Цель исследования – сравнительный анализ частоты встречаемости и структуры расстройств тревожно-депрессивного спектра (РТДС) у больных различными ревматическими заболеваниями (РЗ). Материалы и методы. Обследовано 613 пациентов с РЗ: 180 – с достоверным диагнозом системной красной волчанки (СКВ),
128 – с ревматоидным артритом (РА), 110 – с системной склеродермией (ССД), 115 – с болезнью Бехчета (ББ), 80 – с болезнью Шегрена (БШ). Во всех группах, кроме ББ (70% мужчины), преобладали женщины (95% больных БШ, 88,2% – ССД, 87,2% – РА, 85,5% – СКВ). Средний возраст составил 42,3±1,54 года и оказался меньше у больных ББ (33,3±0,98 года) и СКВ (34,6±0,93 года) при сравнении с пациентами с ССД (49,9±2,47 года), РА (47,4±0,99 года) и БШ (46,2±2,3 года). Средняя длительность РЗ составила 130,0±8,65 мес, выявляли больше длительность при ББ – 148,5±10,4 мес, БШ – 141,6±8,92 мес, РА – 138,4±10,1 мес, и меньше при СКВ – 134,9±8,8 мес и ССД – 87,0±5,04 мес. Средняя активность СКВ по индексу SLEDAI – 9,13±0,63 балла (высокая), РА по индексу DAS28 – 5,26±0,17 балла (высокая), ББ по индексу BDCAF – 3,79±0,2 балла (умеренная), ССД по G. Valentini – 1,1±0,20 балла (умеренная). Глюкокортикоиды принимали 100% больных БШ, 91,1% – СКВ, 90% – ССД, 87% – ББ и 67,2% – больных РА; базисные противовоспалительные препараты – 90% пациентов с ССД, 84% – ББ, 79,6% – РА, 68% – БШ, 40,6% – СКВ. Генно-инженерные биологические препараты получали 32% больных РА, 17,4% – ББ, 7,3% – ССД и 7,2% – СКВ. Психические расстройства диагностированы психиатром по результатам скрининга госпитальной шкалы тревоги и депрессии (HADS) и полуструктурированного интервью по критериям МКБ-10 и DSM-IV. Выраженность депрессии определяли по шкале депрессии Монтгомери–Асберг (MADRS), тревоги – по шкале тревоги Гамильтона (HAM-A). Для диагностики когнитивных нарушений использовали клинико-психологические методики. Результаты. Скрининг депрессивных расстройств (HADS-D ≥ 8) оказался положительным у 180 (29,4%) больных РЗ, включая 74 (41%) больных СКВ, 38 (35%) – ССД, 29 (23%) – РА, 23 (20%) – ББ и 16 (20%) – БШ; тревожных расстройств (HADSA ≥ 8) – у 272 (44,4%) пациентов, включая 66 (52%) больных РА, 40 (50%) – БШ, 77 (43%) – СКВ, 45 (41%) – ССД и 44 (38%) – ББ. По критериям МКБ-10 и DSM-IV депрессивные расстройства выявлены у 389 (63%) больных, включая 94 (73%) больных РА, 71 (64,5%) – ССД, 69 (60%) – ББ, 90 (50%) – СКВ и 39 (49%) – БШ; тревожные расстройства – у 377 (61,5%) пациентов, включая 20 (25%) больных БШ, 44 (24,5%) – СКВ, 29 (23%) – РА, 20 (17%) – ББ и 7 (6,4%) – ССД. Заключение. Депрессивные и тревожные расстройства характерны для большинства больных РА, СКВ, ССД, БШ и ББ. Диагностика РТДС у больных РЗ с применением HADS не выявляет их существенную долю. Для получения объективных данных о частоте и структуре РТДС необходима психопатологическая и клинико-психологическая диагностика.
Research objective – comparative analysis of incidence and structure of anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders (ADD) in patients with various rheumatic diseases (RD). Materials and methods. 613 patients with RD were enrolled in the study: 180 with a reliable diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 128 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 110 with systemic sclerosis (SSc), 115 with Behcet's disease (BD), 80 with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Female prevailed in all groups (95% of patients with pSS, 88,2% – SSc, 87,2% – RA, 85,5% of SLE) except BD patients (70% male). The mean age was 42.3±1.54 years and was lower in patients with BD (33.3±0.98 years) and SLE (34.6±0.93 years) compared to patients with SSc (49.9±2.47 years), RA (47.4±0.99 years) and pSS (46.2±2.3 years). The mean RD duration was 130,0±8,65 months and was more at BD – 148,5±10,4 months, pSS – 141,6±8,92 months, RA – 138,4±10,1months, and less at SLE – 134,9±8,8 months and SSc – 87,0±5,04 months. The mean SLE activity index SLEDAI was 9,13±0,63 points (high), RA (DAS28) – 5,26±0,17 points (high), BD (BDCAF) – 3,79±0,2 points (moderate) and SSc by G. Valentini – 1,1±0,20 points (moderate). Glucocorticoids took 100% of patients with pSS, 91,1% – SLE, 90% – SSc, 87% – BD and 67,2% – RA patients; conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (cDMARDs) took 90% of patients with SSc, 84% – BD, 79,6% – RA, 68% – pSS, 40,6% – SLE. Biologic DMARDs took 32% of patients with RA, 17,4% – BD, 7,3% – SSc and 7,2% – SLE. Mental disorders were diagnosed by psychiatrist as a result of screening by the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and in semi-structured interview in accordance with the ICD-10/ DSM-IV. The severity of depression was evaluated by Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and anxiety – by Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Projective psychological methods were used for cognitive impairment detection. Results. Screening of depressive disorders (HADS-D≥8) was positive in 180 (29,4%) patients with RD, including 74 (41%) patients with SLE, 38 (35%) – SSc, 29 (23%) – RA, 23 (20%) – BD and 16 (20%) – pSS; anxiety disorders (HADS-A≥8) – in 272 (44,4%) patients, including 66 (52%) patients with RA, 40 (50%) – pSS, 77 (43%) – SLE, 45 (41%) – SSc and 44 (38%) – BD. In accordance with the ICD-10/ DSM-IV depressive disorders have been identified in 389 (63%) patients, including 94 (73%) patients with RA, 71 (64,5%) – SSc, 69 (60%) – BD, 90 (50%) – SLE and 39 (49%) – pSS; anxiety disorders – in 377 (61,5%) patients, including 20 (25%) patients with pSS, 44 (24,5%) – SLE, 29 (23%) – RA, 20 (17%) – BD and 7 (6,4%) – SSc. Conclusion. Anxiety-depressive spectrum disorders are typical for most patients with RA, SLE, SSc, pSS and BD. ADDs diagnosis in RD patients with the use of the HADS did not reveal a significant proportion. To obtain objective data on the frequency and structure of ADDs, psychopathological and clinical psychological diagnosis is necessary.
