Эффективность применения сорбированных пробиотиков в комплексной терапии пневмонии, вызванной SARS-CoV-2. Часть 1. Период разгара клинических проявлений - Журнал Терапевтический архив №4 Вопросы диагностики внутренних болезней 2021
Эффективность применения сорбированных пробиотиков в комплексной терапии пневмонии, вызванной SARS-CoV-2. Часть 1. Период разгара клинических проявлений
Мескина Е.Р., Целипанова Е.Е., Хадисова М.К., Галкина Л.А., Сташко Т.В. Эффективность применения сорбированных пробиотиков в комплексной терапии пневмонии, вызванной SARS-CoV-2. Часть 1. Период разгара клинических проявлений. Терапевтический архив. 2021; 93 (4): 456–464.
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.04.200835
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2021.04.200835
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Аннотация
Цель. Определить клиническую эффективность и безопасность сорбированных пробиотиков Bifidobacterium bifidum 1 (5×108 КОЕ) и B. bifidum 1 (5×107 КОЕ) в сочетании с Lactobacillus plantarum 8P-А3 (5×107 КОЕ) для лечения пневмонии, вызванной SARS-CoV-2, у взрослых пациентов, не имеющих тяжелых факторов риска.
Материалы и методы. В открытое рандомизированное проспективное исследование включены 100 пациентов старше 18 лет с площадью поражения легких на компьютерной томограмме не более 75%. РНК SARS-CoV-2 в мазках из носа и ротоглотки обнаружена (методом полимеразной цепной реакции обратной транскрипции) у 72% участников. Диагностика COVID-19, стандартное обследование и лечение проведены согласно Временным методическим рекомендациям Минздрава России, версия 8 от 03.09.2020. В публикации представлены результаты применения B. bifidum 1 по 3 капсулы 2 раза в день в течение 10 дней.
Результаты. У получавших B. bifidum 1 к 10-му дню лечения частота слабости была меньшей на 32% (отношение шансов – ОШ 0,25 [95% доверительный интервал – ДИ 0,11–0,59]), гипоосмии/дисгевзии – на 22% (ОШ 0,40 [0,17–0,90]), кашля – на 24% (ОШ 0,38 [0,17–0,84]). Пробиотик B. bifidum 1 сокращал продолжительность слабости на 3 дня [1,1–4,9], гипоосмии/дисгевзии – на 3,2 дня [1,3–5,1], кашля – на 1,9 дня [0,4–3,4], затрудненного дыхания – на 1,8 дня [0,7–2,7], диареи – на 1,7 дня [0,1–3,5]; снижали риск антибиотикоассоциированной диареи на 20% (ОШ 0,18 [0,05–0,68]). Дополнительное лечение требовалось реже на 24% (р=0,005).
Не выявлено побочных действий B. bifidum 1.
Заключение. Применение сорбированных B. bifidum 1 (5×108 КОЕ) улучшало самочувствие пациентов с SARS-CoV-2-пневмонией средней тяжести и сокращало продолжительность диарейного синдрома в короткие сроки. Профиль безопасности их применения был высоким. Необходимы дополнительные исследования для уточнения противовоспалительных эффектов сорбированного пробиотика.
Ключевые слова: COVID-19, пневмония, лечение, сорбированные пробиотики, бифидобактерии, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus plantarum 8P-А3
Materials and methods. An open, randomized prospective study included 100 patients (45 men, 55 women), aged 18 to 60 years without risk factors for severe COVID-19 with pneumonia confirmed by computed tomography, and an area of lung lesion no more than 75% (moderate forms). SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasal and oropharyngeal swabs (RT-PCR) was detected in 72% of the participants, in the rest it was highly probable in terms of the aggregate parameters. Diagnostics of COVID-19 and its severity, the appointment of a standard examination and treatment were carried out in accordance with the Temporary Methodological Recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Russia, version 8 of 09.03.2020. This publication presents the results of using B. bifidum 1 (3 capsules twice a day for 10 days) during the peak of clinical manifestations (in a hospital).
