1. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2022;77(3):761-806. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.05.011
2. Винницкая Е.В., Абдулхаков С.Р., Абдурахманов Д.Т., и др. Актуальные вопросы диагностики и лечения первичного склерозирующего холангита (по материалам российского консенсуса по диагностике и лечению первичного склерозирующего холангита. Москва, 2018 г.). Терапевтический архив. 2019;91(2):9-15 [Vinnitskaya EV, Abdulkhakov SR, Abdurakhmanov DT, et al. Important problems in the diagnosis and treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis (based on the Russian consensus on diagnosis and treatment autoimmune hepatitis. Moscow, 2018). Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2019;91(2):9-15 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/00403660.2019.02.000075
3. Хатьков И.Е., Винницкая Е.В., Ефанов М.Г., и др. Первичный склерозирующий холангит. Взгляд терапевта и хирурга. Под ред. И.Е. Хатькова, Е.В. Винницкой. М.: Литтерра, 2019. 184 с. [Khat'kov IE, Vinnitskaia EV, Efanov MG, et al. Pervichnyi skleroziruiushchii kholangit. Vzgliad terapevta i khirurga. Pod red. IE Khat'kova, EV Vinnitskoi. Moscow: Litterra, 2019. 184 p. (in Russian)].
4. Barberio B, Massimi D, Cazzagon N, et al. Prevalence of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(6):1865-77. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.032
5. Boonstra K, Beuers U, Ponsioen CY. Epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: a systematic review. J Hepatol. 2012;56(5):1181-88. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2011.10.025
6. Григорьева Г.А., Мешалкина Н.Ю. Болезнь Крона. М.: Медицина, 2007. 184 с. [Grigor'eva GA, Meshalkina NIu. Bolezn' Krona. Moscow: Meditsina, 2007. 184 p. (in Russian)].
7. Weismüller TJ, Trivedi PJ, Bergquist A, et al. Patient Age, Sex, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Phenotype Associate With Course of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(8):1975-1984.e8. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.038
8. Trivedi PJ, Crothers H, Mytton J, et al. Effects of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis on Risks of Cancer and Death in People With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Based on Sex, Race, and Age. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):915-28. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.049
9. Khan N, Trivedi C, Shah Y, et al. The Natural History of Newly Diagnosed Ulcerative Colitis in Patients with Concomitant Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(9):2062-7. DOI:10.1093/ibd/izy106
10. Lundberg Båve A, Bergquist A, Bottai M, et al. Increased risk of cancer in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatol Int. 2021;15(5):1174-82. DOI:10.1007/s12072-021-10214-6
11. Boonstra K, Weersma RK, van Erpecum KJ, et al. Population-based epidemiology, malignancy risk, and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2013;58(6):2045-55. DOI:10.1002/hep.26565
12. Chapman RW. Primary sclerosing cholangitis – A long night's journey into day. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2022;20(Suppl. 1):21-32. DOI:10.1002/cld.1264
13. Karlsen TH, Franke A, Melum E, et al. Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(3):1102-11. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.046
14. Ellinghaus D, Jostins L, Spain SL, et al. Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci. Nat Genet. 2016;48(5):510-8. DOI:10.1038/ng.3528
15. Jiang X, Karlsen TH. Genetics of primary sclerosing cholangitis and pathophysiological implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(5):279-95. DOI:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.154
16. Ji SG, Juran BD, Mucha S, et al. Genome-wide association study of primary sclerosing cholangitis identifies new risk loci and quantifies the genetic relationship with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genet. 2017;49(2):269-73. DOI:10.1038/ng.3745
17. Bergquist A, Montgomery SM, Bahmanyar S, et al. Increased risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis in first-degree relatives of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(8):939-43. DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.03.016
18. van Munster KN, Bergquist A, Ponsioen CY. Inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: One disease or two? J Hepatol. 2024;80(1):155-68. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2023.09.031
19. Thomas JP, Modos D, Rushbrook SM, et al. The Emerging Role of Bile Acids in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol. 2022;13:829525. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2022.829525
20. Симаненков В.И., Маев И.В., Ткачева О.Н., и др. Синдром повышенной эпителиальной проницаемости в клинической практике. Мультидисциплинарный национальный консенсус. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2021;20(1):2758 [Simanenkov VI, Maev IV, Tkacheva ON, et al. Syndrome of increased epithelial permeability in clinical practice. Multidisciplinary national Consensus. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2021;20(1):2758 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2758
