Исторические аспекты диагностики и контроля сахарного диабета

Кузина И.А., Гончарова Е.В., Мартиросян Н.С., Тельнова М.Э., Недосугова Л.В., Тульский А.А., Петунина Н.А. Исторические аспекты диагностики и контроля сахарного диабета. Терапевтический архив. 2022;94(10):1216–1220. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.10.201890

© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2022 г.

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Kuzina IA, Goncharova EV, Martirosian NS, Telnova ME, Nedosugova LV, Tulsky AA, Petunina NA. Historical aspects of diagnosis and control of diabetes mellitus. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2022;94(10):1216–1220.
DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.10.201890

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Аннотация

Сахарный диабет представляет собой группу метаболических заболеваний, влияющих на метаболизм углеводов, липидов и белков. Патология имеет долгую историю и до середины XIX в. считалась заболеванием почек. Описания найдены в египетских папирусах, в древней индийской и китайской медицинской литературе, а также в трудах древнегреческих и арабских врачей. Аретей Каппадокийский дал первое точное описание заболевания, введя термин «диабет». Томас Уиллис впервые дифференцировал диабет от других причин полиурии по сладкому вкусу мочи. Мэтью Добсон доказал наличие глюкозы в моче посредством выпаривания. Клод Бернар продемонстрировал, что гипергликемия способствует глюкозурии. Так появилось понятие о почечном пороге. В отечественной практике термин «почечный порог» введен эндокринологом В.Г. Барановым. Разработка качественных тестов для определения глюкозы в моче, создание тест-полосок и глюкометров значительно улучшили качество жизни пациентов с сахарным диабетом. Современный этап развития глюкометрии включает определение глюкозы плазмы натощак, постпрандиальной гликемии, гликированного гемоглобина, а также непрерывный мониторинг глюкозы. Системы непрерывного мониторинга глюкозы позволяют оценить время в целевом диапазоне, показывают скорость подъема или падения уровня глюкозы, что влияет на скорость и степень компенсации углеводного обмена, позволяет обеспечить максимальный контроль заболевания.

Ключевые слова: cахарный диабет, глюкометрия, почечный порог, тест-полоски, глюкометры, непрерывный мониторинг глюкозы

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Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases affecting carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. This pathology has a long history, and it was considered a disease of the kidneys until the middle of the 19th century. Descriptions have been found in Egyptian papyri, in ancient Indian and Chinese medical literature, in the writings of ancient Greek and Arab doctors. Aretaeus of Cappadocia gave the first accurate description of the disease, coining the term “diabetes”. Thomas Willis first differentiated diabetes from other causes of polyuria by the sweet taste of urine. Matthew Dobson proved the presence of glucose in urine by evaporation. Claude Bernard demonstrated that hyperglycemia contributes to glucosuria. This is how the concept of the renal threshold appeared. In domestic practice, the term "renal threshold" was introduced by endocrinologist V.G. Baranov. The development of qualitative tests for determining glucose in the urine, the creation of test strips and glucometers has significantly improved the quality of life of patients with diabetes. The current stage of development of glucometry includes the determination of fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, as well as continuous glucose monitoring. Continuous glucose monitoring systems make it possible to estimate the time in target range, show the rate of rise or fall of glucose levels. It affects the rate and degree of carbohydrate metabolism compensation and allows for maximum control of the disease.

