary artery relative area change detects mild elevations in pulmonary vascular resistance and predicts adverse outcome in pulmonary. J Thorac Imaging. 2014;29(2): 68-79. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000079
5. Naeije R, D’Alto M, Forfia P. Clinical and research measurement techniques of the pulmonary circulation: the present and the future. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 57: 463-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad. 2014.12.003
6. Creuzé N, Hoette S, Montani D, et al. Usefulness of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Indices to Rule In or Rule Out Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(12):1469-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.04.014
7. Lang R, Badano L, Mor-Avi V, et. al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3): 233-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev014
8. Sanz J, Kariisa M, Dellegrottaglie S, Prat-González S, Garcia M, Fuster V, Rajagopalan S. Evaluation of pulmonary artery stiffness in pulmonary hypertension with cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2(3): 286-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg. 2008.08.007
9. Stevens G, Garcia-Alvarez A, Sahni S, Garcia M, Fuster V, Sanz J. RV dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension is independently related to pulmonary artery stiffness. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(4):378-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.11.020
10. Jardim C, Rochitte C, Humbert M, Rubenfeld G, Jasinowodolinski D, Carvalho C, et al. Pulmonary artery distensibility in pulmonary arterial hypertension: an MRI pilot study. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00016806
11. Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22(130): 526-34. http://dx. doi.org/10.1183/09059180.00006313
12. Kang K, Chang H, Kim Y, Choi B, Lee H, Yang W, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-derived pulmonary artery distensibility index correlates with pulmonary artery stiffness and predicts functional capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circ J. 2011; 75:2244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-10-1310
13. Gan C, Lankhaar J, Westerhof N, et al. Noninvasively assessed pulmonary artery stiffness predicts mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2007;132(6):1906-12.
14. Swift A, Rajaram S, Hurdman J, Hill C, Davies C, Sproson T, et al. Noninvasive estimation of PA pressure, flow, and resistance with CMR imaging: derivation and prospective validation study from the ASPIRE registry. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(10):1036-47. http://dx. doi. org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.01.013
15. Ibrahim el-SH, Shaffer JM, White RD. Assessment of pulmonary artery stiffness using velocity-encoding magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of techniques. Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;29(7):966-74. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1016/j.mri.2011.04.012
16. Rolf A, Rixe J, Kim W, Guth S, Ko ̈rlings N, Mo ̈llmann H, et al. Pulmonary vascular remodeling before and after pulmonary endarterectomy in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a cardiac magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;31:613-9. http://dx. doi.org/10.1007/s10554-014- 0580-z
17. Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Souza R. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: what can it add to our knowledge of the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension? Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:25S-31S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.013
http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2016.1.25-30
2. Galie`N, Humbert M, Vachiery J, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, et al. ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Respir J. 2015; 46: 903-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01032-2015
3. Stevens G, Fida N, Sanz J. Computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;55(2):161-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2012.07.009
4. Swift A, Rajaram S, Condliffe R, et al. Pulmonary artery relative area change detects mild elevations in pulmonary vascular resistance and predicts adverse outcome in pulmonary. J Thorac Imaging. 2014;29(2): 68-79. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000079
5. Naeije R, D’Alto M, Forfia P. Clinical and research measurement techniques of the pulmonary circulation: the present and the future. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 57: 463-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad. 2014.12.003
6. Creuzé N, Hoette S, Montani D, et al. Usefulness of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Indices to Rule In or Rule Out Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(12):1469-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.04.014
7. Lang R, Badano L, Mor-Avi V, et. al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3): 233-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev014
8. Sanz J, Kariisa M, Dellegrottaglie S, Prat-González S, Garcia M, Fuster V, Rajagopalan S. Evaluation of pulmonary artery stiffness in pulmonary hypertension with cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2(3): 286-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg. 2008.08.007
9. Stevens G, Garcia-Alvarez A, Sahni S, Garcia M, Fuster V, Sanz J. RV dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension is independently related to pulmonary artery stiffness. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(4):378-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.11.020
10. Jardim C, Rochitte C, Humbert M, Rubenfeld G, Jasinowodolinski D, Carvalho C, et al. Pulmonary artery distensibility in pulmonary arterial hypertension: an MRI pilot study. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00016806
11. Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22(130): 526-34. http://dx. doi.org/10.1183/09059180.00006313
12. Kang K, Chang H, Kim Y, Choi B, Lee H, Yang W, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-derived pulmonary artery distensibility index correlates with pulmonary artery stiffness and predicts functional capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circ J. 2011; 75:2244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-10-1310
13. Gan C, Lankhaar J, Westerhof N, et al. Noninvasively assessed pulmonary artery stiffness predicts mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2007;132(6):1906-12.
