Неврологические расстройства при дефиците витамина В12 - Журнал Терапевтический архив №4 Вопросы диагностики внутренних болезней 2019
Неврологические расстройства при дефиците витамина В12
Павлов Ч.С., Дамулин И.В., Шульпекова Ю.О., Андреев Е.А. Неврологические расстройства при дефиците витамина В12. Терапевтический архив. 2019; 91 (4): 122–129. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.04.000116
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Аннотация
Цель обзора – рассмотреть основные этапы обмена витамина В12 в организме и его роль в поддержании функций нервной системы.
Термином «витамин В12 (кобаламин)» обозначают несколько сходных по строению веществ – кобаламинов. Кобаламин поступает в организм в составе продуктов животного происхождения. В крови кобаламин циркулирует только в связи с белками – транскобаламинами I и II (комплекс с транскобаламином II обозначают термином «голотранскобаламин»). Голотранскобаламин усваивается клетками всех типов, тогда как витамин В12, связанный с транскобаламином I, – только клетками печени и почек. В качестве коферментов клеточных реакций выделены две формы кобаламина – метилкобаламин (в цитоплазме) и гидроксиаденозилкобаламин (в митохондриях). Основные причины дефицита кобаламина – недостаточное потребление продуктов животного происхождения, аутоиммунный гастрит, панкреатическая недостаточность, поражение терминального отдела подвздошной кишки, синдром избыточного бактериального роста. В условиях избыточного связывания витамина В12 с транскобаламином I может возникать его относительный дефицит. Дефицит кобаламина наиболее значительно сказывается на состоянии крови и нервной системы; также гиповитаминоз кобаламина модифицирует течение воспалительного процесса. Анемия наблюдается в 13–15% случаев дефицита витамина В12; первым признаком является макроцитоз. Наиболее чувствительный маркер мегалобластического кроветворения – средний размер нейтрофилов и моноцитов. Потребность нервной системы в витамине В12 особенно высока. Гиповитаминоз витамина В12 ассоциирован с поражением как белого, так и серого вещества. Описано несколько типов неврологических проявлений при этом типе гиповитаминоза: подострая комбинированная дегенерация задних и боковых канатиков спинного мозга (фуникулярный миелиноз), сенсомоторная полиневропатия, невропатия зрительного нерва, психические и когнитивные расстройства. Эти нарушения нередко вызывают диагностические сложности (они часто расцениваются как «криптогенные», «реактивные», «сосудистого происхождения»). Нормальное или повышенное общее содержание кобаламина в плазме не является надежным признаком отсутствия гиповитаминоза.
Весь спектр нервно-психических нарушений при дефиците витамина В12 изучен недостаточно. При диагностике гиповитаминоза следует более внимательно анализировать характер клинических проявлений, а в сложных случаях – исследовать содержание голотранскобаламина, метилмалоновой кислоты/гомоцистеина, а также фолатов в сыворотке крови.
Ключевые слова: кобаламин, витамин B12, неврологические проявления дефицита кобаламина.
Key words: cobalamin, vitamin B12, neurologic manifestations of cobalamin deficiency.
Термином «витамин В12 (кобаламин)» обозначают несколько сходных по строению веществ – кобаламинов. Кобаламин поступает в организм в составе продуктов животного происхождения. В крови кобаламин циркулирует только в связи с белками – транскобаламинами I и II (комплекс с транскобаламином II обозначают термином «голотранскобаламин»). Голотранскобаламин усваивается клетками всех типов, тогда как витамин В12, связанный с транскобаламином I, – только клетками печени и почек. В качестве коферментов клеточных реакций выделены две формы кобаламина – метилкобаламин (в цитоплазме) и гидроксиаденозилкобаламин (в митохондриях). Основные причины дефицита кобаламина – недостаточное потребление продуктов животного происхождения, аутоиммунный гастрит, панкреатическая недостаточность, поражение терминального отдела подвздошной кишки, синдром избыточного бактериального роста. В условиях избыточного связывания витамина В12 с транскобаламином I может возникать его относительный дефицит. Дефицит кобаламина наиболее значительно сказывается на состоянии крови и нервной системы; также гиповитаминоз кобаламина модифицирует течение воспалительного процесса. Анемия наблюдается в 13–15% случаев дефицита витамина В12; первым признаком является макроцитоз. Наиболее чувствительный маркер мегалобластического кроветворения – средний размер нейтрофилов и моноцитов. Потребность нервной системы в витамине В12 особенно высока. Гиповитаминоз витамина В12 ассоциирован с поражением как белого, так и серого вещества. Описано несколько типов неврологических проявлений при этом типе гиповитаминоза: подострая комбинированная дегенерация задних и боковых канатиков спинного мозга (фуникулярный миелиноз), сенсомоторная полиневропатия, невропатия зрительного нерва, психические и когнитивные расстройства. Эти нарушения нередко вызывают диагностические сложности (они часто расцениваются как «криптогенные», «реактивные», «сосудистого происхождения»). Нормальное или повышенное общее содержание кобаламина в плазме не является надежным признаком отсутствия гиповитаминоза.
Весь спектр нервно-психических нарушений при дефиците витамина В12 изучен недостаточно. При диагностике гиповитаминоза следует более внимательно анализировать характер клинических проявлений, а в сложных случаях – исследовать содержание голотранскобаламина, метилмалоновой кислоты/гомоцистеина, а также фолатов в сыворотке крови.