Results. In those who received sorbed B. bifidum 1, by the 10th day of treatment, the frequency of weakness was 32% lower (RR 0.55 [95% CI 0.24–0.73], OR 0.25 [0.11–0.59]); hypoosmia/dysgeusia – by 22% (RR 0.42 [0.05–0.65], OR 0.40 [0.17–0.90]) and cough – by 24% (RR 0.39 [0.07–0.60], OR 0.38 [0.17–0.84]). B. bifidum 1 reduced the average duration of weakness by 3 days [1.1–4.9], hypoosmia/dysgeusia by 3.2 days [1.3–5.1], cough by 1.9 days [0.4–3,4], dyspnea – by 1.8 days [0.7–2.7], diarrhea – by 1.7 days [0.1–3.5]; reduced the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by 20% (RR 0.77 [0.24–0.93], OR 0.18 [0.05–0.68]). Due to the deterioration of the condition and the increase in the symptoms of respiratory failure, additional treatment was required less often by 24% (p=0.005). After the end of the intervention, the frequency of virologic debridement, levels of CRP, leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets and the degree of lung damage on computed tomography did not statistically differ in the compared groups. No side effects of B. bifidum 1 (5×108 KОЕ) have been identified.
Conclusion. The use of sorbed B. bifidum 1 (5×108 KОЕ) improved the well-being of patients without risk factors with moderate viral (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia and reduced the duration of diarrheal syndrome in a short time. The safety profile of their use was high. More research is needed to clarify the anti-inflammatory effects of the sorbed probiotic.
Keywords: COVID-19, pneumonia, treatment, probiotics, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus plantarum 8Р-A3
Материалы и методы. В открытое рандомизированное проспективное исследование включены 100 пациентов старше 18 лет с площадью поражения легких на компьютерной томограмме не более 75%. РНК SARS-CoV-2 в мазках из носа и ротоглотки обнаружена (методом полимеразной цепной реакции обратной транскрипции) у 72% участников. Диагностика COVID-19, стандартное обследование и лечение проведены согласно Временным методическим рекомендациям Минздрава России, версия 8 от 03.09.2020. В публикации представлены результаты применения B. bifidum 1 по 3 капсулы 2 раза в день в течение 10 дней.
Результаты. У получавших B. bifidum 1 к 10-му дню лечения частота слабости была меньшей на 32% (отношение шансов – ОШ 0,25 [95% доверительный интервал – ДИ 0,11–0,59]), гипоосмии/дисгевзии – на 22% (ОШ 0,40 [0,17–0,90]), кашля – на 24% (ОШ 0,38 [0,17–0,84]). Пробиотик B. bifidum 1 сокращал продолжительность слабости на 3 дня [1,1–4,9], гипоосмии/дисгевзии – на 3,2 дня [1,3–5,1], кашля – на 1,9 дня [0,4–3,4], затрудненного дыхания – на 1,8 дня [0,7–2,7], диареи – на 1,7 дня [0,1–3,5]; снижали риск антибиотикоассоциированной диареи на 20% (ОШ 0,18 [0,05–0,68]). Дополнительное лечение требовалось реже на 24% (р=0,005).
Не выявлено побочных действий B. bifidum 1.
Заключение. Применение сорбированных B. bifidum 1 (5×108 КОЕ) улучшало самочувствие пациентов с SARS-CoV-2-пневмонией средней тяжести и сокращало продолжительность диарейного синдрома в короткие сроки. Профиль безопасности их применения был высоким. Необходимы дополнительные исследования для уточнения противовоспалительных эффектов сорбированного пробиотика.
Ключевые слова: COVID-19, пневмония, лечение, сорбированные пробиотики, бифидобактерии, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus plantarum 8P-А3
________________________________________________
Materials and methods. An open, randomized prospective study included 100 patients (45 men, 55 women), aged 18 to 60 years without risk factors for severe COVID-19 with pneumonia confirmed by computed tomography, and an area of lung lesion no more than 75% (moderate forms). SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasal and oropharyngeal swabs (RT-PCR) was detected in 72% of the participants, in the rest it was highly probable in terms of the aggregate parameters. Diagnostics of COVID-19 and its severity, the appointment of a standard examination and treatment were carried out in accordance with the Temporary Methodological Recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Russia, version 8 of 09.03.2020. This publication presents the results of using B. bifidum 1 (3 capsules twice a day for 10 days) during the peak of clinical manifestations (in a hospital).