14. Swift A, Rajaram S, Hurdman J, Hill C, Davies C, Sproson T, et al. Noninvasive estimation of PA pressure, flow, and resistance with CMR imaging: derivation and prospective validation study from the ASPIRE registry. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(10):1036-47. http://dx. doi. org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.01.013
15. Ibrahim el-SH, Shaffer JM, White RD. Assessment of pulmonary artery stiffness using velocity-encoding magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of techniques. Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;29(7):966-74. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1016/j.mri.2011.04.012
16. Rolf A, Rixe J, Kim W, Guth S, Ko ̈rlings N, Mo ̈llmann H, et al. Pulmonary vascular remodeling before and after pulmonary endarterectomy in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a cardiac magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;31:613-9. http://dx. doi.org/10.1007/s10554-014- 0580-z
17. Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Souza R. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: what can it add to our knowledge of the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension? Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:25S-31S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.013
2. Galie`N, Humbert M, Vachiery J, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, et al. ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Respir J. 2015; 46: 903-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01032-2015
3. Stevens G, Fida N, Sanz J. Computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;55(2):161-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2012.07.009
4. Swift A, Rajaram S, Condliffe R, et al. Pulmonary artery relative area change detects mild elevations in pulmonary vascular resistance and predicts adverse outcome in pulmonary. J Thorac Imaging. 2014;29(2): 68-79. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000079
5. Naeije R, D’Alto M, Forfia P. Clinical and research measurement techniques of the pulmonary circulation: the present and the future. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 57: 463-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad. 2014.12.003
6. Creuzé N, Hoette S, Montani D, et al. Usefulness of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Indices to Rule In or Rule Out Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(12):1469-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.04.014
7. Lang R, Badano L, Mor-Avi V, et. al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3): 233-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev014
8. Sanz J, Kariisa M, Dellegrottaglie S, Prat-González S, Garcia M, Fuster V, Rajagopalan S. Evaluation of pulmonary artery stiffness in pulmonary hypertension with cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2(3): 286-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg. 2008.08.007
9. Stevens G, Garcia-Alvarez A, Sahni S, Garcia M, Fuster V, Sanz J. RV dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension is independently related to pulmonary artery stiffness. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(4):378-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.11.020
10. Jardim C, Rochitte C, Humbert M, Rubenfeld G, Jasinowodolinski D, Carvalho C, et al. Pulmonary artery distensibility in pulmonary arterial hypertension: an MRI pilot study. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00016806
11. Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22(130): 526-34. http://dx. doi.org/10.1183/09059180.00006313
12. Kang K, Chang H, Kim Y, Choi B, Lee H, Yang W, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-derived pulmonary artery distensibility index correlates with pulmonary artery stiffness and predicts functional capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circ J. 2011; 75:2244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-10-1310
13. Gan C, Lankhaar J, Westerhof N, et al. Noninvasively assessed pulmonary artery stiffness predicts mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2007;132(6):1906-12.
