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Микробиом кишечника при ожирении: новые горизонты персонализированной медицины
Микробиом кишечника при ожирении: новые горизонты персонализированной медицины
Стародубова А.В., Кисляк О.А., Демидова Т.Ю., Никитин И.Г., Леонов Г.Е. Микробиом кишечника при ожирении: новые горизонты персонализированной медицины. Терапевтический архив. 2026;98(2):92–98. DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2026.02.203596
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2026 г.
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2026 г.
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Аннотация
В последнее время нарушения состава и метаболической активности кишечной микробиоты стали рассматривать как ключевой модифицируемый фактор ожирения и связанных с ним метаболических нарушений. В обзоре обобщены данные об особенностях и вариабельности состава микробиоты у лиц с ожирением. Рассмотрены основные механизмы, связывающие дисбиоз с метаболическими нарушениями: изменения продукции короткоцепочечных жирных кислот и других микробных метаболитов, а также вклад липополисахарид-индуцированного хронического воспаления. Отдельно исследовано влияние микробиоты на регуляцию аппетита и пищевого поведения через ось «кишечник – мозг» и гастроинтестинальные гормоны. Представлены современные подходы к диагностике дисбиоза и потенциальные стратегии коррекции микробиом-ассоциированных нарушений при ожирении в контексте персонализированной медицины.
Ключевые слова: кишечный микробиом, микробиота, ожирение, дисбиоз, короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты, ось «кишечник – мозг»
Keywords: gut microbiome, microbiota, obesity, dysbiosis, short-chain fatty acids, gut-brain axis
Ключевые слова: кишечный микробиом, микробиота, ожирение, дисбиоз, короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты, ось «кишечник – мозг»
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Keywords: gut microbiome, microbiota, obesity, dysbiosis, short-chain fatty acids, gut-brain axis
Полный текст
Список литературы
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3. Drapkina OM, Karamnova NS, Kontsevaya AV, et al. Russian Society for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases (ROPNIZ). Alimentary-dependent risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases and eating habits: dietary correction within the framework of preventive counseling. Methodological Guidelines. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2021;20(5):2952 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2952
4. Menshchikova VE, Kartseva TV, Ryabichenko TI, et al. Rehabilitation in overweight and obesity as an integral part of pathogenetic therapy. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2025;44(6):57-68 (in Russian). DOI:10.18699/ssmj20240606
5. Hall KD, Kahan S. Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):183-97. DOI:10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.012
6. Safiullina AA, Uskach TM, Saipudinova KM, et al. Heart failure and obesity. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2022;94(9):1115-21 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2022.09.201837
7. Cheng Z, Zhang L, Yang L, Chu H. The critical role of gut microbiota in obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1025706. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2022.1025706
8. Camilleri M, Acosta A. Newer pharmacological interventions directed at gut hormones for obesity. Br J Pharmacol. 2024;181(8):1153-64. DOI:10.1111/bph.16278
9. Angelidi AM, Belanger MJ, Kokkinos A, et al. Novel Noninvasive Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: From Pharmacotherapy to Gene Therapy. Endocr Rev. 2022;43(3):507-57. DOI:10.1210/endrev/bnab034
10. Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, et al. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients? Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1474. DOI:10.3390/nu12051474
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12. Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. The Gut Microbiome in Human Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines. 2025;13(9):2173. DOI:10.3390/biomedicines13092173
13. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457(7228):480-4. DOI:10.1038/nature07540
14. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(22):9066-71. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1219451110
15. Maioli TU, Borras-Nogues E, Torres L, et al. Possible Benefits of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii for Obesity-Associated Gut Disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:740636. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2021.740636
16. Demidova TY, Kochina AS, Korotkova TN. Metabolism of gut microbiota and its role in state of diabetes mellitus. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2023;(23):192-8 (in Russian). DOI:10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-23-192-198
17. He J, Zhang P, Shen L, et al. Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Association with Signalling Pathways in Inflammation, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6356. DOI:10.3390/ijms21176356