Results. In those who received sorbed B. bifidum 1, by the 10th day of treatment, the frequency of weakness was 32% lower (RR 0.55 [95% CI 0.24–0.73], OR 0.25 [0.11–0.59]); hypoosmia/dysgeusia – by 22% (RR 0.42 [0.05–0.65], OR 0.40 [0.17–0.90]) and cough – by 24% (RR 0.39 [0.07–0.60], OR 0.38 [0.17–0.84]). B. bifidum 1 reduced the average duration of weakness by 3 days [1.1–4.9], hypoosmia/dysgeusia by 3.2 days [1.3–5.1], cough by 1.9 days [0.4–3,4], dyspnea – by 1.8 days [0.7–2.7], diarrhea – by 1.7 days [0.1–3.5]; reduced the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by 20% (RR 0.77 [0.24–0.93], OR 0.18 [0.05–0.68]). Due to the deterioration of the condition and the increase in the symptoms of respiratory failure, additional treatment was required less often by 24% (p=0.005). After the end of the intervention, the frequency of virologic debridement, levels of CRP, leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets and the degree of lung damage on computed tomography did not statistically differ in the compared groups. No side effects of B. bifidum 1 (5×108 KОЕ) have been identified.
Conclusion. The use of sorbed B. bifidum 1 (5×108 KОЕ) improved the well-being of patients without risk factors with moderate viral (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia and reduced the duration of diarrheal syndrome in a short time. The safety profile of their use was high. More research is needed to clarify the anti-inflammatory effects of the sorbed probiotic.
Keywords: COVID-19, pneumonia, treatment, probiotics, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus plantarum 8Р-A3
Список литературы
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11. Zuo T, Liu Q, Zhang F, et al. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021;70(2):276-84. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322294
12. Gohil K, Samson R, Dastager S, Dharne M. Probiotics in the prophylaxis of COVID-19: something is better than nothing. 3 Biotech. 2021;11(1):1. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02554-1
13. Larenas-Linnemann D, Rodríguez-Pérez N, Arias-Cruz A, et al. Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(11):100476. doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476
14. Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, et al. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Res. 1992;41(3):237-48. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(92)90005-n
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16. Gautret P, Million M, Jarrot PA, et al. Natural history of COVID-19 and therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020;16(12):1159-84. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2021.1847640
17. Santos REA, da Silva MG, do Monte Silva MCB, et al. Onset and duration of symptoms of loss of smell/taste in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(2):102889. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102889
18. Kavaz E, Tahir E, Bilek HC, et al. Clinical significance of smell and taste dysfunction and other related factors in COVID-19. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06503-9
19. Vaira LA, Lechien JR, Khalife M, et al. Psychophysical Evaluation of the Olfactory Function: European Multicenter Study on 774 COVID-19 Patients. Pathogens. 2021;10(1):62. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10010062
20. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, et al. Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):889-90. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330
21. Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Why COVID-19 Silent Hypoxemia Is Baffling to Physicians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(3):356-60. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202006-2157CP
22. Nouri-Vaskeh M, Sharifi A, Khalili N, et al. Dyspneic and non-dyspneic (silent) hypoxemia in COVID-19: Possible neurological mechanism. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;198:106217. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106217
23. Gou W, Fu Y, Yue L, et al. Gut microbiota may underlie the predisposition of healthy individuals to COVID-19. MedRix. 2020:1-44. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20076091
24. Shahbazi R, Yasavoli-Sharahi H, Alsadi N, et al. Probiotics in Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections and Neuroinflammatory Disorders. Molecules. 2020;25(21):4891. doi: 10.3390/molecules25214891
25. Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Ferns GA, Vatanparast H. Impact of Probiotic Administration on Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentrations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. Nutrients. 2017;9(1):20. doi: 10.3390/nu9010020
26. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Radiology. 2020;295(3):715-21. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200370
27. Hani C, Trieu NH, Saab I, et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: A review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2020;101(5):263-8. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.03.014
2. Stasi C, Fallani S, Voller F, Silvestri C. Treatment for COVID-19: An overview. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;889:173644. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173644
3. Artese A, Svicher V, Costa G, et al. Current status of antivirals and druggable targets of SARSCoV-2 and other human pathogenic coronaviruses. Drug Resist Updat. 2020;53:100721. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100721
4. Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, et al. Drug treatments for Covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2980. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2980. Update in: BMJ. 2020;370:m3536 (Update in: BMJ. 2020;371:m4852).
