Синдром старческой астении. Что нужно знать терапевту и кардиологу?

1. Carver LF, Beamish R, Phillips SP. Successful Aging: Illness and Social Connections. Geriatrics (Basel). 2018 Jan;18:3(1). doi: 10.3390/geriatrics 3010003
2. Распоряжение Правительства РФ №164-р от 5 февраля 2016 г. «Об утверждении Стратегии действий в интересах граждан старшего поколения в Российской Федерации до 2025 года». Доступно по: https://rosmintrud.ru/docs/government/173. Ссылка активна 26.04.2019. [Executive Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 164-r of February 5, 2016, «On Approval of the Action Strategy in the Interests of Senior Citizens in the Russian Federation until 2025». Available at: https://rosmintrud.ru/docs/government/173. Active link 26.04.2019 (In Russ.)].
3. Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernadei R, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6): 392-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022
4. Клинические рекомендации по старческой астении Российской ассоциации геронтологов и гериатров 2018 года. Доступно по: http://yakmed.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Asteniya_recomend.pdf. [2018 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Frailty of the Russian Association of Gerontologist and Geriatricians. Available at: http://yakmed.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Asteniya_recomend.pdf. Active link 26.04.2019 (In Russ.)]. Available at: http://yakmed.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/ 07/Asteniya_recomend.pdf.
5. Turner G. Best practice guidelines for the management of frailty: a British Geriatrics Society, Age UK and Royal College of General Practitioners report. Age Ageing. 2014;43(6):744-7. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afu138
6. Bortz W. The physics of frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:1004-8.
7. Hogan DB, MacKnight C, Bergman H. Models, definitions, and criteria of frailty. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15:3-29.
8. Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: towards a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:991-1001. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00745.x
9. Vellas B, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Nourashemi F, et al. Falls, frailty and osteoporosis in the elderly: a public health problem. Rev Med Inter. 2000;21:608-13.
10. Buchner DM, Wagner EH. Preventing frail health. Clin Geriatr Med. 1992;8:1-17.
11. Gill TM, Gahbauer EA, Allore HG, Han L. Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons. Arch Inter Med. 2006;166:418-23. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.4.418
12. Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Andersen G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59: 255-63.
13. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, et al. Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62:744-51.
14. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, et al. Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women. Arch Intern  Med.  2008;168(4):382-9. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2007.113.
15. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:146-56. 
16. Bandeen-Roche K, Xue QL, Ferrucci L. Phenotype of frailty: characterization in the Women's Health and Aging Studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61:262-6.
17. Fugate Woods N, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, et al. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1221-30.
18. Cesari M, Leeuwenburgh C, Lauretani F, et al. Frailty syndrome and skeletal muscle: results from the Invecchiare in Chianti study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1142-8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1142
19. Puts MTE, Lips P, Deeg DJH. Sex differences in the risk of frailty for mortality independent of disability and chronic diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:40-7.
20. Buta BJ. Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of  highly-cited instruments. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;26:53-61.
21. Fried LP. The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.  Ann Epidemiol. 1991;1:263-76.
22. Mitnitski AB, Mogilner AJ, Rockwood K. Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging. Scientific World J. 2001;1:323-36. doi: 10.1100/ tsw.2001.58
23. Jones DM, Song X, Rockwood K. Operationalizing a frailty index from a standardized comprehensive geriatric. Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:1929-33.
24. McDonagh J, Martin L, Ferguson C, et al. Frailty assessment instruments in heart failure: a systematic review. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2018;17:23-35. doi: 10.1177/1474515117708888
25. Lauerman MH, Raithel M, Kufera J, Shanmuganathan K, Bruns BR, Scalea TM, Stein DM. Comparison of individual and composite radiographic markers of frailty in trauma. Injury. 2019 Jan;50(1):149-55. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.11.004
26. Kaplan SJ, Pham TN, Arbabi S, Gross JA, Damodarasamy M, Bentov I, et al. Association of Radiologic Indicators of Frailty With 1-Year Mortality in Older Trauma Patients: Opportunistic Screening for Sarcopenia and Osteopenia. JAMA Surg. 2017 Feb 15;152(2):164604. doi: 10.1001/jama surg.2016.4604
27. Cawthon PM, Marshall LM, Michael Y, et al. Frailty in older men: prevalence, progression, and relationship with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1216-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01259.x
28. Ottenbacher KJ, Ostir GV, Kristen Peek M, Al Snih S, Raji MA, Markides KS. Frailty in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1524-31.
29. Mohr BA, Bhasin S, Kupelian V, Araujo AB, O'Donnell AB, McKinlay JB. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and frailty in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:548-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.0112 1.x
30. Afilalo J, Alexander KP, Mack MJ, et al. Frailty Assessment in the Cardiovascular Care of Older Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:747-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.070
31. Verschoor CP, Tamim H. Frailty is inversely related to age at menopause and elevated in women who have had a hysterectomy: an analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018 Apr 24. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly092
32. Cook MJ, Oldroyd A, Pye SR, Ward KA, Gielen E, Ravindrarajah R, et al. EMAS Study Group. Frailty and bone health in European men. Age Ageing. 2017 Jul 1;46(4):635-41. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afw205
33. Santos-Eggimann B, et al. Prevalenceof frailty in middle age dandoldercommunity-dwelling Europeans livingin 10 countries. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(6):675-81.
34. Lewis EG, Coles S, Howorth K, Kissima J, Gray W, Urasa S, et al. The prevalence and characteristics of frailty by frailty phenotype in rural Tanzania. BMC Geriatr. 2018 Nov 16;18(1):283. doi: 10.1186/s12877-018-0967-0
35. Haider S, Grabovac I, Dorner TE. Fulfillment of physical activity guidelines in the general population and frailty status in the elderly population. A correlation study of data from11 European countries. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2018 July. doi: 10.1007/s00508-018-1408-y
36. Hamano J, Oishi A, Kizawa Y. Prevalence and characteristics of patients being at risk of deteriorating and dying in primary care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Nov 14:0885-3924(18)31067-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsy mman.2018.11.006
37. Cardona M, O'Sullivan M, Lewis ET, Turner RM, Garden F, et al. Reducing prognostic uncertainty in older patients with a checklist for use in emergency departments: a prospective validation study. Acad Emerg Med. 2018 Nov14. doi: 10.1111/acem.13664
38. Villacampa-Fernandez P, Navarro-Pardo E, Tarin JJ, Cano A. Frailty and multimorbidity: Two related yet different concepts. Maturitas. 2017;95: 31-5.
39. Veronese N, Cereda E, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Luchini C, Manzato E, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in frail and pre-frail older adults: Results from a meta-analysis and exploratory meta-regression analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2017 May 35:63-73. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.003
40. Ricci NA, Pessoa GS, Ferriolli E, Dias RC, Perracini MR. Frailty and cardiovascular risk in community-dwelling elderly: a population-based study. Clin Interv Aging. 2014 Oct 6;9:1677-85. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S6 8642
41. Bastos-Barbosa RG, Ferriolli E, Coelho EB, Moriguti JC, Nobre F, Lima NK. Association of frailty syndrome in the elderly with higher blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Hypertens. 2012 Nov;25(11):1156-61. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2012.99
42. Phan HM, Alpert JS, Fain M. Frailty, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease: evidence of a connection. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2008;17(2):101-7.
43. Wang X, Zhou C, Li Y, Li H, Cao Q, Li F. Prognostic Value of Frailty for Older Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Oct 22;2018: 8739058. doi: 10.1155/2018/8739058
44. Afilalo J, Karunananthan S, Eisenberg MJ, Alexander KP, Bergman H. Role of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Jun 1;103(11):1616-21. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.375
45. Costa D, Aladio M, Girado CA, Pérez de la Hoz R, Sara Berensztein C. Frailty is independently associated with 1-year mortality after hospitalization for acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2018 Nov 7;21:103-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2018.10.004
46. Rodríguez-Pascual C, Paredes-Galán E, Ferrero-Martínez AI, Gonzalez-Guerrero JL, Hornillos-Calvo M, Menendez-Colino R, et al. The frailty syndrome is associated with adverse health outcomes in very old patients with stable heart failure: A prospective study in six Spanish hospitals. Int J Cardiol. 2017 Jun 1;236:296-303. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.016
47. Uchmanowicz I, Lisiak M, Wontor  R, et al. Frailty syndrome in cardiovascular disease: clinical significance and research tools. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2015;14:303-9. doi: 10.1177/1474515114568059
48. Singh M, Alexander K, Roger VL, et al. Frailty and its potential relevance to cardiovascular care. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:1146-53. doi: 10.4065/83.10.1146