18. Wolters M, Ahrens J, Romaní-Pérez M, et al. Dietary fat, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health – A systematic review conducted within the MyNewGut project. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(6):2504-20. DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.024
19. Beaumont M, Portune KJ, Steuer N, et al. Quantity and source of dietary protein influence metabolite production by gut microbiota and rectal mucosa gene expression: a randomized, parallel, double-blind trial in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(4):1005-19. DOI:10.3945/ajcn.117.158816
20. Duan H, Wang L, Huangfu M, Li H. The impact of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on macrophage activities in disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;165:115276. DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115276
21. Shanmugham M, Bellanger S, Leo CH. Gut-Derived Metabolite, Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases: Detection, Mechanism, and Potential Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(4):504. DOI:10.3390/ph16040504
22. Jyoti, Dey P. Mechanisms and implications of the gut microbial modulation of intestinal metabolic processes. NPJ Metab Health Dis. 2025;3(1):24. DOI:10.1038/s44324-025-00066-1
23. Tume R, El Sherbiny S, Bono R, et al. The balance between proinflammatory, "bad", and immunomodulatory, "good", lipopolysaccharide for understanding gut-derived systemic inflammation. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1588129. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1588129
24. Anhê FF, Barra NG, Cavallari JF, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia is dictated by the type of lipopolysaccharide. Cell Rep. 2021;36(11):109691. DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109691
25. Jawamis A, Al-Domi H, Al Sarayreh N. Effect of dietary fat intake on metabolic endotoxemia: Mechanisms and clinical insights. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2025;69:415-20. DOI:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.07.1124
26. Wang SZ, Yu YJ, Adeli K. Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis. Microorganisms. 2020;8(4):527. DOI:10.3390/microorganisms8040527
27. Larraufie P, Martin-Gallausiaux C, Lapaque N, et al. SCFAs strongly stimulate PYY production in human enteroendocrine cells. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):74. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-18259-0
28. Cork SC. The role of the vagus nerve in appetite control: Implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neuroendocrinol. 2018;30(11):e12643. DOI:10.1111/jne.12643
29. Jiang P, Ji S, Su D, et al. The biofunction of Akkermansia muciniphila in intestinal-related diseases. Microbiome Res Rep. 2024;3(4):47. DOI:10.20517/mrr.2024.12
30. Sun Y, Li D, Zhao L, et al. PYY-mediated appetite control and obesity alleviation through short-chain fatty acid-driven gut-brain axis modulation by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HF01 isolated from Qula. J Dairy Sci. 2025;108(8):7960-78. DOI:10.3168/jds.2024-26193
31. Cavallari JF, Schertzer JD. Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to Energy Balance, Metabolic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Obesity. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2017;26(3):161-71. DOI:10.7570/jomes.2017.26.3.161
32. Cohen LJ, Esterhazy D, Kim SH, et al. Commensal bacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules. Nature. 2017;549(7670):48-53. DOI:10.1038/nature23874
33. Liu M, Nieuwdorp M, de Vos WM, Rampanelli E. Microbial Tryptophan Metabolism Tunes Host Immunity, Metabolism, and Extraintestinal Disorders. Metabolites. 2022;12(9):834. DOI:10.3390/metabo12090834
34. Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, et al. Tryptophan Metabolites Along the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: An Interkingdom Communication System Influencing the Gut in Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2020;13:1178646920928984. DOI:10.1177/1178646920928984
35. Paeslack N, Mimmler M, Becker S, et al. Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites in vascular inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Amino Acids. 2022;54(10):1339-56. DOI:10.1007/s00726-022-03161-5
36. den Besten G, van Eunen K, Groen AK, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(9):2325-40. DOI:10.1194/jlr.R036012
37. Alagiakrishnan K, Morgadinho J, Halverson T. Approach to the diagnosis and management of dysbiosis. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1330903. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2024.1330903
38. Regueira-Iglesias A, Balsa-Castro C, Blanco-Pintos T, Tomás I. Critical review of 16S rRNA gene sequencing workflow in microbiome studies: From primer selection to advanced data analysis. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2023;38(5):347-99. DOI:10.1111/omi.12434
39. Kim KS, Noh J, Kim BS, et al. Refining microbiome diversity analysis by concatenating and integrating dual 16S rRNA amplicon reads. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025;11(1):57. DOI:10.1038/s41522-025-00686-x