5. WHO. Drug therapy for COVID-19. Variable Recommendations November 20, 2020. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336729/WHO-2019-nCov-remdesivir-2020.1-rus.pdf?sequ.... Accessed: 23.01.2020 (In Russ.)
6. Segal JP, Mak JWY, Mullish BH, et al. The gut microbiome: an under-recognised contributor to the COVID-19 pandemic? Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020;13:1-14. doi: 10.1177/1756284820974914
7. McIlroy JR, Mullish BH, Goldenberg SD, et al. Intestinal microbiome transfer, a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 induced hyperinflammation?: In reply to, ‘COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options’, Felsenstein, Herbert McNamara et al. 2020’. Clin Immunol. 2020;218:108542. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108542
8. Ahlawat S, Asha, Sharma KK. Immunological co-ordination between gut and lungs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus Res. 2020;286:198103. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198103
9. Yeoh YK, Zuo T, Lui GC, et al. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021:70(4):698-706. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020
10. Geva-Zatorsky N, Sefik E, Kua L, et al. Mining the Human Gut Microbiota for Immunomodulatory Organisms. Cell. 2017;168(5):928-43.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.022
11. Zuo T, Liu Q, Zhang F, et al. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021;70(2):276-84. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322294
12. Gohil K, Samson R, Dastager S, Dharne M. Probiotics in the prophylaxis of COVID-19: something is better than nothing. 3 Biotech. 2021;11(1):1. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02554-1
13. Larenas-Linnemann D, Rodríguez-Pérez N, Arias-Cruz A, et al. Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(11):100476. doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476
14. Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, et al. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Res. 1992;41(3):237-48. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(92)90005-n
15. Ware JЕ, Snow KK, Kosinski М, Gandek В. Sf-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide. Lincoln RI: Quality Metric Incorporated, 2000.
16. Gautret P, Million M, Jarrot PA, et al. Natural history of COVID-19 and therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020;16(12):1159-84. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2021.1847640
17. Santos REA, da Silva MG, do Monte Silva MCB, et al. Onset and duration of symptoms of loss of smell/taste in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(2):102889. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102889
18. Kavaz E, Tahir E, Bilek HC, et al. Clinical significance of smell and taste dysfunction and other related factors in COVID-19. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06503-9
19. Vaira LA, Lechien JR, Khalife M, et al. Psychophysical Evaluation of the Olfactory Function: European Multicenter Study on 774 COVID-19 Patients. Pathogens. 2021;10(1):62. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10010062
20. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, et al. Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):889-90. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330
21. Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Why COVID-19 Silent Hypoxemia Is Baffling to Physicians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(3):356-60. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202006-2157CP
22. Nouri-Vaskeh M, Sharifi A, Khalili N, et al. Dyspneic and non-dyspneic (silent) hypoxemia in COVID-19: Possible neurological mechanism. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;198:106217. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106217
23. Gou W, Fu Y, Yue L, et al. Gut microbiota may underlie the predisposition of healthy individuals to COVID-19. MedRix. 2020:1-44. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20076091
24. Shahbazi R, Yasavoli-Sharahi H, Alsadi N, et al. Probiotics in Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections and Neuroinflammatory Disorders. Molecules. 2020;25(21):4891. doi: 10.3390/molecules25214891
25. Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Ferns GA, Vatanparast H. Impact of Probiotic Administration on Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentrations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. Nutrients. 2017;9(1):20. doi: 10.3390/nu9010020
26. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Radiology. 2020;295(3):715-21. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200370
27. Hani C, Trieu NH, Saab I, et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: A review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2020;101(5):263-8. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.03.014
2. Stasi C, Fallani S, Voller F, Silvestri C. Treatment for COVID-19: An overview. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;889:173644. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173644
3. Artese A, Svicher V, Costa G, et al. Current status of antivirals and druggable targets of SARSCoV-2 and other human pathogenic coronaviruses. Drug Resist Updat. 2020;53:100721. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100721
4. Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, et al. Drug treatments for Covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2980. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2980. Update in: BMJ. 2020;370:m3536 (Update in: BMJ. 2020;371:m4852).
