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Инфекция, вызванная вирусом ветряной оспы: особенности течения, клинические проявления, осложнения и возможности профилактики - Журнал Терапевтический архив №11 Инфекционные болезни 2021
Инфекция, вызванная вирусом ветряной оспы: особенности течения, клинические проявления, осложнения и возможности профилактики
Приходченко Н.Г. Инфекция, вызванная вирусом ветряной оспы: особенности течения, клинические проявления, осложнения и возможности профилактики. Терапевтический архив. 2021;93(11):1401–1406. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.11.201192
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Аннотация
Вирус ветряной оспы (Varicella zoster virus – VZV) – патогенный вирус герпеса человека, который вызывает ветряную оспу в качестве первичной инфекции, после чего он длительно и латентно персистирует в периферических ганглиях. Спустя десятилетия вирус может реактивироваться спонтанно либо после воздействия ряда триггерных факторов, вызывая опоясывающий герпес (опоясывающий лишай). Причины длительной персистенции VZV постепенно раскрываются, но некоторые вопросы в настоящее время остаются неизвестными. Ветряная оспа и ее осложнения протекают особенно тяжело у пациентов с ослабленным иммунитетом, но нередко встречаются и у людей без факторов риска. Наиболее частым и важным осложнением реактивации VZV является постгерпетическая невралгия, нередко развиваются энцефалит, сегментарная моторная слабость и миелопатия, черепные невропатии, гастроинтестинальные осложнения. Единственным научно обоснованным эффективным и доступным способом массовой профилактики в настоящее время остается вакцинация. Вакцины против ветряной оспы безопасны и эффективны в предотвращении заболеваемости и смертности, ассоциированных с этим заболеванием.
Ключевые слова: ветряная оспа, опоясывающий герпес, вирус Varicella zoster, постгерпетическая невралгия, вакцина от ветряной оспы
Keywords: varicella, herpes zoster, Varicella zoster virus, postherpetic neuralgia, Herpes zoster vaccine
Ключевые слова: ветряная оспа, опоясывающий герпес, вирус Varicella zoster, постгерпетическая невралгия, вакцина от ветряной оспы
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Keywords: varicella, herpes zoster, Varicella zoster virus, postherpetic neuralgia, Herpes zoster vaccine
Полный текст
Список литературы
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38. Yin M, Xu X, Liang Y, Ni J. Effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of one vs. two-dose varicella vaccination: a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17(4):351-62. DOI:10.1080/14760584.2018.1433999
DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine. 2014.07.068
2. Aschner CB, Herold BC. Alphaherpesvirus Vaccines. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2021;41:469-508. DOI:10.21775/cimb.041.469
3. Vishnjova EA, Kostinov MP, Mazankova LN, et al. Resolution of the Forum of Experts of the Russian Federation "Chicken pox: a serious infectious threat to the Russian Federation, which can be prevented by vaccination" on December 7, 2019. Voprosy sovremennoj pediatrii. 2019;18(6):491-4 (in Russian).
4. Oliver SL, Zhou M, Arvin AM. Varicella-zoster virus: molecular controls of cell fusion-dependent pathogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2020;48(6):2415-35. DOI:10.1042/BST20190511
5. Peredelskaja EA, Safjanova TV. Retrospective analysis of the incidence of chickenpox in the Altai Territory and the city of Barnaul for 2001–2019. Sanitarnyj vrach. 2020;9:21-31 (in Russian). DOI:10.31684/2541-8475.2019.3(15).13-16
6. Gershon AA, Breuer J, Cohen JI, et al. Varicella zoster virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2015;1:15016. DOI:10.1038/nrdp.2015.16
7. Nagel MA, Gilden DH. The protean neurologic manifestations of varicella-zoster virus. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007;74:489-504. DOI:10.3949/ccjm.74.7.489
8. Ouwendijk WJ, Choe A, Nagel MA, et al. Restricted varicella-zoster virus transcription in human trigeminal ganglia obtained soon after death. J Virol. 2012;86:10203-6. DOI:10.1128/JVI.01331-12
9. Nagel MA, Choe A, Traktinskiy I, et al. Varicella-zoster virus transcriptome in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol. 2011;85:2276‑87. Doi:10.1128/JVI.01862-10
10. Gershon AA, Chen J, Davis L, et al. Latency of varicella zoster virus in dorsal root, cranial, and enteric ganglia in vaccinated children. Trans Am Clin Clim Assoc. 2012;123:17-33. DOI:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1
11. Kennedy PG, Rovnak J, Badani H, Cohrs RJ. A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation. J Gen Virol. 2015;96:1581-602. DOI:10.1099/vir.0.000128
12. Mazankova LN, Samitova JeR, Gorbunov SG, et al. Clinical variants of complications of chickenpox in children. Praktika pediatra. 2019;3:13-6 (in Russian)
13. Petlah VI, Konovalov AK, Konstantinova IN, Kistineva AA. Necrotizing epifascial phlegmon in children with chickenpox. Lechenie i profilaktika. 2020;10(3):82-6 (in Russian)
14. Ong CY, Low SG, Vasanwala FF, et al. Varicella infections in patients with end stage renal disease: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):185.
DOI:10.1186/s12882-018-0976-4
15. Nagel MA, Gilden D. Update on varicella zoster virus vasculopathy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:407. DOI:10.1007/s11908-014-0407-z
16. Kennedy PG. Issues in the Treatment of Neurological Conditions Caused by Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13:509-13.
DOI:10.1007/s13311-016-0430-x
17. Gershon AA, Gershon M. Varicella Zoster Virus and Giant Cell Arteritis. J Infect Dis. 2016;213:1859-61. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiw110
18. Depledge DP, Ouwendijk WJD, Sadaoka T, et al. A spliced latency-associated VZV transcript maps antisense to the viral transactivator gene 61. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1167. DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-03569-2
19. Chen JJ, Gershon AA, Li Z, et al. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects and establishes latency in enteric neurons. J Neurovirol. 2011;17(6):578-89. DOI:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1
20. Gershon AA, Chen J, Gershon MD. Use of saliva to identify varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of the gut. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:536‑44. DOI:10.1093/cid/civ320
21. Gilden D, Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ. Varicella-zoster. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;123:265-83. DOI:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1
22. Gershon AA. Is chickenpox so bad, what do we know about immunity to varicella zoster virus, and what does it tell us about the future? J Infect. 2017;74(Suppl. 1):S27–S33. DOI:10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30188-3
23. Gershon M, Gershon A. Varicella-Zoster Virus and the Enteric Nervous System. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(Suppl. 2):S113–9.
DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy407
24. Gabutti G, Franchi M, Maniscalco L, Stefanati A. Varicella-zoster virus: pathogenesis, incidence patterns and vaccination programs. Minerva Pediatr. 2016;68(3):213-25. DOI:10.2147/itt.s176383
25. Haberthur K, Engelmann F, Park B, et al. CD4 T cell immunity is critical for the control of simian varicella virus infection in a nonhuman primate model of VZV infection. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(11):e1002367. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002367
26. Malavige GN, Jones L, Kamaladasa SD, et al. Viral load, clinical disease severity and cellular immune responses in primary varicella zoster virus infection in Sri Lanka. PLoS One. 2018;3(11):e3789. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003789
27. Saburova OA, Butina TJu, Rjumin AM, et al. Immunological criteria for predicting severe and complicated forms of chickenpox. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine. 2020;12(4):48-54 (in Russian). DOI:10.17691/stm2020.12.4.06
28. Denny JT, Rocke ZM, McRae VA, et al. Varicella Pneumonia: Case Report and Review of a Potentially Lethal Complication of a Common Disease. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2018;6:2324709618770230. DOI:10.1177/2324709618770230
29. Murphy M, Berns AL, Bandyopadhyay U, et al. Varicella in the prison setting: A report of three outbreaks in Rhode Island and a review of the literature. Vaccine. 2018;36(37):5651-6.
DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.031
30. Mehta SK, Cohrs RJ, Forghani B, et al. Stress-induced subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in astronauts. J Med Virol. 2004;72:174-9. DOI:10.1002/jmv.10555
31. Nagel MA, Gilden D. Update on varicella zoster virus vasculopathy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:407. DOI:10.1007/s11908-014-0407-z
32. Kennedy PG. Issues in the Treatment of Neurological Conditions Caused by Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13:509-13.
DOI:10.1007/s13311-016-0430-x
33. Buckingham EM, Foley MA, Grose C, et al. Identification of Herpes Zoster-Associated Temporal Arteritis Among Cases of Giant Cell Arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;187:51-60.
DOI:10.1016/j.ajo.2017.12.017
34. Nikolaeva SV, Pogorelova OO, Hlypovka JuN, Gorelov AV. Vaccine prophylaxis of varicella zoster: the relevance of the problem. Medicinskij sovet. 2020;10:28-33 (in Russian). DOI:10.21518/2079-701X-2020-10-28-33
35. Shaw J, Gershon AA. Varicella Virus Vaccination in the United States. Viral Immunol. 2017;31:96-103. DOI:10.1089/vim.2017.0136
36. Wutzler P, Bonanni P, Burgess M, et al. Varicella vaccination – the global experience. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(8):833-43.
DOI:10.1080/14760584.2017.1343669
37. Willis ED, Woodward M, Brown E, et al. Herpes zoster vaccine live: a 10 year review of post-marketing safety experience. Vaccine. 2017;35:7231-9. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.013
38. Yin M, Xu X, Liang Y, Ni J. Effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of one vs. two-dose varicella vaccination: a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17(4):351-62. DOI:10.1080/14760584.2018.1433999
DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine. 2014.07.068
2. Aschner CB, Herold BC. Alphaherpesvirus Vaccines. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2021;41:469-508. DOI:10.21775/cimb.041.469
3. Вишнева Е.А., Костинов М.П., Мазанкова Л.Н., и др. Резолюция форума экспертов Российской Федерации «Ветряная оспа: серьезная инфекционная угроза для РФ, которая может быть предотвращена вакцинацией» 7 декабря 2019 г. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2019;18(6):491-4 [Vishnjova EA, Kostinov MP, Mazankova LN, et al. Resolution of the Forum of Experts of the Russian Federation "Chicken pox: a serious infectious threat to the Russian Federation, which can be prevented by vaccination" on December 7, 2019. Voprosy sovremennoj pediatrii. 2019;18(6):491-4 (in Russian)].
4. Oliver SL, Zhou M, Arvin AM. Varicella-zoster virus: molecular controls of cell fusion-dependent pathogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2020;48(6):2415-35. DOI:10.1042/BST20190511
5. Передельская Е.А., Сафьянова Т.В. Ретроспективный анализ заболеваемости ветряной оспой в Алтайском крае и городе Барнауле за 2001–2019 годы. Санитарный врач. 2020;9:21‑31 [Peredelskaja EA, Safjanova TV. Retrospective analysis of the incidence of chickenpox in the Altai Territory and the city of Barnaul for 2001–2019. Sanitarnyj vrach. 2020;9:21-31 (in Russian)].
DOI:10.31684/2541-8475.2019.3(15).13-16
6. Gershon AA, Breuer J, Cohen JI, et al. Varicella zoster virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2015;1:15016. DOI:10.1038/nrdp.2015.16
7. Nagel MA, Gilden DH. The protean neurologic manifestations of varicella-zoster virus. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007;74:489-504. DOI:10.3949/ccjm.74.7.489
8. Ouwendijk WJ, Choe A, Nagel MA, et al. Restricted varicella-zoster virus transcription in human trigeminal ganglia obtained soon after death. J Virol. 2012;86:10203-6. DOI:10.1128/JVI.01331-12
9. Nagel MA, Choe A, Traktinskiy I, et al. Varicella-zoster virus transcriptome in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol. 2011;85:2276‑87. Doi:10.1128/JVI.01862-10
10. Gershon AA, Chen J, Davis L, et al. Latency of varicella zoster virus in dorsal root, cranial, and enteric ganglia in vaccinated children. Trans Am Clin Clim Assoc. 2012;123:17-33. DOI:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1
11. Kennedy PG, Rovnak J, Badani H, Cohrs RJ. A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation. J Gen Virol. 2015;96:1581-602. DOI:10.1099/vir.0.000128
12. Мазанкова Л.Н., Самитова Э.Р., Горбунов С.Г., и др. Клинические варианты осложнений ветряной оспы у детей. Практика педиатра. 2019;3:13-6 [Mazankova LN, Samitova JeR, Gorbunov SG, et al. Clinical variants of complications of chickenpox in children. Praktika pediatra. 2019;3:13-6 (in Russian)]
13. Петлах В.И., Коновалов А.К., Константинова И.Н., Кистинева А.А. Некротические эпифасциальные флегмоны у детей с ветряной оспой. Лечение и профилактика. 2020;10(3):82‑6 [Petlah VI, Konovalov AK, Konstantinova IN, Kistineva AA. Necrotizing epifascial phlegmon in children with chickenpox. Lechenie i profilaktika. 2020;10(3):82-6 (in Russian)]
14. Ong CY, Low SG, Vasanwala FF, et al. Varicella infections in patients with end stage renal disease: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):185.
DOI:10.1186/s12882-018-0976-4
15. Nagel MA, Gilden D. Update on varicella zoster virus vasculopathy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:407. DOI:10.1007/s11908-014-0407-z
16. Kennedy PG. Issues in the Treatment of Neurological Conditions Caused by Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13:509-13. DOI:10.1007/s13311-016-0430-x
17. Gershon AA, Gershon M. Varicella Zoster Virus and Giant Cell Arteritis. J Infect Dis. 2016;213:1859-61. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiw110
18. Depledge DP, Ouwendijk WJD, Sadaoka T, et al. A spliced latency-associated VZV transcript maps antisense to the viral transactivator gene 61. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1167. DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-03569-2
19. Chen JJ, Gershon AA, Li Z, et al. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects and establishes latency in enteric neurons. J Neurovirol. 2011;17(6):578-89. DOI:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1
20. Gershon AA, Chen J, Gershon MD. Use of saliva to identify varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of the gut. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:536‑44. DOI:10.1093/cid/civ320
21. Gilden D, Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ. Varicella-zoster. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;123:265-83. DOI:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1
22. Gershon AA. Is chickenpox so bad, what do we know about immunity to varicella zoster virus, and what does it tell us about the future? J Infect. 2017;74(Suppl. 1):S27–S33. DOI:10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30188-3
23. Gershon M, Gershon A. Varicella-Zoster Virus and the Enteric Nervous System. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(Suppl. 2):S113–9.
DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy407
24. Gabutti G, Franchi M, Maniscalco L, Stefanati A. Varicella-zoster virus: pathogenesis, incidence patterns and vaccination programs. Minerva Pediatr. 2016;68(3):213-25. DOI:10.2147/itt.s176383
25. Haberthur K, Engelmann F, Park B, et al. CD4 T cell immunity is critical for the control of simian varicella virus infection in a nonhuman primate model of VZV infection. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(11):e1002367. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002367
26. Malavige GN, Jones L, Kamaladasa SD, et al. Viral load, clinical disease severity and cellular immune responses in primary varicella zoster virus infection in Sri Lanka. PLoS One. 2018;3(11):e3789. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003789
27. Сабурова О.А., Бутина Т.Ю., Рюмин А.М., и др. Иммунологические критерии прогнозирования тяжелых и осложненных форм ветряной оспы. Современные технологии в медицине. 2020;12(4):48‑54 [Saburova OA, Butina TJu, Rjumin AM, et al. Immunological criteria for predicting severe and complicated forms of chickenpox. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine. 2020;12(4):48-54 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17691/stm2020.12.4.06
28. Denny JT, Rocke ZM, McRae VA, et al. Varicella Pneumonia: Case Report and Review of a Potentially Lethal Complication of a Common Disease. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2018;6:2324709618770230. DOI:10.1177/2324709618770230
29. Murphy M, Berns AL, Bandyopadhyay U, et al. Varicella in the prison setting: A report of three outbreaks in Rhode Island and a review of the literature. Vaccine. 2018;36(37):5651-6.
DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.031
30. Mehta SK, Cohrs RJ, Forghani B, et al. Stress-induced subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in astronauts. J Med Virol. 2004;72:174-9. DOI:10.1002/jmv.10555
31. Nagel MA, Gilden D. Update on varicella zoster virus vasculopathy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:407. DOI:10.1007/s11908-014-0407-z
32. Kennedy PG. Issues in the Treatment of Neurological Conditions Caused by Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13:509-13. DOI:10.1007/s13311-016-0430-x
33. Buckingham EM, Foley MA, Grose C, et al. Identification of Herpes Zoster-Associated Temporal Arteritis Among Cases of Giant Cell Arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;187:51-60.
DOI:10.1016/j.ajo.2017.12.017
34. Николаева С.В., Погорелова О.О., Хлыповка Ю.Н., Горелов А.В. Вакцинопрофилактика ветряной оспы: актуальность проблемы. Медицинский совет. 2020;10:28-33 [Nikolaeva SV, Pogorelova OO, Hlypovka JuN, Gorelov AV. Vaccine prophylaxis of varicella zoster: the relevance of the problem. Medicinskij sovet. 2020;10:28-33 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.21518/2079-701X-2020-10-28-33
35. Shaw J, Gershon AA. Varicella Virus Vaccination in the United States. Viral Immunol. 2017;31:96-103. DOI:10.1089/vim.2017.0136
36. Wutzler P, Bonanni P, Burgess M, et al. Varicella vaccination – the global experience. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(8):833-43.
DOI:10.1080/14760584.2017.1343669
37. Willis ED, Woodward M, Brown E, et al. Herpes zoster vaccine live: a 10 year review of post-marketing safety experience. Vaccine. 2017;35:7231-9. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.013
38. Yin M, Xu X, Liang Y, Ni J. Effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of one vs. two-dose varicella vaccination: a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17(4):351-62. DOI:10.1080/14760584.2018.1433999
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DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine. 2014.07.068
2. Aschner CB, Herold BC. Alphaherpesvirus Vaccines. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2021;41:469-508. DOI:10.21775/cimb.041.469
3. Vishnjova EA, Kostinov MP, Mazankova LN, et al. Resolution of the Forum of Experts of the Russian Federation "Chicken pox: a serious infectious threat to the Russian Federation, which can be prevented by vaccination" on December 7, 2019. Voprosy sovremennoj pediatrii. 2019;18(6):491-4 (in Russian).
4. Oliver SL, Zhou M, Arvin AM. Varicella-zoster virus: molecular controls of cell fusion-dependent pathogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans. 2020;48(6):2415-35. DOI:10.1042/BST20190511
5. Peredelskaja EA, Safjanova TV. Retrospective analysis of the incidence of chickenpox in the Altai Territory and the city of Barnaul for 2001–2019. Sanitarnyj vrach. 2020;9:21-31 (in Russian). DOI:10.31684/2541-8475.2019.3(15).13-16
6. Gershon AA, Breuer J, Cohen JI, et al. Varicella zoster virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2015;1:15016. DOI:10.1038/nrdp.2015.16
7. Nagel MA, Gilden DH. The protean neurologic manifestations of varicella-zoster virus. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007;74:489-504. DOI:10.3949/ccjm.74.7.489
8. Ouwendijk WJ, Choe A, Nagel MA, et al. Restricted varicella-zoster virus transcription in human trigeminal ganglia obtained soon after death. J Virol. 2012;86:10203-6. DOI:10.1128/JVI.01331-12
9. Nagel MA, Choe A, Traktinskiy I, et al. Varicella-zoster virus transcriptome in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol. 2011;85:2276‑87. Doi:10.1128/JVI.01862-10
10. Gershon AA, Chen J, Davis L, et al. Latency of varicella zoster virus in dorsal root, cranial, and enteric ganglia in vaccinated children. Trans Am Clin Clim Assoc. 2012;123:17-33. DOI:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1
11. Kennedy PG, Rovnak J, Badani H, Cohrs RJ. A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation. J Gen Virol. 2015;96:1581-602. DOI:10.1099/vir.0.000128
12. Mazankova LN, Samitova JeR, Gorbunov SG, et al. Clinical variants of complications of chickenpox in children. Praktika pediatra. 2019;3:13-6 (in Russian)
13. Petlah VI, Konovalov AK, Konstantinova IN, Kistineva AA. Necrotizing epifascial phlegmon in children with chickenpox. Lechenie i profilaktika. 2020;10(3):82-6 (in Russian)
14. Ong CY, Low SG, Vasanwala FF, et al. Varicella infections in patients with end stage renal disease: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):185.
DOI:10.1186/s12882-018-0976-4
15. Nagel MA, Gilden D. Update on varicella zoster virus vasculopathy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:407. DOI:10.1007/s11908-014-0407-z
16. Kennedy PG. Issues in the Treatment of Neurological Conditions Caused by Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13:509-13.
DOI:10.1007/s13311-016-0430-x
17. Gershon AA, Gershon M. Varicella Zoster Virus and Giant Cell Arteritis. J Infect Dis. 2016;213:1859-61. DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiw110
18. Depledge DP, Ouwendijk WJD, Sadaoka T, et al. A spliced latency-associated VZV transcript maps antisense to the viral transactivator gene 61. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1167. DOI:10.1038/s41467-018-03569-2
19. Chen JJ, Gershon AA, Li Z, et al. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects and establishes latency in enteric neurons. J Neurovirol. 2011;17(6):578-89. DOI:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1
20. Gershon AA, Chen J, Gershon MD. Use of saliva to identify varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of the gut. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:536‑44. DOI:10.1093/cid/civ320
21. Gilden D, Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ. Varicella-zoster. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;123:265-83. DOI:10.1007/s13365-011-0070-1
22. Gershon AA. Is chickenpox so bad, what do we know about immunity to varicella zoster virus, and what does it tell us about the future? J Infect. 2017;74(Suppl. 1):S27–S33. DOI:10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30188-3
23. Gershon M, Gershon A. Varicella-Zoster Virus and the Enteric Nervous System. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(Suppl. 2):S113–9.
DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy407
24. Gabutti G, Franchi M, Maniscalco L, Stefanati A. Varicella-zoster virus: pathogenesis, incidence patterns and vaccination programs. Minerva Pediatr. 2016;68(3):213-25. DOI:10.2147/itt.s176383
25. Haberthur K, Engelmann F, Park B, et al. CD4 T cell immunity is critical for the control of simian varicella virus infection in a nonhuman primate model of VZV infection. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(11):e1002367. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002367
26. Malavige GN, Jones L, Kamaladasa SD, et al. Viral load, clinical disease severity and cellular immune responses in primary varicella zoster virus infection in Sri Lanka. PLoS One. 2018;3(11):e3789. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003789
27. Saburova OA, Butina TJu, Rjumin AM, et al. Immunological criteria for predicting severe and complicated forms of chickenpox. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine. 2020;12(4):48-54 (in Russian). DOI:10.17691/stm2020.12.4.06
28. Denny JT, Rocke ZM, McRae VA, et al. Varicella Pneumonia: Case Report and Review of a Potentially Lethal Complication of a Common Disease. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2018;6:2324709618770230. DOI:10.1177/2324709618770230
29. Murphy M, Berns AL, Bandyopadhyay U, et al. Varicella in the prison setting: A report of three outbreaks in Rhode Island and a review of the literature. Vaccine. 2018;36(37):5651-6.
DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.031
30. Mehta SK, Cohrs RJ, Forghani B, et al. Stress-induced subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in astronauts. J Med Virol. 2004;72:174-9. DOI:10.1002/jmv.10555
31. Nagel MA, Gilden D. Update on varicella zoster virus vasculopathy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:407. DOI:10.1007/s11908-014-0407-z
32. Kennedy PG. Issues in the Treatment of Neurological Conditions Caused by Reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13:509-13.
DOI:10.1007/s13311-016-0430-x
33. Buckingham EM, Foley MA, Grose C, et al. Identification of Herpes Zoster-Associated Temporal Arteritis Among Cases of Giant Cell Arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;187:51-60.
DOI:10.1016/j.ajo.2017.12.017
34. Nikolaeva SV, Pogorelova OO, Hlypovka JuN, Gorelov AV. Vaccine prophylaxis of varicella zoster: the relevance of the problem. Medicinskij sovet. 2020;10:28-33 (in Russian). DOI:10.21518/2079-701X-2020-10-28-33
35. Shaw J, Gershon AA. Varicella Virus Vaccination in the United States. Viral Immunol. 2017;31:96-103. DOI:10.1089/vim.2017.0136
36. Wutzler P, Bonanni P, Burgess M, et al. Varicella vaccination – the global experience. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(8):833-43.
DOI:10.1080/14760584.2017.1343669
37. Willis ED, Woodward M, Brown E, et al. Herpes zoster vaccine live: a 10 year review of post-marketing safety experience. Vaccine. 2017;35:7231-9. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.013
38. Yin M, Xu X, Liang Y, Ni J. Effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of one vs. two-dose varicella vaccination: a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17(4):351-62. DOI:10.1080/14760584.2018.1433999
Авторы
Nelli G. Prikhodchenko*
Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
*prikhodchenko_n@mail.ru
Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
*prikhodchenko_n@mail.ru
Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
*prikhodchenko_n@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
*prikhodchenko_n@mail.ru
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