Ключевые слова: кобаламин, витамин B12, неврологические проявления дефицита кобаламина.
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Key words: cobalamin, vitamin B12, neurologic manifestations of cobalamin deficiency.
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64. Devalia V, Hamilton MS, Molloy AM, British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders. Brit J Haematol. 2014;166:496-513. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12959
65. Jordan JT, Weiser J, van Ness PC. Unrecognized cobalamin deficiency, nitrous oxide, and reversible subacute combined degeneration. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014;4(4):358-61. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000014
66. Green R. Indicators for assessing folate and vitamin B-12 status and for monitoring the efficacy of intervention strategies. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):666-72. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.009613
2. Allen LH, Rosenberg IH, Oakley GP, Omenn GS. Considering the case for vitamin B12 fortification of flour. Food Nutrit Bull. 2010;31 (1 Suppl):36-46. doi: 10.1177/15648265100311S104
3. Gherasim C, Lofgren M, Banerjee R. Navigating the B12 road: assimilation, delivery, and disorders of cobalamin. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(19):13186-93. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R113.458810
4. Pedersen GA, Chakraborty S, Stinhauser AL, Traub LM, Madsen M. AMN Directs Endocytosis of the Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12 Receptor Cubam by Engaging ARH or Dab2. Traffic. 2010;11(5):706-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01042.x
5. Kirsch SH, Herrmann W, Obeid R. Genetic defects in folate and cobalamin pathways affecting the brain. Clin Chemi Lab Med. 2013;51(1):139-55. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0673
6. Risch M, Meier DW, Sakem B, Medina Escobar P, Risch C, Nydegger U, Risch L. Vitamin B12 and folate levels in healthy Swiss senior citizens: a prospective study evaluating reference intervals and decision limits. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:82. doi: 10.1186/s12877-015-0060-x
7. Valente E, Scott JM, Ueland PM, Cunningham C, Casey M, Molloy AM. Diagnostic accuracy of holotranscobalamin, methylmalonic acid, serum cobalamin, and other indicators of tissue vitamin B₁₂ status in the elderly. Clin Chem. 2011;57(6):856-63. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.158154
8. Lindemans J, de Jongh EJ, Brand FC, Schoester M, van Kapel J, Abels J. The uptake of R-type cobalamin-binding protein by isolated rat liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982;720(2):203-10. doi: 10.1016/0167-4889(82)90013-1
9. Lai SC, Nakayama Y, Sequeira JM, Wlodarczyk BJ, Cabrera RM, Finnell RH, Bottiglieri T, Quadros EV. The transcobalamin receptor knockout mouse: a model for vitamin B12 deficiency in the central nervous system. FASEB J. 2013;27(6):2468-75. doi: 10.1096/fj.12-219055
10. Quadros EV, Sequeira JM. Cellular Uptake of Cobalamin: Transcobalamin and the TCblR/CD320 Receptor. Biochimie. 2013;95(5):1008-18. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.02.004
11. Golding PH. Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC, Active-B12) and Herbert’s model for the development of vitamin B12 deficiency: a review and alternative hypothesis. Springer Plus. 2016;5(1):668. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-2252-z
12. Novikova IA, Hoduleva SA. Klinicheskaya i laboratornaya gematologiya: Uchebnoe posobie [Clinical and laboratory hematology: a manual for training]. Minsk: Vyshehjshaya shkola; 2013 (In Russ.).
13. Moestrup SK, Birn H, Fischer PB, Petersen CM, Verroust PJ, Sim RB, Christensen EI, Nexø E. Megalin-mediated endocytosis of transcobalamin-vitamin-B12 complexes suggests a role of the receptor in vitamin-B12 homeostasis. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A Nat Acad Sci (US). 1996;93(16):8612-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8612
14. Froese DS, Gravel RA. Genetic disorders of vitamin B₁₂ metabolism: eight complementation groups – eight genes. Exp Rev Mol Med. 2010;12:e37. doi: 10.1017/S1462399410001651
15. Hayes AW, ed. Principles and Methods of Toxicology. 5th edition. New York: Informa Healthcare US; 2008.
16. Abdul QA, Yu BP, Chung HY, Jung HA, Choi JS. Epigenetic modifications of gene expression by lifestyle and environment. Arch Pharm Res. 2017;40(11):1219-37. doi: 10.1007/s12272-017-0973-3
17. Boucher JL. The cause of multiple sclerosis is autoimmune attack of adenosyltransferase thereby limiting adenosylcobalamin production. Med Hypoth. 2017;109:29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.08.011
18. Metz J. Cobalamin deficiency and the pathogenesis of nervous system disease. Ann Rev Nutr. 1992;12:59-79. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.12.070192.000423
19. Nishimoto S, Tanaka H, Okamoto M, Okada K, Murase T, Yoshikawa H. Methylcobalamin promotes the differentiation of Schwann cells and remyelination in lysophosphatidylcholine-induced demyelination of the rat sciatic nerve. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:298. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00298
20. Liao WC, Wang YJ, Huang MC, Tseng GF. Methylcobalamin Facilitates Collateral Sprouting of Donor Axons and Innervation of Recipient Muscle in End-to-Side Neurorrhaphy in Rats. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e76302. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076302
21. Kohlmeier M. Nutrient metabolism: structures, functions, and genes. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Netherlands Elsevier-Academic Press; 2015.