5. ВОЗ. Лекарственная терапия при COVID-19. Вариативные рекомендации 20 ноября 2020 года. Режим доступа: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336729/WHO-2019-nCov-remdesivir-2020.1-rus.pdf?sequ.... Ссылка активна на: 23.01.2020 [WHO. Drug therapy for COVID-19. Variable Recommendations November 20, 2020. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336729/WHO-2019-nCov-remdesivir-2020.1-rus.pdf?sequ.... Accessed: 23.01.2020 (In Russ.)].
6. Segal JP, Mak JWY, Mullish BH, et al. The gut microbiome: an under-recognised contributor to the COVID-19 pandemic? Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020;13:1-14. doi: 10.1177/1756284820974914
7. McIlroy JR, Mullish BH, Goldenberg SD, et al. Intestinal microbiome transfer, a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 induced hyperinflammation?: In reply to, ‘COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options’, Felsenstein, Herbert McNamara et al. 2020’. Clin Immunol. 2020;218:108542. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108542
8. Ahlawat S, Asha, Sharma KK. Immunological co-ordination between gut and lungs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus Res. 2020;286:198103. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198103
9. Yeoh YK, Zuo T, Lui GC, et al. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021:70(4):698-706. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020
10. Geva-Zatorsky N, Sefik E, Kua L, et al. Mining the Human Gut Microbiota for Immunomodulatory Organisms. Cell. 2017;168(5):928-43.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.022
11. Zuo T, Liu Q, Zhang F, et al. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021;70(2):276-84. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322294
12. Gohil K, Samson R, Dastager S, Dharne M. Probiotics in the prophylaxis of COVID-19: something is better than nothing. 3 Biotech. 2021;11(1):1. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02554-1
13. Larenas-Linnemann D, Rodríguez-Pérez N, Arias-Cruz A, et al. Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(11):100476. doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476
14. Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, et al. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Res. 1992;41(3):237-48. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(92)90005-n
15. Ware JЕ, Snow KK, Kosinski М, Gandek В. Sf-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide. Lincoln RI: Quality Metric Incorporated, 2000.
16. Gautret P, Million M, Jarrot PA, et al. Natural history of COVID-19 and therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020;16(12):1159-84. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2021.1847640
17. Santos REA, da Silva MG, do Monte Silva MCB, et al. Onset and duration of symptoms of loss of smell/taste in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(2):102889. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102889
18. Kavaz E, Tahir E, Bilek HC, et al. Clinical significance of smell and taste dysfunction and other related factors in COVID-19. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06503-9
19. Vaira LA, Lechien JR, Khalife M, et al. Psychophysical Evaluation of the Olfactory Function: European Multicenter Study on 774 COVID-19 Patients. Pathogens. 2021;10(1):62. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10010062
20. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, et al. Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):889-90. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330
21. Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Why COVID-19 Silent Hypoxemia Is Baffling to Physicians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(3):356-60. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202006-2157CP
22. Nouri-Vaskeh M, Sharifi A, Khalili N, et al. Dyspneic and non-dyspneic (silent) hypoxemia in COVID-19: Possible neurological mechanism. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;198:106217. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106217
23. Gou W, Fu Y, Yue L, et al. Gut microbiota may underlie the predisposition of healthy individuals to COVID-19. MedRix. 2020:1-44. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20076091
24. Shahbazi R, Yasavoli-Sharahi H, Alsadi N, et al. Probiotics in Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections and Neuroinflammatory Disorders. Molecules. 2020;25(21):4891. doi: 10.3390/molecules25214891
25. Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Ferns GA, Vatanparast H. Impact of Probiotic Administration on Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentrations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. Nutrients. 2017;9(1):20. doi: 10.3390/nu9010020
26. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Radiology. 2020;295(3):715-21. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200370
27. Hani C, Trieu NH, Saab I, et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: A review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2020;101(5):263-8. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.03.014
________________________________________________
2. Stasi C, Fallani S, Voller F, Silvestri C. Treatment for COVID-19: An overview. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;889:173644. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173644
3. Artese A, Svicher V, Costa G, et al. Current status of antivirals and druggable targets of SARSCoV-2 and other human pathogenic coronaviruses. Drug Resist Updat. 2020;53:100721. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100721
4. Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, et al. Drug treatments for Covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2980. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2980. Update in: BMJ. 2020;370:m3536 (Update in: BMJ. 2020;371:m4852).