Keywords: diabetes mellitus, glucometry, renal threshold, test strips, glucometers, continuous glucose monitoring

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Список литературы

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27. Bode BW. The Accuracy and Interferences in Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose. US Endocrine Disease. 2007:46-8.
28. Patton SR. Adherence to glycemic monitoring in diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(3):668-75. DOI:10.1177/1932296814567709
29. Davis GM, Galindo RJ, Migdal AL, Umpierrez GE. Diabetes Technology in the Inpatient Setting for Management of Hyperglycemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020;49(1):79-93. DOI:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.11.002
30. Didyuk O, Econom N, Guardia A, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices: Past, Present, and Future Focus on the History and Evolution of Technological Innovation. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021;15(3):676-83. DOI:10.1177/1932296819899394
31. Petrie JR, Peters AL, Bergenstal RM, et al. Improving the clinical value and utility of CGM systems: issues and recommendations: a joint statement of the european association for the study of diabetes and the American diabetes association diabetes technology working group. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1614-21. DOI:10.2337/dci17-0043
32. Marks BE, Wolfsdorf JI. Monitoring of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:1-16. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.00128
33. Aronson R, Abitbol A, Tweden KS. First assessment of the performance of an implantable continuous glucose monitoring system through 180 days in a primarily adolescent population with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(7):1689-94. DOI:10.1111/dom.13726
34. Hásková A, Radovnická L, Petruželková L, et al. Real-time CGM Is Superior to Flash Glucose Monitoring for Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes: The CORRIDA Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):2744-50. DOI:10.2337/dc20-0112
35. Wan W, Skandari MR, Minc A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring for adults with type 1 diabetes compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose: the DIAMOND randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(6):1227-34. DOI:10.2337/dc17-1821

