Неврологические расстройства при дефиците витамина В12
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Pavlov Ch.S., Damulin I.V., Shulpekova Yu.O., Andreyev E.A. Neurological disorders in vitamin B12 deficiency. Therapeutic Archive. 2019; 91 (4): 122–129. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.04.000116
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Термином «витамин В12 (кобаламин)» обозначают несколько сходных по строению веществ – кобаламинов. Кобаламин поступает в организм в составе продуктов животного происхождения. В крови кобаламин циркулирует только в связи с белками – транскобаламинами I и II (комплекс с транскобаламином II обозначают термином «голотранскобаламин»). Голотранскобаламин усваивается клетками всех типов, тогда как витамин В12, связанный с транскобаламином I, – только клетками печени и почек. В качестве коферментов клеточных реакций выделены две формы кобаламина – метилкобаламин (в цитоплазме) и гидроксиаденозилкобаламин (в митохондриях). Основные причины дефицита кобаламина – недостаточное потребление продуктов животного происхождения, аутоиммунный гастрит, панкреатическая недостаточность, поражение терминального отдела подвздошной кишки, синдром избыточного бактериального роста. В условиях избыточного связывания витамина В12 с транскобаламином I может возникать его относительный дефицит. Дефицит кобаламина наиболее значительно сказывается на состоянии крови и нервной системы; также гиповитаминоз кобаламина модифицирует течение воспалительного процесса. Анемия наблюдается в 13–15% случаев дефицита витамина В12; первым признаком является макроцитоз. Наиболее чувствительный маркер мегалобластического кроветворения – средний размер нейтрофилов и моноцитов. Потребность нервной системы в витамине В12 особенно высока. Гиповитаминоз витамина В12 ассоциирован с поражением как белого, так и серого вещества. Описано несколько типов неврологических проявлений при этом типе гиповитаминоза: подострая комбинированная дегенерация задних и боковых канатиков спинного мозга (фуникулярный миелиноз), сенсомоторная полиневропатия, невропатия зрительного нерва, психические и когнитивные расстройства. Эти нарушения нередко вызывают диагностические сложности (они часто расцениваются как «криптогенные», «реактивные», «сосудистого происхождения»). Нормальное или повышенное общее содержание кобаламина в плазме не является надежным признаком отсутствия гиповитаминоза.
Весь спектр нервно-психических нарушений при дефиците витамина В12 изучен недостаточно. При диагностике гиповитаминоза следует более внимательно анализировать характер клинических проявлений, а в сложных случаях – исследовать содержание голотранскобаламина, метилмалоновой кислоты/гомоцистеина, а также фолатов в сыворотке крови.
Ключевые слова: кобаламин, витамин B12, неврологические проявления дефицита кобаламина.
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The review discusses thesteps of vitamin B12 metabolism and its role in maintaining of neurological functions. The term "vitamin B12 (cobalamin)" refers to several substances (cobalamins) of a very similar structure. Cobalamin enters the body with animal products. On the peripherу cobalamin circulates only in binding with proteins transcobalamin I and II (complex cobalamin-transcobalamin II is designated as “holotranscobalamin”). Holotranscobalamin is absorbed by different cells, whereas transcobalamin I-binded vitamin B12 – only by liver and kidneys. Two forms of cobalamin were identified as coenzymes of cellular reactions which are methylcobalamin (in cytoplasm) and hydroxyadenosylcobalamin (in mitochondria). The main causes of cobalamin deficiency are related to inadequate intake of animal products, autoimmune gastritis, pancreatic insufficiency, terminal ileum disease, syndrome of intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Relative deficiency may be seen in excessive binding of vitamin B12 to transcobalamin I. Cobalamin deficiency most significantly affects functions of blood, nervous system and inflammatory response. Anemia occurs in 13–15% of cases; macrocytosis is an early sign. The average size of neutrophils and monocytes is the most sensitive marker of megaloblastic hematopoiesis. The demands in vitamin B12 are particularly high in nervous tissue. Hypovitaminosis is accompanied by pathological lesions both in white and gray brain matter. Several types of neurological manifestations are described: subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord (funicular myelinosis), sensomotor polyneuropathy, optic nerve neuropathy, cognitive disorders. The whole range of neuropsychiatric disorders with vitamin B12 deficiency has not been studied well enough. Due to certain diagnostic difficulties they are often regarded as "cryptogenic", "reactive", "vascular» origin. Normal or decreased total plasma cobalamin level could not a reliable marker of vitamin deficiency. In difficult cases the content of holotranscobalamin, methylmalonic acid / homocysteine, and folate in the blood serum should be investigated besides carefully analysis of clinical manifestations.
Key words: cobalamin, vitamin B12, neurologic manifestations of cobalamin deficiency.
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5. Kirsch SH, Herrmann W, Obeid R. Genetic defects in folate and cobalamin pathways affecting the brain. Clin Chemi Lab Med. 2013;51(1):139-55. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0673
6. Risch M, Meier DW, Sakem B, Medina Escobar P, Risch C, Nydegger U, Risch L. Vitamin B12 and folate levels in healthy Swiss senior citizens: a prospective study evaluating reference intervals and decision limits. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:82. doi: 10.1186/s12877-015-0060-x
7. Valente E, Scott JM, Ueland PM, Cunningham C, Casey M, Molloy AM. Diagnostic accuracy of holotranscobalamin, methylmalonic acid, serum cobalamin, and other indicators of tissue vitamin B₁₂ status in the elderly. Clin Chem. 2011;57(6):856-63. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.158154
8. Lindemans J, de Jongh EJ, Brand FC, Schoester M, van Kapel J, Abels J. The uptake of R-type cobalamin-binding protein by isolated rat liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982;720(2):203-10. doi: 10.1016/0167-4889(82)90013-1
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ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
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Ch.S. Pavlov 1, I.V. Damulin 2, Yu.O. Shulpekova 3, E.A. Andreev 4
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia