Цель. Определить критерии оптимального применения блокаторов рецепторов интерлейкина (ИЛ)-6 у пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией COVID-19 на основе предикторов неблагоприятных исходов. Материалы и методы. В одноцентровое нерандомизированное проспективное исследование включены 190 пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией, вызванной коронавирусом-2, в период с начала марта до конца мая 2020 г. Из них 89 человек получили тоцилизумаб, а 101 пациент – сарилумаб. Критерий включения в исследование – показания для инициации терапии одним из ингибиторов рецепторов ИЛ-6 (анти-ИЛ-6Р) согласно Временным методическим рекомендациям (версии 4 и 5). Критерий исключения – необходимость повторного назначения генно-инженерной биологической терапии. Тяжесть состояния пациента оценивалась по шкале раннего реагирования (NEWS2), объему поражения легочной ткани по данным компьютерной томографии. Лабораторный мониторинг включал: подсчет абсолютного количества лимфоцитов, уровни в сыворотке крови С-реактивного белка, ИЛ-6, D-димера, лактатдегидрогеназы, фибриногена. Статистическая обработка данных проводилась непараметрическими методами в программе IBM SPSS Statistics V-22. Результаты. Описан фенотип пациента с негативным прогнозом исхода: пациент мужского пола старше 50 лет с отягощенным преморбидным фоном (с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, ожирением и/или с хронической почечной патологией), объемом поражения легких по компьютерной томографии 3–4, сатурацией менее 93% при вдыхании атмосферного воздуха, сохраняющейся в течение 24–48 ч после генно-инженерной биологической терапии. В анализе крови – лимфопения ниже 1000 Ед/л и уровень C-реактивного белка выше 50 мг/л. Лабораторные показатели и клиническая картина пациента прогрессивно ухудшались после 9–11-го дня болезни, независимо от применения анти-ИЛ-6Р. Определены особенности мониторинга пациентов при назначении блокаторов рецепторов ИЛ-6Р. Заключение. Назначение блокаторов ИЛ-6Р пациентам, госпитализированным с тяжелой формой COVID-19, должно опережать развитие гипервоспалительных реакций. Оптимальным «терапевтическим окном» является 7–8-й день болезни.
Aim. To determine the criteria for the optimal use of IL-6 receptor blockers in patients with COVID-19 community-acquired pneumonia based on predictors of adverse outcomes. Materials and methods. The single-center, non-randomized prospective study included 190 patients with community-acquired pneumonia caused by coronavirus 2 between the beginning of March and the end of May 2020. Of these, 89 patients received tocilizumab and 101 patients received sarilumab. The study inclusion criterion for the patient was indications for initiating therapy with one of the inhibitors of IL-6 receptors (anti-IL-6R) according to the Interim guidelines (versions 4 and 5). The exclusion criterion was the need to re-prescribe genetically engineered biological therapy (GEBT). The severity of the patient's condition was assessed according to the early warning score (NEWS2), the volume of lung tissue lesions was assessed according to computed tomography (CT). Laboratory monitoring included counting the absolute (abs) number of lymphocytes, serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, fibrinogen. Statistical data processing was conducted by nonparametric methods using the IBM SPSS Statistics V-22 software. Results. The phenotype of a patient with a negative outcome prognosis was described: a male patient over 50 years of age with aggravated premorbid background (with cardiovascular diseases, obesity and/or chronic renal disease), lung lesion CT 3–4, saturation less than 93% upon inhalation of atmospheric air, persisting for 24–48 hours after GEBT. According to the blood test, lymphopenia was below 1000 U/L and CRP levels were above 50 mg/L. The laboratory parameters and clinical picture of the patient progressively worsened after 9–11 days of illness, regardless of the use of Anti-IL-6R. The features of patients monitoring when administering IL-6 receptor blockers have been determined. Conclusion. IL-6 receptor blockers should be administered to patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 before the development of hyperinflammatory reactions. The optimal "therapeutic window" is 7–8 days of illness.
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3. Zhang ZL, Hou YL, Li DT, Li FZ. Laboratory findings of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2020;80(6):441-7. DOI:10.1080/00365513.2020.1768587
4. Li S, Jiang L, Li X, et al. Clinical and pathological investigation of patients with severe COVID-19. JCI Insight. 2020;5(12):e138070. DOI:10.1172/jci.insight.138070
5. Zhu J, Pang J, Ji P, et al. Elevated interleukin-6 is associated with severity of COVID-19: a meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):35-7. DOI:10.1002/jmv.26085
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7. Tharmarajah E, Buazon A, Patel V, et al. IL-6 inhibition in the treatment of COVID-19: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Infect. 2021;82(5):178-85. DOI:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.03.008
8. Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10285):1637-45. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00676-0
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11. Fomina DS, Lysenko MA, Beloglazova IP, et al. Temporal Clinical and Laboratory Response to Interleukin-6 Receptor Blockade With Tocilizumab in 89 Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia. Pathog Immun. 2020;5(1):327-41. DOI:10.20411/pai.v5i1.392
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2021/02/Interim-clinical-commissioning-policy-IL-6-inhibitors-tocilizumab-or-sarilumab-for-hospitalised-patients-with-.pdf. Accessed: 24.02.2021.
13. Coronavirus Interim Clinical Commissioning Policy: sarilumab for critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (adults). Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/
2021/02/C1142-interim-clinical-commissioning-policy-sarilumab-rps-v2.pdf. Accessed: 24.02.2021.
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17. Covid-19 Inpatient Guide 092020.1 (1). Available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/495416953/092020-1-1. Accessed: 25.09.2021.
18. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30-566-3
19. Nakeshbandi M, Maini R, Daniel P, et al. The impact of obesity on COVID-19 complications: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020;44(9):1832-7.
DOI:10.1038/s41366-020-0648-x
20. Henry BM, Aggarwal G, Wong J, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase levels predict coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality: a pooled analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(9):1722-6.
DOI:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.073
21. Насонов Е.Л. Коронавирусная болезнь-2019 (COVID-19): значение ингибиторов IL-6. Пульмонология. 2020;30(5):629-44 [Nasonov EL. Koronavirusnaia bolezn'-2019 (COVID-19): znachenie ingibitorov IL-6. Pul'monologiia. 2020;30(5):629-44 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-5-629-644
22. Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, et al. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):363-74. DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
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1. Luo P, Liu Y, Qiu L, et al. Tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19: a single center experience. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):814-8. DOI:10.1002/jmv.25801
2. Kox M, Waalders NJB, Kooistra EJ, et al. Cytokine levels in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and other conditions. JAMA. 2020;324(15):1565-7. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.17052
3. Zhang ZL, Hou YL, Li DT, Li FZ. Laboratory findings of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2020;80(6):441-7. DOI:10.1080/00365513.2020.1768587
4. Li S, Jiang L, Li X, et al. Clinical and pathological investigation of patients with severe COVID-19. JCI Insight. 2020;5(12):e138070. DOI:10.1172/jci.insight.138070
5. Zhu J, Pang J, Ji P, et al. Elevated interleukin-6 is associated with severity of COVID-19: a meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):35-7. DOI:10.1002/jmv.26085
6. Khan FA, Stewart I, Fabbri L, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of anakinra, sarilumab, siltuximab and tocilizumab for COVID-19. Thorax. 2021;76(9):907-19. DOI:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215266
7. Tharmarajah E, Buazon A, Patel V, et al. IL-6 inhibition in the treatment of COVID-19: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Infect. 2021;82(5):178-85. DOI:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.03.008
8. Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10285):1637-45.
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00676-0
9. Fomina DS, Poteshkina NG, Beloglazova IP, et al. Comparative analysis of tocilizumab in severe COVID-19-associated pneumonia in patients of different age groups. Pul'monologiia. 2020;30(2):164-72 (in Russian). DOI:10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-2-164-172
10. Castelnovo L, Tamburello A, Lurati A, et al. Anti-IL6 treatment of serious COVID-19 disease: A monocentric retrospective experience. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(1):e23582. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000023582
11. Fomina DS, Lysenko MA, Beloglazova IP, et al. Temporal Clinical and Laboratory Response to Interleukin-6 Receptor Blockade With Tocilizumab in 89 Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia. Pathog Immun. 2020;5(1):327-41. DOI:10.20411/pai.v5i1.392
12. Coronavirus Interim Clinical Commissioning Policy: tocilizumab for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (adults). Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/
2021/02/Interim-clinical-commissioning-policy-IL-6-inhibitors-tocilizumab-or-sarilumab-for-hospitalised-patients-with-.pdf. Accessed: 24.02.2021.
13. Coronavirus Interim Clinical Commissioning Policy: sarilumab for critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (adults). Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/
2021/02/C1142-interim-clinical-commissioning-policy-sarilumab-rps-v2.pdf. Accessed: 24.02.2021.
14. Statement on Tocilizumab. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. Available at: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/statement-on-tocilizumab. Accessed: 24.02.2021.
15. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://covid19.who.int. Accessed: 20.08.2021.
16. Vremennye metodicheskie rekomendatsii “Profilaktika, diagnostika i lechenie novoi koronavirusnoi infektsii (COVID-19)”. Versiia 4 (27.03.2020). Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia RF, 2020 (in Russian).
17. Covid-19 Inpatient Guide 092020.1 (1). Available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/495416953/092020-1-1. Accessed: 25.09.2021.
18. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30-566-3
19. Nakeshbandi M, Maini R, Daniel P, et al. The impact of obesity on COVID-19 complications: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020;44(9):1832-7.
DOI:10.1038/s41366-020-0648-x
20. Henry BM, Aggarwal G, Wong J, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase levels predict coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality: a pooled analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(9):1722-6.
DOI:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.073
21. Nasonov EL. Koronavirusnaia bolezn'-2019 (COVID-19): znachenie ingibitorov IL-6. Pul'monologiia. 2020;30(5):629-44 (in Russian). DOI:10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-5-629-644
22. Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, et al. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):363-74. DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
1 ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница №52» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия;
3 ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
4 ФГБУ ДПО «Центральная государственная медицинская академия» Управления делами Президента РФ, Москва, Россия;
5 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*surckova.t@yandex.ru
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Tatyana S. Kruglova*1, Darya S. Fomina1,2, Nataliуa G. Poteshkina1,3, Nadija F. Frolova1, Irina P. Beloglazova1,3, Zinaida Yu. Mutovina1,4, Inna V. Samsonova1, Elena A. Kovalevskaja1, Alena I. Zagrebneva1,3, Sofya A. Serdotetckova1, Anton A. Chernov1,5, Maryana A. Lysenko1,3
1 City Clinical Hospital №52, Moscow, Russia;
2 Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia;
3 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia;
4 Central State Medical Academy of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia;
5 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*surckova.t@yandex.ru