22. Green R, Allen LH, Bjørke-Monsen AL, Brito A, Guéant JL, Miller JW, Molloy AM, Nexo E, Stabler S, Toh BH, Ueland PM, Yajnik C. Vitamin B12 deficiency. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2017;3:17040. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.40
23. Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy – A Review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68. doi: 10.3390/nu8020068
24. Hu Y, Kim HI, Hyung WJ, Song KJ, Lee JH, Kim YM, Noh SH. Vitamin B(12) deficiency after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: an analysis of clinical patterns and risk factors. Ann Surg. 2013;258(6):970-5. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000214
25. Linder L, Tamboue C, Clements JN. Drug-Induced Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Focus on Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine-2 Antagonists. J Pharm Pract. 2017;30(6):639-42. doi: 10.1177/0897190016663092
26. Carrillo N, Adams D, Venditti CP. Disorders of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, eds. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2018. Availble at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1328/. Accessed March, 10, 2018.
27. Solomon LR. Functional vitamin B12 deficiency in advanced malignancy: implications for the management of neuropathy and neuropathic pain. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(8):3489-94. doi: 10.1007/s00520-016-3175-5
28. Solomon LR. Disorders of cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism: emerging concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Blood Rev. 2007;21(3):113-30. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2006.05.001
29. Cappello S, Cereda E, Rondanelli M, Klersy C, Cameletti B, Albertini R, Magno D, Caraccia M, Turri A, Caccialanza R. Elevated Plasma Vitamin B12 Concentrations Are Independent Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in Adult Patients at Nutritional Risk. Nutrients. 2017;9(1):1. doi: 10.3390/nu9010001
30. Arendt JF, Pedersen L, Nexo E, Sørensen HT. Elevated plasma vitamin B12 levels as a marker for cancer: a population-based cohort study. J Nat Cancer Inst. 2013;105(23):1799-805. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djt315
31. Egorova MO, Cvetaeva NV, Suhacheva EA. Prakticheskie rekomendatsii po laboratornoi diagnostike naibolee rasprostranennykh form anemii. Metodicheskoe posobie [Practical recommendations for laboratory diagnostics of the commonest types of anemia: Toolkit]. Moscow: Triada; 2010 (In Russ.).
32. Scalabrino G. The multi-faceted basis of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) neurotropism in adult central nervous system: Lessons learned from its deficiency. Progr Neurobiol. 2009;88(3):203-20. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.004
33. Briani C, Dalla Torre C, Citton V, Manara R, Pompanin S, Binotto G, Adami F. Cobalamin Deficiency: Clinical Picture and Radiological Findings. Nutrients. 2013;5(11):4521-39. doi: 10.3390/nu5114521
34. Pezacka EH, Jacobsen DW, Luce K, Green R. Glial cells as a model for the role of cobalamin in the nervous system: impaired synthesis of cobalamin coenzymes in cultured human astrocytes following short-term cobalamin-deprivation. Biochem Biophys Res Comun. 1992;184(2):832-9. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90665-8
35. Bala PA, Foster J, Carvelli L, Henry LK. SLC6 Transporters: Structure, Function, Regulation, Disease Association and Therapeutics. Mol Asp Med. 2013;34(2-3):197-219. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.002
36. Charlton CG. Methylation reactions at dopaminergic nerve endings, serving as biological off-switches in managing dopaminergic functions. Neur Regenerat Res. 2014;9(11):1110-1. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.135310
37. Scalabrino G, Veber D, Tredici G. Relationships between cobalamin, epidermal growth factor, and normal prions in the myelin maintenance of central nervous system. Int J Biochem. 2014;55:232-41. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.011
38. Hassel B, Sonnewald U. Glial formation of pyruvate and lactate from TCA cycle intermediates: implications for the inactivation of transmitter amino acids? J Neurochem. 1995;65(5):2227-34.
39. Narasimhan P, Sklar R, Murrell M, Swanson RA, Sharp FR. Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase Induction by Cerebral Ischemia and Neurotoxicity of the Mitochondrial Toxin Methylmalonic Acid. J Neurosci. 1996;16(22):7336-46.
