Обоснование. Одной из основных причин снижения эффективности эрадикации Helicobacter pylori является резистентность штаммов H. pylori к антибактериальным препаратам. Цель. Изучение распространенности резистентных к кларитромицину и левофлоксацину штаммов H. pylori среди пациентов с заболеваниями верхних отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта в г. Казани. Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 203 пациента с симптомами диспепсии, проходившие эзофагогастродуоденоскопию в Медико-санитарной части ФГАОУ ВО КФУ (г. Казань, Россия) в 2019–2021 гг. Выделение ДНК из биоптатов слизистой оболочки антрального отдела желудка выполняли с помощью наборов PureLink Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, США). Полимеразную цепную реакцию проводили с использованием праймеров, специфичных для V-региона гена 23S и участка гена gyrA, кодирующего субъединицу A ДНК-гиразы. Секвенирование полученных фрагментов ДНК осуществляли на анализаторе 3730 DNA Analyzer. Полученные последовательности обработаны для поиска точечных мутаций, ответственных за формирование резистентности H. pylori к кларитромицину (мутации A2143G, A2142G и A2142C193) и левофлоксацину (мутации в гене gyrA ДНК-гиразы). Результаты. Инфекция H. pylori при анализе методом полимеразной цепной реакции в биоптате обнаружена в 47,78% случаев. Доля штаммов H. pylori с наличием мутаций, определяющих формирование резистентности к кларитромицину, составила 17,53%: вариант мутации A2144G выявлен в 16 (16,49%), A2143G – в 1 (1,03%) из 97 образцов. Аминокислотные замены в гене gyrA обнаружены в 12 (12,37%) из 97 образцов. У 2 штаммов H. pylori (2,06%) обнаружена двойная резистентность к кларитромицину и фторхинолонам. Заключение. В Казани наблюдается высокая встречаемость мутаций, лежащих в основе формирования резистентности H. pylori к кларитромицину и левофлоксацину.
Ключевые слова: Helicobacter pylori, резистентность к антибиотикам, кларитромицин, левофлоксацин, молекулярно-генетический метод
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Background. One of the reasons for the decrease of Helicobacter pylori eradication effectiveness is its resistance to antibiotics. Aim. To examine the prevalence of H. pylori point mutations responsible for clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance among the patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorders in Kazan. Materials and methods. The study included 203 patients with symptoms of dyspepsia who underwent upper GI endoscopy at the University Hospital of Kazan Federal University (Kazan, Russia) in 2019–2021. DNA isolation from gastric antrum mucosal biopsies was performed using PureLink Genomic DNA Mini Kits (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Polymerase chain reaction was performed using primers specific for the V-region of the 23S gene and the A subunit DNA gyrase encoding gyrA gene region. The sequencing of obtained DNA fragments was performed on 3730 DNA Analyzer. The sequences were searched for point mutations responsible for H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin (A2143G, A2142G and A2142C193 mutations) and levofloxacin (mutations of the gyrA gene). Results.H. pylori was detected in 47.78% of biopsy specimens using polymerase chain reaction. The proportion of H. pylori strains with mutations leading to clarithromycin resistance was 17.53%. Amino acid substitutions in the gyrA gene were found in 12.37% of samples. In case of two H. pylori strains (2.06%), dual resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin was found. Conclusion. So high incidence of mutations underlying the development of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin was observed among examined patients in Kazan.
Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, resistance to antibiotics, clarythromycin, levofloxacin, molecular testing
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1. Li Y, Choi H, Leung K, et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection between 1980 and 2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(6):553-64. DOI:10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00070-5
2. Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(2):420-9. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022
3. Bordin D, Morozov S, Plavnik R, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection prevalence in ambulatory settings in 2017–2019 in Russia: The data of real-world national multicenter trial. Helicobacter. 2022;27(5):e12924. DOI:10.1111/hel.12924
4. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, Rokkas T, et al.; European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study group. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report. Gut. 2022;8:gutjnl-2022-327745. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745
5. Ivashkin VT, Lapina TL, Maev IV, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines of Russian Gastroenterological Association, Scientific Society for the Clinical Study of Human Microbiome, Russian Society for the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for H. pylori Diagnostics and Treatment in Adults. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2022;32(6):72-93 (in Russian). DOI:10.22416/1382-4376-2022-32-6-72-93
6. Katelaris P, Hunt R, Bazzoli F, et al. Helicobacter pylori World Gastroenterology Organization Global Guideline. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2023;57(2):111-26. DOI:10.1097/MCG.0000000000001719
7. Rugge M, Genta RM, Graham DY, et al. Chronicles of a cancer foretold: 35 years of gastric cancer risk assessment. Gut. 2016;65(5):721-5. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310846
8. Sugano K, Tack J, Kuipers EJ, et al.; faculty members of Kyoto Global Consensus Conference. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut. 2015;64(9):1353-67. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252
9. Ivashkin VT, Mayev IV, Kaprin AD, et al. Early Detection of Oncological Diseases of the Digestive System (Guidelines of the Russian Gastroenterological Association and the Russian Association of Oncologists for Primary Care Physicians). Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2019;29(5):53-74 (in Russian).
DOI:10.22416/1382-4376-2019-29-5-53-74
10. Ford AC, Forman D, Hunt RH, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer in healthy asymptomatic infected individuals: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2014;348:g3174. DOI:10.1136/bmj.g3174
11. Wang J, Xu L, Shi R, et al. Gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication: A meta-analysis. Digestion. 2011;83(4):253-60. DOI:10.1159/000280318
12. Kong YJ, Yi HG, Dai JC, Wei MX. Histological changes of gastric mucosa after Helicobacter pylori eradication: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(19):5903-11. DOI:10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5903
13. Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, et al. The long-term impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric histology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2007;12 (Suppl. 2):32-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00563.x
14. Safina DD, Abdulkhakov SR, Abdulkhakov RA. Eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori: Present and future. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2016;135(11):84-93 (in Russian).
15. Mégraud F. Antibiotic resistance is the key element in treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(5):1300-2. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.012
16. Boyanova L, Hadzhiyski P, Gergova R, Markovska R. Evolution of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics: A topic of increasing concern. Antibiotics. 2023;12(2):332. DOI:10.3390/antibiotics12020332
17. Megraud F, Bruyndonckx R, Coenen S, et al.; European Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Working Group. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe in 2018 and its relationship to antibiotic consumption in the community. Gut. 2021;70(10):1815-22. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324032
18. Savoldi A, Carrara E, Graham DY, et al. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori: A systematic review and meta-analysis in World Health Organization Regions. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(5):1372-82.e17. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.007
19. Liu Y, Wang S, Yang F, et al. Antimicrobial resistance patterns and genetic elements associated with the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains from Shanghai. Gut Pathog. 2022;14(1):14. DOI:10.1186/s13099-022-00488-y
20. Cho JH, Jin SY. Current guidelines for Helicobacter pylori treatment in East Asia 2022: Differences among China, Japan, and South Korea. World J Clin Cases. 2022;10(19):6349-59. DOI:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i19.6349
21. Andreev DN, Maev IV, Kucheryavyy YA. Helicobacter pylori resistance in the Russian Federation: A meta-analysis of studies over the past 10 years. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2020;92(11):24-30 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2020.11.000795
22. Isaeva GSh, Pozdeev OK, Mufer K. Sensitivity of clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori to antibacterial drugs. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2005;7(2):30-31 (in Russian).
23. Abdulkhakov RA, Abuzarova ER, Abdulkhakov SR, et al. Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin in Kazan. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2012;8:24-9 (in Russian).
24. Bordin DS, Livzan MA, Osipenko MF, et al. Key Consensus Provisions Maastricht VI. Experimental and Clinical gastroenterology. 2022;205(9):5–21 (in Russian).
DOI:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-205-9-5-21
25. Hu Y, Zhang M, Lu B, Dai J. Helicobacter pylori and antibiotic resistance, a continuing and intractable problem. Helicobacter. 2016;21(5):349-63. DOI:10.1111/hel.12299
26. Egli K, Wagner K, Keller PM, et al. Comparison of the Diagnostic Performance of qPCR, Sanger Sequencing, and Whole-Genome Sequencing in Determining Clarithromycin and Levofloxacin Resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:596371. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2020.596371
27. Zamani M, Rahbar A, Shokri-Shirvani J. Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to furazolidone and levofloxacin: A viewpoint. World J Gastroenterol.
2017;23(37):6920-2. DOI:10.3748/wjg.v23.i37.6920
28. Tsapkova LA, Polyakova VV, Bodunova NA, et al. Possibilities of a molecular genetic method for detecting resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin in Helicobacter pylori. Effective Pharmacotherapy. 2022;18(42):16-21 (in Russian).
29. Nyssen OP, Vaira D, Tepes B, et al.; Hp-EuReg Investigators. Room for Improvement in the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Lessons from the European Registry on H. pylori Management (Hp-EuReg). J Clin Gastroenterol. 2022;56(2):e98-108. DOI:10.1097/MCG.0000000000001482
30. Bordin DS, Voynovan IN, Embutnieks YV, et al. European registry on Helicobacter pylori management (Hp-EuReg) as a tool to evaluate and improve clinical practice in Moscow. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2020;92(2):12-8 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2020.02.000567
31. Abdulkhakov SR, Bordin DS, Abdulkhakov RA, et al. European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: features of diagnosis and treatment in Kazan. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2020;92(2):52-9 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2020.08.000758
32. McNicholl AG, Bordin DS, Lucendo A, et al. Combination of bismuth and standard triple therapy eradicates Helicobacter pylori infection in more than 90% of patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(1):89-98. DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.03.048
33. Safina DD, Abdulhakov SR, Markelova MI, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy and gut microbiota composition in patients with various diseases of upper gastrointestinal tract. The Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine. 2020;13(1):46-53 (in Russian). DOI:1020969/VSKM202013(1)46-53
34. Ivashkin VТ, Ulyanin AI, Mayev IV, et al. Modern approaches to H. pylori eradication therapy in adults (literature review and Resolution of Experts Council). Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2022;32(6):7-19 (in Russian). DOI:10.22416/1382-4376-2022-32-6-7-19
1ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет», Казань, Россия; 2ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Казань
*sayarabdul@yandex.ru
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Elena A. Kupriyanova1, Sayar R. Abdulkhakov*1,2, Ruzilya К. Ismagilova1, Dilyara D. Safina1, Alsu R. Akhtereeva1,2, Raushania R. Galimova1, Ayrat G. Safin1, Tatiana V. Grigoryeva1, Rustam А. Abdulkhakov2
1Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia; 2Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
*sayarabdul@yandex.ru