49. Walker DM, Gale CP, Lip G, et al. Editor’s choice – frailty and the management of patients with acute cardiovascular disease: a position paper from the acute cardiovascular care association. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018;7:176-93. doi: 10.1177/2048872618758931
50. Patel A, Goodman S, Yan AT, Alexander KP, Wong CL, Cheema AN, et al. Frailty and Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction: Insights From the CONCORDANCE Registry. Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Sep 18;7(18):009859. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.009859
51. Ekerstad N, Swahn E, Janzon M, Alfredsson J, Löfmark R, Lindenberger M, Carlsson P. Frailty is independently associated with short-term outcomes for elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2011 Nov 29;124(22):2397-404. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.111.025452
52. Sanchis J, Bonanad C, Ruiz V, Fernández J, García-Blas S, Mainar L, et al. Frailty and other geriatric conditions for risk stratification of older patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am Heart J. 2014 Nov;168(5): 784-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.07.022
53. Salinas GLA, Fernández SM, Izco PM, Del Castillo MÁ, Díaz RLM,  Granero LC, et al. Frailty predicts major bleeding within 30 days in elderly patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Nov 1;222:590-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.268
54. Dodson JA, Hochman JS, Roe MT, Chen AY, Chaudhry SI, Katz S, et al. The Association of Frailty with In-Hospital Bleeding Among Older Adults with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Insights from the ACTION Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Inter. 2018 Nov 26;11(22):2287-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2018.08.028
55. O'Caoimh R, Igras E, Ramesh A, Power B, O'Connor K, Liston R. Assessing the Appropriateness of Oral Anticoagulation for Atrial Fibrillation in Advanced Frailty: Use of Stroke and Bleeding Risk-Prediction Models. J Frailty Aging. 2017;6(1):46-52. doi: 10.14283/ jfa.2016.118
56. Lefebvre MC, St-Onge M, Glazer-Cavanagh M, Bell L, Kha Nguyen JN, Viet-Quoc Nguyen P, Tannenbaum C. The Effect of Bleeding Risk and Frailty Status on Anticoagulation Patterns in Octogenarians with Atrial Fibrillation: The FRAIL-AF Study. Can J Cardiol. 2016 Feb;32(2):169-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.05.012
57. Pulignano G, Del Sindaco D, Tinti MD, Di Lenarda A, Alunni G, Senni M, et al. IMAGE-HF Study Investigators. Atrial fibrillation, cognitive impairment, frailty and disability in older heart failure patients. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2016 Aug;17(8):616-23. doi: 10.2459/ JCM.0000000000000366
58. Sun-Wook Kim, Sol-Ji Yoon, Jung-Yeon Choi, Min-Gu Kang, Kwang-Il Kim, Cheol-Ho Kim. Os 27-05 Frailty Assessment in Older Atrial Fibrillation Patients. J Hypertens. 2016;34:250.
59. Kim S, Yoon S, Choi J, Kang M, Kim K, Kim C. Frailty Assessment in Older Atrial Fibrillation Patients: A98. J Am Geriatrics Society. 2016;64: 51-2.
60. Wilkinson C, Todd O, Clegg A, Gale CP, Hall M. Management of atrial fibrillation for older people with frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018 Nov 15. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy180
61. Perera V, Bajorek BV, Matthews S, Hilmer SN. The impact of frailty on the utilisation of antithrombotic therapy in older patients with atrial fibrillation. Age Ageing. 2009 Mar;38(2):156-62. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afn293
62. Bo M, Li Puma F, Badinella Martini M, Falcone Y, Iacovino M, Grisoglio E, et al. Effects of oral anticoagulant therapy in older medical in-patients with atrial fibrillation: a prospective cohort observational study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017 Jun;29(3):491-7. doi: 10.1007/s40520-016-0569-7
63. Koh LY, Hwang NC. Frailty in cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac and Vascular Anesthesia. 2018 Febr.
64. Afilalo J, Lauck S, Kim DH. Older adults undergoing aortic valve replacement: the FRAILTY-AVR study. J Am College of Cardiol. 2017;70(6):689-700. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.024
65. Rajabali N, Rolfson D, Bagshaw SM. Assessment and utility of frailty measures in critical illness, cardiology, and cardiac surgery. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:1157-65. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.05.011
66. Dent E, Kowal P, Hoogendijk EO. Frailty measurement in research and clinical practice: a review. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;31:3-10. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.03.007

________________________________________________

1. Carver LF, Beamish R, Phillips SP. Successful Aging: Illness and Social Connections. Geriatrics (Basel). 2018 Jan;18:3(1). doi: 10.3390/geriatrics 3010003
2. Executive Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 164-r of February 5, 2016, «On Approval of the Action Strategy in the Interests of Senior Citizens in the Russian Federation until 2025». Available at: https://rosmintrud.ru/docs/government/173. Active link 26.04.2019 (In Russ.)
3. Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernadei R, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6): 392-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022
4. 2018 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Frailty of the Russian Association of Gerontologist and Geriatricians. Available at: http://yakmed.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Asteniya_recomend.pdf. Active link 26.04.2019 (In Russ.) Available at: http://yakmed.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/ 07/Asteniya_recomend.pdf.
5. Turner G. Best practice guidelines for the management of frailty: a British Geriatrics Society, Age UK and Royal College of General Practitioners report. Age Ageing. 2014;43(6):744-7. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afu138
6. Bortz W. The physics of frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:1004-8.
7. Hogan DB, MacKnight C, Bergman H. Models, definitions, and criteria of frailty. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15:3-29.
8. Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: towards a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:991-1001. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00745.x
9. Vellas B, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Nourashemi F, et al. Falls, frailty and osteoporosis in the elderly: a public health problem. Rev Med Inter. 2000;21:608-13.
10. Buchner DM, Wagner EH. Preventing frail health. Clin Geriatr Med. 1992;8:1-17.
11. Gill TM, Gahbauer EA, Allore HG, Han L. Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons. Arch Inter Med. 2006;166:418-23. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.4.418
12. Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Andersen G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59: 255-63.
13. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, et al. Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62:744-51.
14. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, et al. Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women. Arch Intern  Med.  2008;168(4):382-9. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2007.113.
15. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:146-56. 
16. Bandeen-Roche K, Xue QL, Ferrucci L. Phenotype of frailty: characterization in the Women's Health and Aging Studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61:262-6.
17. Fugate Woods N, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, et al. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1221-30.
18. Cesari M, Leeuwenburgh C, Lauretani F, et al. Frailty syndrome and skeletal muscle: results from the Invecchiare in Chianti study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1142-8. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1142
19. Puts MTE, Lips P, Deeg DJH. Sex differences in the risk of frailty for mortality independent of disability and chronic diseases. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:40-7.
20. Buta BJ. Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of  highly-cited instruments. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;26:53-61.
21. Fried LP. The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale.  Ann Epidemiol. 1991;1:263-76.
22. Mitnitski AB, Mogilner AJ, Rockwood K. Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging. Scientific World J. 2001;1:323-36. doi: 10.1100/ tsw.2001.58
23. Jones DM, Song X, Rockwood K. Operationalizing a frailty index from a standardized comprehensive geriatric. Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:1929-33.
24. McDonagh J, Martin L, Ferguson C, et al. Frailty assessment instruments in heart failure: a systematic review. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2018;17:23-35. doi: 10.1177/1474515117708888
25. Lauerman MH, Raithel M, Kufera J, Shanmuganathan K, Bruns BR, Scalea TM, Stein DM. Comparison of individual and composite radiographic markers of frailty in trauma. Injury. 2019 Jan;50(1):149-55. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.11.004
26. Kaplan SJ, Pham TN, Arbabi S, Gross JA, Damodarasamy M, Bentov I, et al. Association of Radiologic Indicators of Frailty With 1-Year Mortality in Older Trauma Patients: Opportunistic Screening for Sarcopenia and Osteopenia. JAMA Surg. 2017 Feb 15;152(2):164604. doi: 10.1001/jama surg.2016.4604
27. Cawthon PM, Marshall LM, Michael Y, et al. Frailty in older men: prevalence, progression, and relationship with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1216-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01259.x
28. Ottenbacher KJ, Ostir GV, Kristen Peek M, Al Snih S, Raji MA, Markides KS. Frailty in older Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1524-31.
29. Mohr BA, Bhasin S, Kupelian V, Araujo AB, O'Donnell AB, McKinlay JB. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and frailty in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:548-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.0112 1.x
30. Afilalo J, Alexander KP, Mack MJ, et al. Frailty Assessment in the Cardiovascular Care of Older Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:747-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.070
31. Verschoor CP, Tamim H. Frailty is inversely related to age at menopause and elevated in women who have had a hysterectomy: an analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018 Apr 24. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly092
32. Cook MJ, Oldroyd A, Pye SR, Ward KA, Gielen E, Ravindrarajah R, et al. EMAS Study Group. Frailty and bone health in European men. Age Ageing. 2017 Jul 1;46(4):635-41. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afw205
33. Santos-Eggimann B, et al. Prevalenceof frailty in middle age dandoldercommunity-dwelling Europeans livingin 10 countries. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(6):675-81.