40. Okun JG, Hörster F, Farkas LM, Feyh P, Hinz A, Sauer S, Hoffmann GF, Unsicker K, Mayatepek E, Kölker S. Neurodegeneration in methylmalonic aciduria involves inhibition of complex II and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and synergistically acting excitotoxicity. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(17):14674-80. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M200997200
41. Fernandes CG, Borges CG, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Knebel LA, Eichler P, de Oliveira AB, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Experimental evidence that methylmalonic acid provokes oxidative damage and compromises antioxidant defenses in nerve terminal and striatum of young rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2011;31(5):775-85. doi: 10.1007/s10571-011-9675-4
42. Andrade VM, Dal Pont HS, Leffa DD, Damiani AP, Scaini G, Hainzenreder G, Streck EL, Ferreira GC, Schuck PF. Methylmalonic acid administration induces DNA damage in rat brain and kidney. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014;391(1-2):137-45. doi: 10.1007/s11010-014-1996-4
43. Scalabrino G, Mutti E, Veber D, Aloe L, Corsi MM, Galbiati S, Tredici G. Increased spinal cord NGF levels in rats with cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. Neurosci Lett. 2006;396(2):153-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.029
44. Razak MA, Begum PS, Viswanath B, Rajagopal S. Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. Oxidat Med Cell Long. 2017;2017:1716701. doi: 10.1155/2017/1716701
45. Malouf M, Grimley EJ, Areosa SA. Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for cognition and dementia. Cochrane Database System Rev. 2003;(4):CD004514. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004514
46. Kamchatnov PR, Damulin IV. Cognitive impairment in vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies and hyperhomocysteinemia. Klinicist. 2015;9(1):18-23 (In Russ.). doi: 10.17650/1818-8338-2015-1-18-23
47. Valizadeh M, Valizadeh N. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as Early Manifestation of B12 Deficiency. Ind J Psychol Med. 2011;33(2):203-4. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.92051
48. Gupta L, Gupta RK, Gupta PK, Malhotra HS, Saha I, Garg RK. Assessment of brain cognitive functions in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency using restingstate functional MRI: A longitudinal study. Magnetic Resonance Imag. 2016;34(2):191-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.10.026
49. Blundo C, Marin D, Ricci M. Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with symptoms of frontotemporal dementia. Neurol Sci. 2011;32:101-5. doi: 10.1007/s10072-010-0419-x
50. Bram D, Bubrovszky M, Durand JP, Lefevre G, Morell-Dubois S, Vaiva G. Pernicious anemia presenting as catatonia: correlating vitamin B12 levels and catatonic symptoms. Gener Hosp Psychiatry. 2015;37(3):273.e5-7. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.02.003
51. Moore E, Mander A, Ames D, Carne R, Sanders K, Watters D. Cognitive impairment and vitamin B12: a review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(4):541-56. doi: 10.1017/S1041610211002511
52. Hooshmand B, Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Rusanen M, Hänninen T, Leiviskä J, Winblad B, Laatikainen T, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Associations between serum homocysteine, holotranscobalamin, folate and cognition in the elderly: a longitudinal study. Int Med J. 2012;271(2):204-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02484.x
53. Hsu YH, Huang CF, Lo CP, Wang TL, Tu MC. Vitamin B12 deficiency: Characterization of psychometrics and MRI morphometrics. Nutr Neurosci. 2016;19(2):47-54. doi: 10.1179/1476830515Y. 0000000045
54. Hooshmand B, Mangialasche F, Kalpouzos G, Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Smith AD, Refsum H, Wang R, Mühlmann M, Ertl-Wagner B, Laukka EJ, Bäckman L, Fratiglioni L, Kivipelto M. Association of Vitamin B12, Folate, and Sulfur Amino Acids With Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(6):606-13. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0274
55. De Lau LM, Smith AD, Refsum H, Johnston C, Breteler MM. Plasma vitamin B12 status and cerebral white-matter lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(2):149-57. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.149286
56. Kado DM, Karlamangla AS, Huang MH, Troen A, Rowe JW, Selhub J, Seeman TE. Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Amer J Med. 2005;118(2):161-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.08.019
57. Feng L, Isaac V, Sim S, Ng TP, Krishnan KR, Chee MW. Associations between elevated homocysteine, cognitive impairment, and reduced white matter volume in healthy old adults. Amer J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(2):164-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2012.10.017
58. Hughes CF, Ward M, Tracey F, Hoey L, Molloy AM, Pentieva K, McNulty H. B-Vitamin Intake and Biomarker Status in Relation to Cognitive Decline in Healthy Older Adults in a 4-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients. 2017;9(1). pii: E53. doi: 10.3390/nu9010053
59. Doets EL, Ueland PM, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Nygård OK, Van't Veer P, de Groot LC, Nurk E, Refsum H, Smith AD, Eussen SJ. Interactions between plasma concentrations of folate and markers of vitamin B(12) status with cognitive performance in elderly people not exposed to folic acid fortification: the Hordaland Health Study. Brit J Nutr. 2014;111(6):1085-95. doi: 10.1017/S000711451300336X
60. Zis P, Grünewald RA, Chaudhuri RK, Hadjivassiliou M. Peripheral neuropathy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2017;378:204-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.05.023
61. Zhang Y, Hodgson NW, Trivedi MS, Abdolmaleky HM, Fournier M, Cuenod M, Do KQ, Deth RC. Decreased Brain Levels of Vitamin B12 in Aging, Autism and Schizophrenia. Bauer JA, ed. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(1):e0146797. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146797
62. Douaud G, Refsum H, de Jager CA, Jacoby R, Nichols TE, Smith SM, Smith AD. Preventing Alzheimer’s disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A Nat Acad Sci (US). 2013;110:9523–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1301816110
63. Zhang DM, Ye JX, Mu JS, Cui XP. Efficacy of vitamin B supplementation on cognition in elderly patients with cognitive-related diseases. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2017;30(1):50-9. doi: 10.1177/0891988716673466