40. Saad RJ, Chey WD. Breath testing for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: maximizing test accuracy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(12):1964-72. DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.055
41. Tansel A, Levinthal DJ. Understanding Our Tests: Hydrogen-Methane Breath Testing to Diagnose Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2023;14(4):e00567. DOI:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000567
42. Kim HS, Oh SJ, Kim BK, et al. Dysbiotic signatures and diagnostic potential of gut microbial markers for inflammatory bowel disease in Korean population. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):23701. DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-74002-6
43. Romano S, Wirbel J, Ansorge R, et al. Machine learning-based meta-analysis reveals gut microbiome alterations associated with Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):4227. DOI:10.1038/s41467-025-56829-3
44. Meng Y, Ma W, Li X, Zhang N. A Novel Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota (DI-GM) is Associated With Inflammation, Mental Health, and Tumor Biomarkers in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Food Sci Nutr. 2025;13(10):e70951. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.70951
45. Wang H, Song W, Yuan W, et al. Modulating the Human Gut Microbiota through Hypocaloric Balanced Diets: An Effective Approach for Managing Obesity. Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3101. DOI:10.3390/nu15143101
46. Fernandes A, Mateus N, de Freitas V. Polyphenol-Dietary Fiber Conjugates from Fruits and Vegetables: Nature and Biological Fate in a Food and Nutrition Perspective. Foods. 2023;12(5):1052. DOI:10.3390/foods12051052
47. La Torre D, Verbeke K, Dalile B. Dietary fibre and the gut-brain axis: microbiota-dependent and independent mechanisms of action. Gut Microbiome (Camb). 2021;2:e3. DOI:10.1017/gmb.2021.3
48. Alahmari LA. Dietary fiber influence on overall health, with an emphasis on CVD, diabetes, obesity, colon cancer, and inflammation. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1510564. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2024.1510564
49. Meslier V, Laiola M, Roager HM, et al. Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake. Gut. 2020;69(7):1258-68. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320438
50. Ang QY, Alexander M, Newman JC, et al. Ketogenic Diets Alter the Gut Microbiome Resulting in Decreased Intestinal Th17 Cells. Cell. 2020;181(6):1263-1275.e16. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.027
51. Lee SB, Yoo B, Baeg C, et al. A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lactobacillus plantarum LMT1-48 on Body Fat Loss. Nutrients. 2025;17(7):1191. DOI:10.3390/nu17071191
52. Michael DR, Jack AA, Masetti G, et al. A randomised controlled study shows supplementation of overweight and obese adults with lactobacilli and bifidobacteria reduces bodyweight and improves well-being. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):4183. DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-60991-7
53. Hadi A, Arab A, Khalesi S, et al. Effects of probiotic supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic characteristics in adults with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(7):4662-73. DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.05.027
54. Heavey MK, Durmusoglu D, Crook N, Anselmo AC. Discovery and delivery strategies for engineered live biotherapeutic products. Trends Biotechnol. 2022;40(3):354-69. DOI:10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.002
55. Zhang Z, Mocanu V, Cai C, et al. Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome-A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2291. DOI:10.3390/nu11102291
56. Ishikawa D, Zhang X, Nomura K, Nagahara A. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Where We Stand and What Is Next. Inflamm Intest Dis. 2025;10(1):371-86. DOI:10.1159/000549227
2. Almeida A, Nayfach S, Boland M, et al. A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome. Nat Biotechnol. 2021;39(1):105-14. DOI:10.1038/s41587-020-0603-3
3. Драпкина О.М., Карамнова Н.С., Концевая А.В., и др. Российское общество профилактики неинфекционных заболеваний (РОПНИЗ). Алиментарно-зависимые факторы риска хронических неинфекционных заболеваний и привычки питания: диетологическая коррекция в рамках профилактического консультирования. Методические рекомендации. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2021;20(5):2952 [Drapkina OM, Karamnova NS, Kontsevaya AV, et al. Russian Society for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases (ROPNIZ). Alimentary-dependent risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases and eating habits: dietary correction within the framework of preventive counseling. Methodological Guidelines. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2021;20(5):2952 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2952