34. Lewis EG, Coles S, Howorth K, Kissima J, Gray W, Urasa S, et al. The prevalence and characteristics of frailty by frailty phenotype in rural Tanzania. BMC Geriatr. 2018 Nov 16;18(1):283. doi: 10.1186/s12877-018-0967-0
35. Haider S, Grabovac I, Dorner TE. Fulfillment of physical activity guidelines in the general population and frailty status in the elderly population. A correlation study of data from11 European countries. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2018 July. doi: 10.1007/s00508-018-1408-y
36. Hamano J, Oishi A, Kizawa Y. Prevalence and characteristics of patients being at risk of deteriorating and dying in primary care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Nov 14:0885-3924(18)31067-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsy mman.2018.11.006
37. Cardona M, O'Sullivan M, Lewis ET, Turner RM, Garden F, et al. Reducing prognostic uncertainty in older patients with a checklist for use in emergency departments: a prospective validation study. Acad Emerg Med. 2018 Nov14. doi: 10.1111/acem.13664
38. Villacampa-Fernandez P, Navarro-Pardo E, Tarin JJ, Cano A. Frailty and multimorbidity: Two related yet different concepts. Maturitas. 2017;95: 31-5.
39. Veronese N, Cereda E, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Luchini C, Manzato E, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in frail and pre-frail older adults: Results from a meta-analysis and exploratory meta-regression analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2017 May 35:63-73. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.003
40. Ricci NA, Pessoa GS, Ferriolli E, Dias RC, Perracini MR. Frailty and cardiovascular risk in community-dwelling elderly: a population-based study. Clin Interv Aging. 2014 Oct 6;9:1677-85. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S6 8642
41. Bastos-Barbosa RG, Ferriolli E, Coelho EB, Moriguti JC, Nobre F, Lima NK. Association of frailty syndrome in the elderly with higher blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Hypertens. 2012 Nov;25(11):1156-61. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2012.99
42. Phan HM, Alpert JS, Fain M. Frailty, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease: evidence of a connection. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2008;17(2):101-7.
43. Wang X, Zhou C, Li Y, Li H, Cao Q, Li F. Prognostic Value of Frailty for Older Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Oct 22;2018: 8739058. doi: 10.1155/2018/8739058
44. Afilalo J, Karunananthan S, Eisenberg MJ, Alexander KP, Bergman H. Role of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Jun 1;103(11):1616-21. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.375
45. Costa D, Aladio M, Girado CA, Pérez de la Hoz R, Sara Berensztein C. Frailty is independently associated with 1-year mortality after hospitalization for acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2018 Nov 7;21:103-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2018.10.004
46. Rodríguez-Pascual C, Paredes-Galán E, Ferrero-Martínez AI, Gonzalez-Guerrero JL, Hornillos-Calvo M, Menendez-Colino R, et al. The frailty syndrome is associated with adverse health outcomes in very old patients with stable heart failure: A prospective study in six Spanish hospitals. Int J Cardiol. 2017 Jun 1;236:296-303. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.016
47. Uchmanowicz I, Lisiak M, Wontor  R, et al. Frailty syndrome in cardiovascular disease: clinical significance and research tools. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2015;14:303-9. doi: 10.1177/1474515114568059
48. Singh M, Alexander K, Roger VL, et al. Frailty and its potential relevance to cardiovascular care. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:1146-53. doi: 10.4065/83.10.1146
49. Walker DM, Gale CP, Lip G, et al. Editor’s choice – frailty and the management of patients with acute cardiovascular disease: a position paper from the acute cardiovascular care association. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018;7:176-93. doi: 10.1177/2048872618758931
50. Patel A, Goodman S, Yan AT, Alexander KP, Wong CL, Cheema AN, et al. Frailty and Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction: Insights From the CONCORDANCE Registry. Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Sep 18;7(18):009859. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.009859
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К.Е. Кривошапова1, Е.А. Вегнер2, О.Л. Барбараш1,2

1 ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Россия;
2 ФГБОУ ВО «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Кемерово, Россия

________________________________________________

K.E. Krivoshapova1, E.A. Vegner2, O.L. Barbarash1,2

1 Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Disease”, Kemerovo, Russia;
2 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kemerovo State Medical University”, Kemerovo, Russia