14. Swift A, Rajaram S, Hurdman J, Hill C, Davies C, Sproson T, et al. Noninvasive estimation of PA pressure, flow, and resistance with CMR imaging: derivation and prospective validation study from the ASPIRE registry. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(10):1036-47. http://dx. doi. org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.01.013
15. Ibrahim el-SH, Shaffer JM, White RD. Assessment of pulmonary artery stiffness using velocity-encoding magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of techniques. Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;29(7):966-74. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1016/j.mri.2011.04.012
16. Rolf A, Rixe J, Kim W, Guth S, Ko ̈rlings N, Mo ̈llmann H, et al. Pulmonary vascular remodeling before and after pulmonary endarterectomy in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a cardiac magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;31:613-9. http://dx. doi.org/10.1007/s10554-014- 0580-z
17. Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Souza R. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: what can it add to our knowledge of the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension? Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:25S-31S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.013
________________________________________________
http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2016.1.25-30
2. Galie`N, Humbert M, Vachiery J, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, et al. ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Respir J. 2015; 46: 903-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01032-2015
3. Stevens G, Fida N, Sanz J. Computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;55(2):161-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2012.07.009
4. Swift A, Rajaram S, Condliffe R, et al. Pulmonary artery relative area change detects mild elevations in pulmonary vascular resistance and predicts adverse outcome in pulmonary. J Thorac Imaging. 2014;29(2): 68-79. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000079
5. Naeije R, D’Alto M, Forfia P. Clinical and research measurement techniques of the pulmonary circulation: the present and the future. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 57: 463-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad. 2014.12.003
6. Creuzé N, Hoette S, Montani D, et al. Usefulness of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Indices to Rule In or Rule Out Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(12):1469-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2015.04.014
7. Lang R, Badano L, Mor-Avi V, et. al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3): 233-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev014
8. Sanz J, Kariisa M, Dellegrottaglie S, Prat-González S, Garcia M, Fuster V, Rajagopalan S. Evaluation of pulmonary artery stiffness in pulmonary hypertension with cardiac magnetic resonance. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009; 2(3): 286-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg. 2008.08.007
9. Stevens G, Garcia-Alvarez A, Sahni S, Garcia M, Fuster V, Sanz J. RV dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension is independently related to pulmonary artery stiffness. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(4):378-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.11.020
10. Jardim C, Rochitte C, Humbert M, Rubenfeld G, Jasinowodolinski D, Carvalho C, et al. Pulmonary artery distensibility in pulmonary arterial hypertension: an MRI pilot study. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00016806
11. Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22(130): 526-34. http://dx. doi.org/10.1183/09059180.00006313
12. Kang K, Chang H, Kim Y, Choi B, Lee H, Yang W, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging-derived pulmonary artery distensibility index correlates with pulmonary artery stiffness and predicts functional capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circ J. 2011; 75:2244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-10-1310
13. Gan C, Lankhaar J, Westerhof N, et al. Noninvasively assessed pulmonary artery stiffness predicts mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2007;132(6):1906-12.
14. Swift A, Rajaram S, Hurdman J, Hill C, Davies C, Sproson T, et al. Noninvasive estimation of PA pressure, flow, and resistance with CMR imaging: derivation and prospective validation study from the ASPIRE registry. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(10):1036-47. http://dx. doi. org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.01.013
15. Ibrahim el-SH, Shaffer JM, White RD. Assessment of pulmonary artery stiffness using velocity-encoding magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of techniques. Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;29(7):966-74. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1016/j.mri.2011.04.012
16. Rolf A, Rixe J, Kim W, Guth S, Ko ̈rlings N, Mo ̈llmann H, et al. Pulmonary vascular remodeling before and after pulmonary endarterectomy in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a cardiac magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;31:613-9. http://dx. doi.org/10.1007/s10554-014- 0580-z
17. Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Souza R. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: what can it add to our knowledge of the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension? Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:25S-31S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.013
Авторы
М.А. СИМАКОВА1, А.В. РЫЖКОВ1, А.В. КАЗЫМЛЫ1, А.В. НАЙМУШИН1, В.Л. ЛУКИНОВ2, О.М. МОИСЕЕВА1
1 ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург, Россия;
2 Институт вычислительной математики и математической геофизики Сибирского отделения РАН, Новосибирск, Россия
1 Almazov National Medical Research Centre
2 Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS
1 ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург, Россия;
2 Институт вычислительной математики и математической геофизики Сибирского отделения РАН, Новосибирск, Россия
________________________________________________
1 Almazov National Medical Research Centre
2 Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS
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