4. Менщикова В.Е., Карцева Т.В., Рябиченко Т.И., и др. Реабилитация при ожирении и избыточной массе тела как составная часть патогенетической терапии. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2025;44(6):57-68 [Menshchikova VE, Kartseva TV, Ryabichenko TI, et al. Rehabilitation in overweight and obesity as an integral part of pathogenetic therapy. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2025;44(6):57-68 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18699/ssmj20240606
5. Hall KD, Kahan S. Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):183-97. DOI:10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.012
6. Сафиуллина А.А., Ускач Т.М., Сайпудинова К.М., и др. Сердечная недостаточность и ожирение. Терапевтический архив. 2022;94(9):1115-21 [Safiullina AA, Uskach TM, Saipudinova KM, et al. Heart failure and obesity. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2022;94(9):1115-21 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/00403660.2022.09.201837
7. Cheng Z, Zhang L, Yang L, Chu H. The critical role of gut microbiota in obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1025706. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2022.1025706
8. Camilleri M, Acosta A. Newer pharmacological interventions directed at gut hormones for obesity. Br J Pharmacol. 2024;181(8):1153-64. DOI:10.1111/bph.16278
9. Angelidi AM, Belanger MJ, Kokkinos A, et al. Novel Noninvasive Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: From Pharmacotherapy to Gene Therapy. Endocr Rev. 2022;43(3):507-57. DOI:10.1210/endrev/bnab034
10. Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, et al. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients? Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1474. DOI:10.3390/nu12051474
11. Johnson KV. Gut microbiome composition and diversity are related to human personality traits. Hum Microb J. 2020;15:None. DOI:10.1016/j.humic.2019.100069
12. Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. The Gut Microbiome in Human Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines. 2025;13(9):2173. DOI:10.3390/biomedicines13092173
13. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457(7228):480-4. DOI:10.1038/nature07540
14. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(22):9066-71. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1219451110
15. Maioli TU, Borras-Nogues E, Torres L, et al. Possible Benefits of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii for Obesity-Associated Gut Disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:740636. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2021.740636
16. Демидова Т.Ю., Кочина А.С., Короткова Т.Н. Метаболизм кишечной микробиоты и его роль в течении сахарного диабета. Медицинский совет. 2023;(23):192-8 [Demidova TY, Kochina AS, Korotkova TN. Metabolism of gut microbiota and its role in state of diabetes mellitus. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2023;(23):192-8 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-23-192-198
17. He J, Zhang P, Shen L, et al. Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Association with Signalling Pathways in Inflammation, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6356. DOI:10.3390/ijms21176356
18. Wolters M, Ahrens J, Romaní-Pérez M, et al. Dietary fat, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health – A systematic review conducted within the MyNewGut project. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(6):2504-20. DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.024
19. Beaumont M, Portune KJ, Steuer N, et al. Quantity and source of dietary protein influence metabolite production by gut microbiota and rectal mucosa gene expression: a randomized, parallel, double-blind trial in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(4):1005-19. DOI:10.3945/ajcn.117.158816
20. Duan H, Wang L, Huangfu M, Li H. The impact of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on macrophage activities in disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;165:115276. DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115276
21. Shanmugham M, Bellanger S, Leo CH. Gut-Derived Metabolite, Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases: Detection, Mechanism, and Potential Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(4):504. DOI:10.3390/ph16040504
22. Jyoti, Dey P. Mechanisms and implications of the gut microbial modulation of intestinal metabolic processes. NPJ Metab Health Dis. 2025;3(1):24. DOI:10.1038/s44324-025-00066-1
23. Tume R, El Sherbiny S, Bono R, et al. The balance between proinflammatory, "bad", and immunomodulatory, "good", lipopolysaccharide for understanding gut-derived systemic inflammation. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1588129. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1588129
24. Anhê FF, Barra NG, Cavallari JF, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia is dictated by the type of lipopolysaccharide. Cell Rep. 2021;36(11):109691. DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109691