5. WHO. Drug therapy for COVID-19. Variable Recommendations November 20, 2020. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336729/WHO-2019-nCov-remdesivir-2020.1-rus.pdf?sequ.... Accessed: 23.01.2020 (In Russ.)
6. Segal JP, Mak JWY, Mullish BH, et al. The gut microbiome: an under-recognised contributor to the COVID-19 pandemic? Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020;13:1-14. doi: 10.1177/1756284820974914
7. McIlroy JR, Mullish BH, Goldenberg SD, et al. Intestinal microbiome transfer, a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 induced hyperinflammation?: In reply to, ‘COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options’, Felsenstein, Herbert McNamara et al. 2020’. Clin Immunol. 2020;218:108542. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108542
8. Ahlawat S, Asha, Sharma KK. Immunological co-ordination between gut and lungs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus Res. 2020;286:198103. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198103
9. Yeoh YK, Zuo T, Lui GC, et al. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021:70(4):698-706. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020
10. Geva-Zatorsky N, Sefik E, Kua L, et al. Mining the Human Gut Microbiota for Immunomodulatory Organisms. Cell. 2017;168(5):928-43.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.022
11. Zuo T, Liu Q, Zhang F, et al. Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021;70(2):276-84. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322294
12. Gohil K, Samson R, Dastager S, Dharne M. Probiotics in the prophylaxis of COVID-19: something is better than nothing. 3 Biotech. 2021;11(1):1. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02554-1
13. Larenas-Linnemann D, Rodríguez-Pérez N, Arias-Cruz A, et al. Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(11):100476. doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476
14. Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, et al. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Res. 1992;41(3):237-48. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(92)90005-n
15. Ware JЕ, Snow KK, Kosinski М, Gandek В. Sf-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide. Lincoln RI: Quality Metric Incorporated, 2000.
16. Gautret P, Million M, Jarrot PA, et al. Natural history of COVID-19 and therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020;16(12):1159-84. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2021.1847640
17. Santos REA, da Silva MG, do Monte Silva MCB, et al. Onset and duration of symptoms of loss of smell/taste in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42(2):102889. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102889
18. Kavaz E, Tahir E, Bilek HC, et al. Clinical significance of smell and taste dysfunction and other related factors in COVID-19. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;1-10. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06503-9
19. Vaira LA, Lechien JR, Khalife M, et al. Psychophysical Evaluation of the Olfactory Function: European Multicenter Study on 774 COVID-19 Patients. Pathogens. 2021;10(1):62. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10010062
20. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, et al. Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):889-90. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330
21. Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Why COVID-19 Silent Hypoxemia Is Baffling to Physicians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(3):356-60. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202006-2157CP
22. Nouri-Vaskeh M, Sharifi A, Khalili N, et al. Dyspneic and non-dyspneic (silent) hypoxemia in COVID-19: Possible neurological mechanism. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;198:106217. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106217
23. Gou W, Fu Y, Yue L, et al. Gut microbiota may underlie the predisposition of healthy individuals to COVID-19. MedRix. 2020:1-44. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20076091
24. Shahbazi R, Yasavoli-Sharahi H, Alsadi N, et al. Probiotics in Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections and Neuroinflammatory Disorders. Molecules. 2020;25(21):4891. doi: 10.3390/molecules25214891
25. Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Ferns GA, Vatanparast H. Impact of Probiotic Administration on Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentrations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. Nutrients. 2017;9(1):20. doi: 10.3390/nu9010020
26. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, et al. Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Radiology. 2020;295(3):715-21. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200370
27. Hani C, Trieu NH, Saab I, et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: A review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2020;101(5):263-8. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.03.014
Авторы
Е.Р. Мескина*1, Е.Е. Целипанова1, М.К. Хадисова1, Л.А. Галкина1, Т.В. Сташко2
1 ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского», Москва, Россия;
2 ГБУЗ МО «Домодедовская центральная городская больница», Домодедово, Россия
*meskinaelena@rambler.ru
1 Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia;
2 Dovodedovo Central Town Hospital, Dovodedovo, Russia
*meskinaelena@rambler.ru
1 ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского», Москва, Россия;
2 ГБУЗ МО «Домодедовская центральная городская больница», Домодедово, Россия
*meskinaelena@rambler.ru
________________________________________________
1 Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia;
2 Dovodedovo Central Town Hospital, Dovodedovo, Russia
*meskinaelena@rambler.ru
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