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1. Dougados M, Soubrier M, Antunez A, Balint P, Balsa A, Buch MH, Kay J. Prevalence of comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis and evaluation of their monitoring results of an international, cross-sectional study (COMORA). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2014; 73(1): 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204223
2. Matcham F, Rayner L, Steer S, Hotopf M. The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013; 52: 2136-2148. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/rheumatology/ket169
3. Zhang L, Fu T, Yin R, Zhang Q, Shen B. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2017; 17:70. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12888-017-1234-1
4. de Oliveira Ribeiro NP, de Mello Schier AR, Pessoa TM, Pereira VM, Machado S, Arias-Carrión O, Nardi AE, Silva AC. Depression as a comorbidity in Behçet's syndrome. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2014;13(6):1041-8. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527313666140612 114115
5. Amaral TN, Peres FA, Lapa AT, Marques-Neto JF, Appenzeller S. Neurologic involvement in scleroderma: а systematic review. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2013; 43: 335-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.semarthrit.2013.05.002
6. Morreale M, Marchione P, Giacomini P, Pontecorvo S, Marianetti M, et al. Neurological Involvement in Primary Sjögren Syndrome: A Focus on Central Nervous System. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e84605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084605
7. Shen C-C, Yang AC, Kuo B, Tsai S. Risk of psychiatric disorders following primary Sjögren syndrome: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. The Journal of Rheumatology. 2015; 42 (7): 1203-1208. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.141361
8. Akman-Demir G, Serdaroglu P, Tasçi B. Clinical patterns of neurological involvement in Behçet's disease: evaluation of 200 patients: The Neuro-Behçet Study Group. Brain. 1999; 122 (11): 2171-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.11.2171
9. Koçer B, Tezcan ME, Batur HZ, Haznedaroğlu Ş, Göker B, İrkeç C, Çetikaya R. Cognition, depression, fatigue, and quality of life in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: correlations. Brain and Behavior. 2016; 6: e00586. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.586
10. Miller AH, Raison Ch. L. The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nature Reviews | Immunology. 2016; 16: 22-34. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2015.5
11. Haapakoski R, Ebmeier KP, Alenius H, Kivimäki M. Innate and adaptive immunity in the development of depression: an update on current knowledge and technological advances. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2016; 66: 63-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.012
12. Yokoyama JS, Wang Y, Schork AJ, Thompson WK et al. Association between genetic traits for immune-mediated diseases and Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2016; 73(6): 691-697. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0150.
13. Wang Q, Yang C, Gelernter J, Zhao H. Pervasive pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and immune disorders revealed by integrative analysis of multiple GWAS. Hum Genet. 2015; 134 (0): 1195-1209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-015-1596-8
14. Cutolo M, Kitas GD, van Riel P L.C.M. Burden of disease in treated rheumatoid arthritis patients: Going beyond the joint. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2014; 43 (4): 479-488. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.08.004
15. Matcham F, Norton S, Scott DL, Steer S, Hotopf M. Symptoms of depression and anxiety predict treatment response and long-term physical health outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford): 2016; 55 (2): 268-278. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kev306
16. Sleath B, Chewning B. de Vellis BM, Weinberger M, de Vellis RF, Tudor G, Ashley B. Communication about depression during rheumatoid arthritis patient visits. Arthritis & Rheumatism (Arthritis Care & Research). 2008; 59 (2): 186-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23347
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20. Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. App Psychol Meas. 1977; 1 (3): 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
21. [Revmatologiya. Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Pod red. EL. Nasonova. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2017. – 464 s. (In Russ.)].
22. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1959; 32 (1): 50-55. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x
23. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1979; 134: 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.134.4.382
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S. 167-174. (In Russ.)].
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1 ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой», Москва, Россия;
2 Московский научно-исследовательский институт психиатрии – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии им. В.П. Сербского» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
3 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России,
кафедра ревматологии института профессионального образования, Москва, Россия
1 Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Research Institute of Rheumatology named after V.A. Nasonova», Moscow, Russia;
2 Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Branch «National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology» Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia;
3 I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Professional
Education, Moscow, Russia