64. Devalia V, Hamilton MS, Molloy AM, British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders. Brit J Haematol. 2014;166:496-513. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12959
65. Jordan JT, Weiser J, van Ness PC. Unrecognized cobalamin deficiency, nitrous oxide, and reversible subacute combined degeneration. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014;4(4):358-61. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000014
66. Green R. Indicators for assessing folate and vitamin B-12 status and for monitoring the efficacy of intervention strategies. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):666-72. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.009613
2. Allen LH, Rosenberg IH, Oakley GP, Omenn GS. Considering the case for vitamin B12 fortification of flour. Food Nutrit Bull. 2010;31 (1 Suppl):36-46. doi: 10.1177/15648265100311S104
3. Gherasim C, Lofgren M, Banerjee R. Navigating the B12 road: assimilation, delivery, and disorders of cobalamin. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(19):13186-93. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R113.458810
4. Pedersen GA, Chakraborty S, Stinhauser AL, Traub LM, Madsen M. AMN Directs Endocytosis of the Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12 Receptor Cubam by Engaging ARH or Dab2. Traffic. 2010;11(5):706-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01042.x
5. Kirsch SH, Herrmann W, Obeid R. Genetic defects in folate and cobalamin pathways affecting the brain. Clin Chemi Lab Med. 2013;51(1):139-55. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0673
6. Risch M, Meier DW, Sakem B, Medina Escobar P, Risch C, Nydegger U, Risch L. Vitamin B12 and folate levels in healthy Swiss senior citizens: a prospective study evaluating reference intervals and decision limits. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:82. doi: 10.1186/s12877-015-0060-x
7. Valente E, Scott JM, Ueland PM, Cunningham C, Casey M, Molloy AM. Diagnostic accuracy of holotranscobalamin, methylmalonic acid, serum cobalamin, and other indicators of tissue vitamin B₁₂ status in the elderly. Clin Chem. 2011;57(6):856-63. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.158154
8. Lindemans J, de Jongh EJ, Brand FC, Schoester M, van Kapel J, Abels J. The uptake of R-type cobalamin-binding protein by isolated rat liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982;720(2):203-10. doi: 10.1016/0167-4889(82)90013-1
9. Lai SC, Nakayama Y, Sequeira JM, Wlodarczyk BJ, Cabrera RM, Finnell RH, Bottiglieri T, Quadros EV. The transcobalamin receptor knockout mouse: a model for vitamin B12 deficiency in the central nervous system. FASEB J. 2013;27(6):2468-75. doi: 10.1096/fj.12-219055
10. Quadros EV, Sequeira JM. Cellular Uptake of Cobalamin: Transcobalamin and the TCblR/CD320 Receptor. Biochimie. 2013;95(5):1008-18. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.02.004
11. Golding PH. Holotranscobalamin (HoloTC, Active-B12) and Herbert’s model for the development of vitamin B12 deficiency: a review and alternative hypothesis. Springer Plus. 2016;5(1):668. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-2252-z
12. Новикова И.А., Ходулева С.А. Клиническая и лабораторная гематология: Учебное пособие. Минск: Вышэйшая школа; 2013 [Novikova IA, Hoduleva SA. Klinicheskaya i laboratornaya gematologiya: Uchebnoe posobie [Clinical and laboratory hematology: a manual for training]. Minsk: Vyshehjshaya shkola; 2013 (In Russ.)].
13. Moestrup SK, Birn H, Fischer PB, Petersen CM, Verroust PJ, Sim RB, Christensen EI, Nexø E. Megalin-mediated endocytosis of transcobalamin-vitamin-B12 complexes suggests a role of the receptor in vitamin-B12 homeostasis. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A Nat Acad Sci (US). 1996;93(16):8612-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8612
14. Froese DS, Gravel RA. Genetic disorders of vitamin B₁₂ metabolism: eight complementation groups – eight genes. Exp Rev Mol Med. 2010;12:e37. doi: 10.1017/S1462399410001651
15. Hayes AW, ed. Principles and Methods of Toxicology. 5th edition. New York: Informa Healthcare US; 2008.
16. Abdul QA, Yu BP, Chung HY, Jung HA, Choi JS. Epigenetic modifications of gene expression by lifestyle and environment. Arch Pharm Res. 2017;40(11):1219-37. doi: 10.1007/s12272-017-0973-3
17. Boucher JL. The cause of multiple sclerosis is autoimmune attack of adenosyltransferase thereby limiting adenosylcobalamin production. Med Hypoth. 2017;109:29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.08.011
18. Metz J. Cobalamin deficiency and the pathogenesis of nervous system disease. Ann Rev Nutr. 1992;12:59-79. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.12.070192.000423
19. Nishimoto S, Tanaka H, Okamoto M, Okada K, Murase T, Yoshikawa H. Methylcobalamin promotes the differentiation of Schwann cells and remyelination in lysophosphatidylcholine-induced demyelination of the rat sciatic nerve. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:298. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00298
20. Liao WC, Wang YJ, Huang MC, Tseng GF. Methylcobalamin Facilitates Collateral Sprouting of Donor Axons and Innervation of Recipient Muscle in End-to-Side Neurorrhaphy in Rats. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e76302. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076302
21. Kohlmeier M. Nutrient metabolism: structures, functions, and genes. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Netherlands Elsevier-Academic Press; 2015.
22. Green R, Allen LH, Bjørke-Monsen AL, Brito A, Guéant JL, Miller JW, Molloy AM, Nexo E, Stabler S, Toh BH, Ueland PM, Yajnik C. Vitamin B12 deficiency. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2017;3:17040. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.40
23. Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy – A Review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68. doi: 10.3390/nu8020068
24. Hu Y, Kim HI, Hyung WJ, Song KJ, Lee JH, Kim YM, Noh SH. Vitamin B(12) deficiency after gastrectomy for gastric cancer: an analysis of clinical patterns and risk factors. Ann Surg. 2013;258(6):970-5. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000214
25. Linder L, Tamboue C, Clements JN. Drug-Induced Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Focus on Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine-2 Antagonists. J Pharm Pract. 2017;30(6):639-42. doi: 10.1177/0897190016663092
26. Carrillo N, Adams D, Venditti CP. Disorders of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, eds. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2018. Availble at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1328/. Accessed March, 10, 2018.