25. Jawamis A, Al-Domi H, Al Sarayreh N. Effect of dietary fat intake on metabolic endotoxemia: Mechanisms and clinical insights. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2025;69:415-20. DOI:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.07.1124
26. Wang SZ, Yu YJ, Adeli K. Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis. Microorganisms. 2020;8(4):527. DOI:10.3390/microorganisms8040527
27. Larraufie P, Martin-Gallausiaux C, Lapaque N, et al. SCFAs strongly stimulate PYY production in human enteroendocrine cells. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):74. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-18259-0
28. Cork SC. The role of the vagus nerve in appetite control: Implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neuroendocrinol. 2018;30(11):e12643. DOI:10.1111/jne.12643
29. Jiang P, Ji S, Su D, et al. The biofunction of Akkermansia muciniphila in intestinal-related diseases. Microbiome Res Rep. 2024;3(4):47. DOI:10.20517/mrr.2024.12
30. Sun Y, Li D, Zhao L, et al. PYY-mediated appetite control and obesity alleviation through short-chain fatty acid-driven gut-brain axis modulation by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HF01 isolated from Qula. J Dairy Sci. 2025;108(8):7960-78. DOI:10.3168/jds.2024-26193
31. Cavallari JF, Schertzer JD. Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to Energy Balance, Metabolic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Obesity. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2017;26(3):161-71. DOI:10.7570/jomes.2017.26.3.161
32. Cohen LJ, Esterhazy D, Kim SH, et al. Commensal bacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules. Nature. 2017;549(7670):48-53. DOI:10.1038/nature23874
33. Liu M, Nieuwdorp M, de Vos WM, Rampanelli E. Microbial Tryptophan Metabolism Tunes Host Immunity, Metabolism, and Extraintestinal Disorders. Metabolites. 2022;12(9):834. DOI:10.3390/metabo12090834
34. Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, et al. Tryptophan Metabolites Along the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: An Interkingdom Communication System Influencing the Gut in Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2020;13:1178646920928984. DOI:10.1177/1178646920928984
35. Paeslack N, Mimmler M, Becker S, et al. Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites in vascular inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Amino Acids. 2022;54(10):1339-56. DOI:10.1007/s00726-022-03161-5
36. den Besten G, van Eunen K, Groen AK, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(9):2325-40. DOI:10.1194/jlr.R036012
37. Alagiakrishnan K, Morgadinho J, Halverson T. Approach to the diagnosis and management of dysbiosis. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1330903. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2024.1330903
38. Regueira-Iglesias A, Balsa-Castro C, Blanco-Pintos T, Tomás I. Critical review of 16S rRNA gene sequencing workflow in microbiome studies: From primer selection to advanced data analysis. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2023;38(5):347-99. DOI:10.1111/omi.12434
39. Kim KS, Noh J, Kim BS, et al. Refining microbiome diversity analysis by concatenating and integrating dual 16S rRNA amplicon reads. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025;11(1):57. DOI:10.1038/s41522-025-00686-x
40. Saad RJ, Chey WD. Breath testing for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: maximizing test accuracy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(12):1964-72. DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.055
41. Tansel A, Levinthal DJ. Understanding Our Tests: Hydrogen-Methane Breath Testing to Diagnose Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2023;14(4):e00567. DOI:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000567
42. Kim HS, Oh SJ, Kim BK, et al. Dysbiotic signatures and diagnostic potential of gut microbial markers for inflammatory bowel disease in Korean population. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):23701. DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-74002-6
43. Romano S, Wirbel J, Ansorge R, et al. Machine learning-based meta-analysis reveals gut microbiome alterations associated with Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):4227. DOI:10.1038/s41467-025-56829-3
44. Meng Y, Ma W, Li X, Zhang N. A Novel Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota (DI-GM) is Associated With Inflammation, Mental Health, and Tumor Biomarkers in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Food Sci Nutr. 2025;13(10):e70951. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.70951
45. Wang H, Song W, Yuan W, et al. Modulating the Human Gut Microbiota through Hypocaloric Balanced Diets: An Effective Approach for Managing Obesity. Nutrients. 2023;15(14):3101. DOI:10.3390/nu15143101
46. Fernandes A, Mateus N, de Freitas V. Polyphenol-Dietary Fiber Conjugates from Fruits and Vegetables: Nature and Biological Fate in a Food and Nutrition Perspective. Foods. 2023;12(5):1052. DOI:10.3390/foods12051052
47. La Torre D, Verbeke K, Dalile B. Dietary fibre and the gut-brain axis: microbiota-dependent and independent mechanisms of action. Gut Microbiome (Camb). 2021;2:e3. DOI:10.1017/gmb.2021.3
48. Alahmari LA. Dietary fiber influence on overall health, with an emphasis on CVD, diabetes, obesity, colon cancer, and inflammation. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1510564. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2024.1510564
49. Meslier V, Laiola M, Roager HM, et al. Mediterranean diet intervention in overweight and obese subjects lowers plasma cholesterol and causes changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome independently of energy intake. Gut. 2020;69(7):1258-68. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320438
50. Ang QY, Alexander M, Newman JC, et al. Ketogenic Diets Alter the Gut Microbiome Resulting in Decreased Intestinal Th17 Cells. Cell. 2020;181(6):1263-1275.e16. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.027
51. Lee SB, Yoo B, Baeg C, et al. A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lactobacillus plantarum LMT1-48 on Body Fat Loss. Nutrients. 2025;17(7):1191. DOI:10.3390/nu17071191
52. Michael DR, Jack AA, Masetti G, et al. A randomised controlled study shows supplementation of overweight and obese adults with lactobacilli and bifidobacteria reduces bodyweight and improves well-being. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):4183. DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-60991-7
53. Hadi A, Arab A, Khalesi S, et al. Effects of probiotic supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic characteristics in adults with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(7):4662-73. DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.05.027
54. Heavey MK, Durmusoglu D, Crook N, Anselmo AC. Discovery and delivery strategies for engineered live biotherapeutic products. Trends Biotechnol. 2022;40(3):354-69. DOI:10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.002
55. Zhang Z, Mocanu V, Cai C, et al. Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome-A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2291. DOI:10.3390/nu11102291
56. Ishikawa D, Zhang X, Nomura K, Nagahara A. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Where We Stand and What Is Next. Inflamm Intest Dis. 2025;10(1):371-86. DOI:10.1159/000549227
________________________________________________
2. Almeida A, Nayfach S, Boland M, et al. A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome. Nat Biotechnol. 2021;39(1):105-14. DOI:10.1038/s41587-020-0603-3
3. Drapkina OM, Karamnova NS, Kontsevaya AV, et al. Russian Society for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases (ROPNIZ). Alimentary-dependent risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases and eating habits: dietary correction within the framework of preventive counseling. Methodological Guidelines. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2021;20(5):2952 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2952
4. Menshchikova VE, Kartseva TV, Ryabichenko TI, et al. Rehabilitation in overweight and obesity as an integral part of pathogenetic therapy. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2025;44(6):57-68 (in Russian). DOI:10.18699/ssmj20240606
5. Hall KD, Kahan S. Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):183-97. DOI:10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.012
6. Safiullina AA, Uskach TM, Saipudinova KM, et al. Heart failure and obesity. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2022;94(9):1115-21 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2022.09.201837
7. Cheng Z, Zhang L, Yang L, Chu H. The critical role of gut microbiota in obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1025706. DOI:10.3389/fendo.2022.1025706
8. Camilleri M, Acosta A. Newer pharmacological interventions directed at gut hormones for obesity. Br J Pharmacol. 2024;181(8):1153-64. DOI:10.1111/bph.16278
9. Angelidi AM, Belanger MJ, Kokkinos A, et al. Novel Noninvasive Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: From Pharmacotherapy to Gene Therapy. Endocr Rev. 2022;43(3):507-57. DOI:10.1210/endrev/bnab034
10. Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, et al. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients? Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1474. DOI:10.3390/nu12051474
11. Johnson KV. Gut microbiome composition and diversity are related to human personality traits. Hum Microb J. 2020;15:None. DOI:10.1016/j.humic.2019.100069
12. Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. The Gut Microbiome in Human Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines. 2025;13(9):2173. DOI:10.3390/biomedicines13092173
13. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457(7228):480-4. DOI:10.1038/nature07540
14. Everard A, Belzer C, Geurts L, et al. Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110(22):9066-71. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1219451110
15. Maioli TU, Borras-Nogues E, Torres L, et al. Possible Benefits of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii for Obesity-Associated Gut Disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:740636. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2021.740636