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1. Algoritmy spetsializirovannoi meditsinskoi pomoshchi bol'nym sakharnym diabetom. Pod red. I.I. Dedova, M.V. Shestakovoi, A.Iu. Maiorova. 10-i vypusk (dopolnennyi). Moscow, 2021(in Russian). DOI:10.14341/DM12802
2. IDF. Diabetes Atlas. Tenth edition. 2021.
3. World Health Organization. Global health estimates: Deaths by cause, age, sex and country, 2000–2012. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020.
4. Ebbel B. The Ebers papyrus (p-115). Oxford University Press, Copenhagen and Oxford, 1937.
5. Karamanou M, Protogerou A, Tsoucalas G, et al. Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main contributors. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(1):1-7. DOI:10.4239/wjd.v7.i1.1
6. Laios K, Karamanou M, Saridaki Z, Androutsos G. Aretaeus of Cappadocia and the first description of diabetes. Hormones. 2012;11:109-13. DOI:10.1007/BF03401545
7. Papaspyros NS. The history of diabetes. The History of Diabetes Mellitus. Second ed. Stuttgart, G. Thieme Verlag, 1964.
8. Goldman R, Zajac J, Shrestha A, et al. Principles of Diabetes Mellitus. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2017; p. 3–19. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-18741-9_1
9. Willis T. Pharmaceutice rationalis, sive, Diatriba de medicamentorum operationibus in humano corpore. Oxford, 1674.
10. Eknoyan G, Nagy J. A history of diabetes mellitus or how a disease of the kidneys evolved into a kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2005;12(2):223-9. DOI:10.1053/j.ackd.2005.01.002; PMID: 15822058
11. Moodley N, Ngxamngxa U, Turzyniecka MJ, Pillay TS. Historical perspectives in clinical pathology: a history of glucose measurement. J Clin Pathol. 2015;68(4):258-64. DOI:10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202672; PMID: 25568429
12. Benedict SR. A reagent for the detection of reducing sugars. J Biol Chem. 1909;5:485-7.
13. Rukovodstvo po klinicheskim laboratornym issledovaniiam. Pod red. EA Kost, LG Smirnovoi. Moscow, 1964; p. 366 (in Russian).
14. Claude Bernard (1813–1878). J Med Biogr. 2013;21(4):255-6. DOI:10.1177/0967772013508058
15. Баранов В.Г. Болезни эндокринной системы и обмена веществ: руководство по внутренним болезням. М.: Медицина, 1953 [Baranov VG. Bolezni endokrinnoi sistemy i obmena veshhestv: rukovodstvo po vnutrennim bolezniam. Moscow, 1953 (in Russian)].
16. Muller D. Studien iiber ein neues Enzym Glykoseoxydase. Biochem Z. 1928;199:136-70.
17. Comer. Semiquantitative specific test paper for glucose in urine. Anal Chem. 1956;28:1748-50.
18. Free AH, Adams EC, Kercher ML, et al. Simple specific test for urine glucose. Clin Chem. 1957;3:163-8.
19. Free AH, Free HM. Self testing, an emerging component of clinical chemistry. Clin Chem. 1984;30:829-38.
20. Cheah JS, Wong AF. A rapid and simple blood sugar determination using the Ames reflectance meter and Dextrostix system: a preliminary report. Singapore Med J. 1974;15:51-2.
21. Rahbar S, Blumenfeld О, Ranney HM. Studies of an unusual hemoglobin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1969;36:838-43.
22. Allen DW, Schroeder WA, Balog J. Observations on the chromatographic heterogeneity of normal adult and fetal human hemoglobin: a study of the effects of crystallization and chromatography on the heterogeneity and isoleucine content. J Am Chem Soc. 1958;80:1628-34.
23. Peacock I. Glycosylated haemoglobin: measurement and clinical use. J Clin Pathol. 1984;37(8):841-51. DOI:10.1136/jcp.37.8.841; PMID: 6381544; PMCID: PMC498879
24. Zhang B, Zhang B, Zhou Z, et al. The value of glycosylated hemoglobin in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):82. DOI:10.1186/s12902-021-00737-2
25. Beck RW, Connor CG, Mullen DM, et al. The Fallacy of Average: How Using HbA1c Alone to Assess Glycemic Control Can Be Misleading. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:994-9. DOI:10.2337/dc17-0636
26. Beisswenger P, Heine RJ, Leiter LA, et al. Prandial glucose regulation in the glucose triad: Emerging evidence and insights. Endocrine. 2004;25:195-202. DOI:10.1385/ENDO:25:3:195
27. Bode BW. The Accuracy and Interferences in Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose. US Endocrine Disease. 2007:46-8.
28. Patton SR. Adherence to glycemic monitoring in diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(3):668-75. DOI:10.1177/1932296814567709
29. Davis GM, Galindo RJ, Migdal AL, Umpierrez GE. Diabetes Technology in the Inpatient Setting for Management of Hyperglycemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020;49(1):79-93. DOI:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.11.002
30. Didyuk O, Econom N, Guardia A, et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices: Past, Present, and Future Focus on the History and Evolution of Technological Innovation. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021;15(3):676-83. DOI:10.1177/1932296819899394
31. Petrie JR, Peters AL, Bergenstal RM, et al. Improving the clinical value and utility of CGM systems: issues and recommendations: a joint statement of the european association for the study of diabetes and the American diabetes association diabetes technology working group. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1614-21. DOI:10.2337/dci17-0043
32. Marks BE, Wolfsdorf JI. Monitoring of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:1-16. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2020.00128
33. Aronson R, Abitbol A, Tweden KS. First assessment of the performance of an implantable continuous glucose monitoring system through 180 days in a primarily adolescent population with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(7):1689-94. DOI:10.1111/dom.13726
34. Hásková A, Radovnická L, Petruželková L, et al. Real-time CGM Is Superior to Flash Glucose Monitoring for Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes: The CORRIDA Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):2744-50. DOI:10.2337/dc20-0112
35. Wan W, Skandari MR, Minc A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring for adults with type 1 diabetes compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose: the DIAMOND randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(6):1227-34. DOI:10.2337/dc17-1821

Авторы

И.А. Кузина*, Е.В. Гончарова, Н.С. Мартиросян, М.Э. Тельнова, Л.В. Недосугова, А.А. Тульский, Н.А. Петунина

ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*mia986@mail.ru

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Irina A. Kuzina*, Ekaterina V. Goncharova, Narine S. Martirosian, Milena E. Telnova, Liudmila V. Nedosugova, Andrey A. Tulsky, Nina A. Petunina

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*mia986@mail.ru

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