27. Solomon LR. Functional vitamin B12 deficiency in advanced malignancy: implications for the management of neuropathy and neuropathic pain. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(8):3489-94. doi: 10.1007/s00520-016-3175-5
28. Solomon LR. Disorders of cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism: emerging concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Blood Rev. 2007;21(3):113-30. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2006.05.001
29. Cappello S, Cereda E, Rondanelli M, Klersy C, Cameletti B, Albertini R, Magno D, Caraccia M, Turri A, Caccialanza R. Elevated Plasma Vitamin B12 Concentrations Are Independent Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in Adult Patients at Nutritional Risk. Nutrients. 2017;9(1):1. doi: 10.3390/nu9010001
30. Arendt JF, Pedersen L, Nexo E, Sørensen HT. Elevated plasma vitamin B12 levels as a marker for cancer: a population-based cohort study. J Nat Cancer Inst. 2013;105(23):1799-805. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djt315
31. Егорова М.О., Цветаева Н.В., Сухачева Е.А. Практические рекомендации по лабораторной диагностике наиболее распространенных форм анемии. Методическое пособие. М.: Триада; 2010 [Egorova MO, Cvetaeva NV, Suhacheva EA. Prakticheskie rekomendatsii po laboratornoi diagnostike naibolee rasprostranennykh form anemii. Metodicheskoe posobie [Practical recommendations for laboratory diagnostics of the commonest types of anemia: Toolkit]. Moscow: Triada; 2010 (In Russ.)].
32. Scalabrino G. The multi-faceted basis of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) neurotropism in adult central nervous system: Lessons learned from its deficiency. Progr Neurobiol. 2009;88(3):203-20. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.004
33. Briani C, Dalla Torre C, Citton V, Manara R, Pompanin S, Binotto G, Adami F. Cobalamin Deficiency: Clinical Picture and Radiological Findings. Nutrients. 2013;5(11):4521-39. doi: 10.3390/nu5114521
34. Pezacka EH, Jacobsen DW, Luce K, Green R. Glial cells as a model for the role of cobalamin in the nervous system: impaired synthesis of cobalamin coenzymes in cultured human astrocytes following short-term cobalamin-deprivation. Biochem Biophys Res Comun. 1992;184(2):832-9. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90665-8
35. Bala PA, Foster J, Carvelli L, Henry LK. SLC6 Transporters: Structure, Function, Regulation, Disease Association and Therapeutics. Mol Asp Med. 2013;34(2-3):197-219. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.002
36. Charlton CG. Methylation reactions at dopaminergic nerve endings, serving as biological off-switches in managing dopaminergic functions. Neur Regenerat Res. 2014;9(11):1110-1. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.135310
37. Scalabrino G, Veber D, Tredici G. Relationships between cobalamin, epidermal growth factor, and normal prions in the myelin maintenance of central nervous system. Int J Biochem. 2014;55:232-41. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.011
38. Hassel B, Sonnewald U. Glial formation of pyruvate and lactate from TCA cycle intermediates: implications for the inactivation of transmitter amino acids? J Neurochem. 1995;65(5):2227-34.
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40. Okun JG, Hörster F, Farkas LM, Feyh P, Hinz A, Sauer S, Hoffmann GF, Unsicker K, Mayatepek E, Kölker S. Neurodegeneration in methylmalonic aciduria involves inhibition of complex II and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and synergistically acting excitotoxicity. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(17):14674-80. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M200997200
41. Fernandes CG, Borges CG, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Knebel LA, Eichler P, de Oliveira AB, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Experimental evidence that methylmalonic acid provokes oxidative damage and compromises antioxidant defenses in nerve terminal and striatum of young rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2011;31(5):775-85. doi: 10.1007/s10571-011-9675-4
42. Andrade VM, Dal Pont HS, Leffa DD, Damiani AP, Scaini G, Hainzenreder G, Streck EL, Ferreira GC, Schuck PF. Methylmalonic acid administration induces DNA damage in rat brain and kidney. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014;391(1-2):137-45. doi: 10.1007/s11010-014-1996-4
43. Scalabrino G, Mutti E, Veber D, Aloe L, Corsi MM, Galbiati S, Tredici G. Increased spinal cord NGF levels in rats with cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. Neurosci Lett. 2006;396(2):153-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.029
44. Razak MA, Begum PS, Viswanath B, Rajagopal S. Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. Oxidat Med Cell Long. 2017;2017:1716701. doi: 10.1155/2017/1716701
45. Malouf M, Grimley EJ, Areosa SA. Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for cognition and dementia. Cochrane Database System Rev. 2003;(4):CD004514. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004514
46. Камчатнов П.Р., Дамулин И.В. Когнитивные нарушения при дефиците витамина В12, фолиевой кислоты и гипергомоцистеинемии. Клиницист. 2015;9(1):18-23 [Kamchatnov PR, Damulin IV. Cognitive impairment in vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies and hyperhomocysteinemia. Klinicist. 2015;9(1):18-23 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.17650/1818-8338-2015-1-18-23