16. Demidova TY, Kochina AS, Korotkova TN. Metabolism of gut microbiota and its role in state of diabetes mellitus. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2023;(23):192-8 (in Russian). DOI:10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-23-192-198
17. He J, Zhang P, Shen L, et al. Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Association with Signalling Pathways in Inflammation, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(17):6356. DOI:10.3390/ijms21176356
18. Wolters M, Ahrens J, Romaní-Pérez M, et al. Dietary fat, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health – A systematic review conducted within the MyNewGut project. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(6):2504-20. DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.024
19. Beaumont M, Portune KJ, Steuer N, et al. Quantity and source of dietary protein influence metabolite production by gut microbiota and rectal mucosa gene expression: a randomized, parallel, double-blind trial in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(4):1005-19. DOI:10.3945/ajcn.117.158816
20. Duan H, Wang L, Huangfu M, Li H. The impact of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on macrophage activities in disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;165:115276. DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115276
21. Shanmugham M, Bellanger S, Leo CH. Gut-Derived Metabolite, Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases: Detection, Mechanism, and Potential Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(4):504. DOI:10.3390/ph16040504
22. Jyoti, Dey P. Mechanisms and implications of the gut microbial modulation of intestinal metabolic processes. NPJ Metab Health Dis. 2025;3(1):24. DOI:10.1038/s44324-025-00066-1
23. Tume R, El Sherbiny S, Bono R, et al. The balance between proinflammatory, "bad", and immunomodulatory, "good", lipopolysaccharide for understanding gut-derived systemic inflammation. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1588129. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1588129
24. Anhê FF, Barra NG, Cavallari JF, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia is dictated by the type of lipopolysaccharide. Cell Rep. 2021;36(11):109691. DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109691
25. Jawamis A, Al-Domi H, Al Sarayreh N. Effect of dietary fat intake on metabolic endotoxemia: Mechanisms and clinical insights. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2025;69:415-20. DOI:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.07.1124
26. Wang SZ, Yu YJ, Adeli K. Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis. Microorganisms. 2020;8(4):527. DOI:10.3390/microorganisms8040527
27. Larraufie P, Martin-Gallausiaux C, Lapaque N, et al. SCFAs strongly stimulate PYY production in human enteroendocrine cells. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):74. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-18259-0
28. Cork SC. The role of the vagus nerve in appetite control: Implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neuroendocrinol. 2018;30(11):e12643. DOI:10.1111/jne.12643
29. Jiang P, Ji S, Su D, et al. The biofunction of Akkermansia muciniphila in intestinal-related diseases. Microbiome Res Rep. 2024;3(4):47. DOI:10.20517/mrr.2024.12
30. Sun Y, Li D, Zhao L, et al. PYY-mediated appetite control and obesity alleviation through short-chain fatty acid-driven gut-brain axis modulation by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HF01 isolated from Qula. J Dairy Sci. 2025;108(8):7960-78. DOI:10.3168/jds.2024-26193
31. Cavallari JF, Schertzer JD. Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to Energy Balance, Metabolic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Obesity. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2017;26(3):161-71. DOI:10.7570/jomes.2017.26.3.161
32. Cohen LJ, Esterhazy D, Kim SH, et al. Commensal bacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules. Nature. 2017;549(7670):48-53. DOI:10.1038/nature23874
33. Liu M, Nieuwdorp M, de Vos WM, Rampanelli E. Microbial Tryptophan Metabolism Tunes Host Immunity, Metabolism, and Extraintestinal Disorders. Metabolites. 2022;12(9):834. DOI:10.3390/metabo12090834
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Авторы
А.В. Стародубова*1,2, О.А. Кисляк2, Т.Ю. Демидова2, И.Г. Никитин2, Г.Е. Леонов1
1ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания и биотехнологии», Москва, Россия;
2ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет), Москва, Россия
*lechebnoedelo@yandex.ru
1Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russia;
2Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University), Moscow, Russia
*lechebnoedelo@yandex.ru
1ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания и биотехнологии», Москва, Россия;
2ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет), Москва, Россия
*lechebnoedelo@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
1Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russia;
2Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University), Moscow, Russia
*lechebnoedelo@yandex.ru
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