47. Valizadeh M, Valizadeh N. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as Early Manifestation of B12 Deficiency. Ind J Psychol Med. 2011;33(2):203-4. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.92051
48. Gupta L, Gupta RK, Gupta PK, Malhotra HS, Saha I, Garg RK. Assessment of brain cognitive functions in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency using restingstate functional MRI: A longitudinal study. Magnetic Resonance Imag. 2016;34(2):191-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.10.026
49. Blundo C, Marin D, Ricci M. Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with symptoms of frontotemporal dementia. Neurol Sci. 2011;32:101-5. doi: 10.1007/s10072-010-0419-x
50. Bram D, Bubrovszky M, Durand JP, Lefevre G, Morell-Dubois S, Vaiva G. Pernicious anemia presenting as catatonia: correlating vitamin B12 levels and catatonic symptoms. Gener Hosp Psychiatry. 2015;37(3):273.e5-7. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.02.003
51. Moore E, Mander A, Ames D, Carne R, Sanders K, Watters D. Cognitive impairment and vitamin B12: a review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(4):541-56. doi: 10.1017/S1041610211002511
52. Hooshmand B, Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Rusanen M, Hänninen T, Leiviskä J, Winblad B, Laatikainen T, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Associations between serum homocysteine, holotranscobalamin, folate and cognition in the elderly: a longitudinal study. Int Med J. 2012;271(2):204-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02484.x
53. Hsu YH, Huang CF, Lo CP, Wang TL, Tu MC. Vitamin B12 deficiency: Characterization of psychometrics and MRI morphometrics. Nutr Neurosci. 2016;19(2):47-54. doi: 10.1179/1476830515Y. 0000000045
54. Hooshmand B, Mangialasche F, Kalpouzos G, Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Smith AD, Refsum H, Wang R, Mühlmann M, Ertl-Wagner B, Laukka EJ, Bäckman L, Fratiglioni L, Kivipelto M. Association of Vitamin B12, Folate, and Sulfur Amino Acids With Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(6):606-13. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0274
55. De Lau LM, Smith AD, Refsum H, Johnston C, Breteler MM. Plasma vitamin B12 status and cerebral white-matter lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(2):149-57. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.149286
56. Kado DM, Karlamangla AS, Huang MH, Troen A, Rowe JW, Selhub J, Seeman TE. Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Amer J Med. 2005;118(2):161-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.08.019
57. Feng L, Isaac V, Sim S, Ng TP, Krishnan KR, Chee MW. Associations between elevated homocysteine, cognitive impairment, and reduced white matter volume in healthy old adults. Amer J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(2):164-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2012.10.017
58. Hughes CF, Ward M, Tracey F, Hoey L, Molloy AM, Pentieva K, McNulty H. B-Vitamin Intake and Biomarker Status in Relation to Cognitive Decline in Healthy Older Adults in a 4-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients. 2017;9(1). pii: E53. doi: 10.3390/nu9010053
59. Doets EL, Ueland PM, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Nygård OK, Van't Veer P, de Groot LC, Nurk E, Refsum H, Smith AD, Eussen SJ. Interactions between plasma concentrations of folate and markers of vitamin B(12) status with cognitive performance in elderly people not exposed to folic acid fortification: the Hordaland Health Study. Brit J Nutr. 2014;111(6):1085-95. doi: 10.1017/S000711451300336X
60. Zis P, Grünewald RA, Chaudhuri RK, Hadjivassiliou M. Peripheral neuropathy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2017;378:204-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.05.023
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63. Zhang DM, Ye JX, Mu JS, Cui XP. Efficacy of vitamin B supplementation on cognition in elderly patients with cognitive-related diseases. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2017;30(1):50-9. doi: 10.1177/0891988716673466
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66. Green R. Indicators for assessing folate and vitamin B-12 status and for monitoring the efficacy of intervention strategies. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):666-72. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.009613
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36. Charlton CG. Methylation reactions at dopaminergic nerve endings, serving as biological off-switches in managing dopaminergic functions. Neur Regenerat Res. 2014;9(11):1110-1. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.135310
37. Scalabrino G, Veber D, Tredici G. Relationships between cobalamin, epidermal growth factor, and normal prions in the myelin maintenance of central nervous system. Int J Biochem. 2014;55:232-41. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.011
38. Hassel B, Sonnewald U. Glial formation of pyruvate and lactate from TCA cycle intermediates: implications for the inactivation of transmitter amino acids? J Neurochem. 1995;65(5):2227-34.
39. Narasimhan P, Sklar R, Murrell M, Swanson RA, Sharp FR. Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase Induction by Cerebral Ischemia and Neurotoxicity of the Mitochondrial Toxin Methylmalonic Acid. J Neurosci. 1996;16(22):7336-46.
40. Okun JG, Hörster F, Farkas LM, Feyh P, Hinz A, Sauer S, Hoffmann GF, Unsicker K, Mayatepek E, Kölker S. Neurodegeneration in methylmalonic aciduria involves inhibition of complex II and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and synergistically acting excitotoxicity. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(17):14674-80. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M200997200
41. Fernandes CG, Borges CG, Seminotti B, Amaral AU, Knebel LA, Eichler P, de Oliveira AB, Leipnitz G, Wajner M. Experimental evidence that methylmalonic acid provokes oxidative damage and compromises antioxidant defenses in nerve terminal and striatum of young rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2011;31(5):775-85. doi: 10.1007/s10571-011-9675-4
42. Andrade VM, Dal Pont HS, Leffa DD, Damiani AP, Scaini G, Hainzenreder G, Streck EL, Ferreira GC, Schuck PF. Methylmalonic acid administration induces DNA damage in rat brain and kidney. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014;391(1-2):137-45. doi: 10.1007/s11010-014-1996-4
43. Scalabrino G, Mutti E, Veber D, Aloe L, Corsi MM, Galbiati S, Tredici G. Increased spinal cord NGF levels in rats with cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. Neurosci Lett. 2006;396(2):153-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.029
44. Razak MA, Begum PS, Viswanath B, Rajagopal S. Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. Oxidat Med Cell Long. 2017;2017:1716701. doi: 10.1155/2017/1716701
45. Malouf M, Grimley EJ, Areosa SA. Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for cognition and dementia. Cochrane Database System Rev. 2003;(4):CD004514. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004514
46. Kamchatnov PR, Damulin IV. Cognitive impairment in vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies and hyperhomocysteinemia. Klinicist. 2015;9(1):18-23 (In Russ.). doi: 10.17650/1818-8338-2015-1-18-23
47. Valizadeh M, Valizadeh N. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as Early Manifestation of B12 Deficiency. Ind J Psychol Med. 2011;33(2):203-4. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.92051
48. Gupta L, Gupta RK, Gupta PK, Malhotra HS, Saha I, Garg RK. Assessment of brain cognitive functions in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency using restingstate functional MRI: A longitudinal study. Magnetic Resonance Imag. 2016;34(2):191-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.10.026
49. Blundo C, Marin D, Ricci M. Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with symptoms of frontotemporal dementia. Neurol Sci. 2011;32:101-5. doi: 10.1007/s10072-010-0419-x
50. Bram D, Bubrovszky M, Durand JP, Lefevre G, Morell-Dubois S, Vaiva G. Pernicious anemia presenting as catatonia: correlating vitamin B12 levels and catatonic symptoms. Gener Hosp Psychiatry. 2015;37(3):273.e5-7. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.02.003
51. Moore E, Mander A, Ames D, Carne R, Sanders K, Watters D. Cognitive impairment and vitamin B12: a review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(4):541-56. doi: 10.1017/S1041610211002511
52. Hooshmand B, Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Rusanen M, Hänninen T, Leiviskä J, Winblad B, Laatikainen T, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Associations between serum homocysteine, holotranscobalamin, folate and cognition in the elderly: a longitudinal study. Int Med J. 2012;271(2):204-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02484.x
53. Hsu YH, Huang CF, Lo CP, Wang TL, Tu MC. Vitamin B12 deficiency: Characterization of psychometrics and MRI morphometrics. Nutr Neurosci. 2016;19(2):47-54. doi: 10.1179/1476830515Y. 0000000045
54. Hooshmand B, Mangialasche F, Kalpouzos G, Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Smith AD, Refsum H, Wang R, Mühlmann M, Ertl-Wagner B, Laukka EJ, Bäckman L, Fratiglioni L, Kivipelto M. Association of Vitamin B12, Folate, and Sulfur Amino Acids With Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(6):606-13. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0274
55. De Lau LM, Smith AD, Refsum H, Johnston C, Breteler MM. Plasma vitamin B12 status and cerebral white-matter lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(2):149-57. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.149286
56. Kado DM, Karlamangla AS, Huang MH, Troen A, Rowe JW, Selhub J, Seeman TE. Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Amer J Med. 2005;118(2):161-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.08.019
57. Feng L, Isaac V, Sim S, Ng TP, Krishnan KR, Chee MW. Associations between elevated homocysteine, cognitive impairment, and reduced white matter volume in healthy old adults. Amer J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(2):164-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2012.10.017
58. Hughes CF, Ward M, Tracey F, Hoey L, Molloy AM, Pentieva K, McNulty H. B-Vitamin Intake and Biomarker Status in Relation to Cognitive Decline in Healthy Older Adults in a 4-Year Follow-Up Study. Nutrients. 2017;9(1). pii: E53. doi: 10.3390/nu9010053
59. Doets EL, Ueland PM, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Nygård OK, Van't Veer P, de Groot LC, Nurk E, Refsum H, Smith AD, Eussen SJ. Interactions between plasma concentrations of folate and markers of vitamin B(12) status with cognitive performance in elderly people not exposed to folic acid fortification: the Hordaland Health Study. Brit J Nutr. 2014;111(6):1085-95. doi: 10.1017/S000711451300336X
60. Zis P, Grünewald RA, Chaudhuri RK, Hadjivassiliou M. Peripheral neuropathy in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2017;378:204-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.05.023
61. Zhang Y, Hodgson NW, Trivedi MS, Abdolmaleky HM, Fournier M, Cuenod M, Do KQ, Deth RC. Decreased Brain Levels of Vitamin B12 in Aging, Autism and Schizophrenia. Bauer JA, ed. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(1):e0146797. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146797
62. Douaud G, Refsum H, de Jager CA, Jacoby R, Nichols TE, Smith SM, Smith AD. Preventing Alzheimer’s disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A Nat Acad Sci (US). 2013;110:9523–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1301816110
63. Zhang DM, Ye JX, Mu JS, Cui XP. Efficacy of vitamin B supplementation on cognition in elderly patients with cognitive-related diseases. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2017;30(1):50-9. doi: 10.1177/0891988716673466
64. Devalia V, Hamilton MS, Molloy AM, British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders. Brit J Haematol. 2014;166:496-513. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12959
65. Jordan JT, Weiser J, van Ness PC. Unrecognized cobalamin deficiency, nitrous oxide, and reversible subacute combined degeneration. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014;4(4):358-61. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000014
66. Green R. Indicators for assessing folate and vitamin B-12 status and for monitoring the efficacy of intervention strategies. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(2):666-72. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.009613
Авторы
Ч.С. Павлов, И.В. Дамулин, Ю.О. Шульпекова, Е.А. Андреев
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
________________________________________________
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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