21. Парфенов А.И. Значение повышенной проницаемости кишечника в патогенезе внутренних болезней. Терапевтический архив. 2024;96(2):85-90 [Parfenov AI. The significance of increased intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of internal diseases. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2024;96(2):85-90 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/00403660.2024.02.202587
22. Быкова С.В., Сабельникова Е.А., Новиков А.А., и др. Зонулин и I-FABP – маркеры повреждения энтероцитов при целиакии. Терапевтический архив. 2022;94(4):511-6 [Bykova SV, Sabelnikova EA, Novikov AA, et al. Zonulin and I-FABP are markers of enterocyte damage in celiac disease. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2022;94(4):511-6 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/00403660.2022.04.201480
23. Grant AJ, Lalor PF, Salmi M, et al. Homing of mucosal lymphocytes to the liver in the pathogenesis of hepatic complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet. 2002;359(9301):150-7. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07374-9
24. Kim YS, Hurley EH, Park Y, Ko S. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a condition exemplifying the crosstalk of the gut-liver axis. Exp Mol Med. 2023;55(7):1380-87. DOI:10.1038/s12276-023-01042-9
25. Blesl A, Stadlbauer V. The Gut-Liver Axis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):1018. DOI:10.3390/nu13031018
26. Chung H, Pamp SJ, Hill JA, et al. Gut immune maturation depends on colonization with a host-specific microbiota. Cell. 2012;149(7):1578-93. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.037
27. Björnsson E, Cederborg A, Akvist A, et al. Intestinal permeability and bacterial growth of the small bowel in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(9):1090-4. DOI:10.1080/00365520510023288
28. Tripathi A, Debelius J, Brenner DA, et al. Publisher Correction: The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(12):785. DOI:10.1038/s41575-018-0031-8
29. Kummen M, Holm K, Anmarkrud JA, et al. The gut microbial profile in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is distinct from patients with ulcerative colitis without biliary disease and healthy controls. Gut. 2017;66(4):611-9. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310500
30. Little R, Wine E, Kamath BM, et al. Gut microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis: A review. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(21):2768-80. DOI:10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2768
31. Rühlemann M, Liwinski T, Heinsen FA, et al. Consistent alterations in faecal microbiomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis independent of associated colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(5):580-9. DOI:10.1111/apt.15375
32. Sabino J, Vieira-Silva S, Machiels K, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterised by intestinal dysbiosis independent from IBD. Gut. 2016;65(10):1681-9. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311004
33. Lemoinne S, Kemgang A, Ben Belkacem K, et al. Fungi participate in the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2020;69(1):92-102. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317791
34. Quraishi MN, Acharjee A, Beggs AD, et al. A Pilot Integrative Analysis of Colonic Gene Expression, Gut Microbiota, and Immune Infiltration in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Association of Disease With Bile Acid Pathways. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14(7):935-47. DOI:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa021
35. Fuentes S, Rossen NG, van der Spek MJ, et al. Microbial shifts and signatures of long-term remission in ulcerative colitis after faecal microbiota transplantation. ISME J. 2017;11(8):1877-89. DOI:10.1038/ismej.2017.44
36. Schrumpf E, Kummen M, Valestrand L, et al. The gut microbiota contributes to a mouse model of spontaneous bile duct inflammation. J Hepatol. 2017;66(2):382-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.09.020
37. Tabibian JH, O'Hara SP, Trussoni CE, et al. Absence of the intestinal microbiota exacerbates hepatobiliary disease in a murine model of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):185-96. DOI:10.1002/hep.27927
38. Shalon D, Culver RN, Grembi JA, et al. Profiling the human intestinal environment under physiological conditions. Nature. 2023;617(7961):581-91. DOI:10.1038/s41586-023-05989-7
39. Liwinski T, Zenouzi R, John C, et al. Alterations of the bile microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2020;69(4):665-72. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318416
40. Rankin JG, Boden RW, Goulston SJ, Morrow W. The liver in ulcerative colitis; treatment of pericholangitis with tetracycline. Lancet. 1959;2(7112):1110-2. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(59)90098-4
41. Färkkilä M, Karvonen AL, Nurmi H, et al. Metronidazole and ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2004;40(6):1379-86. DOI:10.1002/hep.20457
42. Shah A, Crawford D, Burger D, et al. Effects of Antibiotic Therapy in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis with and without Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Semin Liver Dis. 2019;39(4):432-41. DOI:10.1055/s-0039-1688501
43. Begley M, Hill C, Gahan CG. Bile salt hydrolase activity in probiotics. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(3):1729-38. DOI:10.1128/AEM.72.3.1729-1738.2006
44. Vrieze A, Out C, Fuentes S, et al. Impact of oral vancomycin on gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. J Hepatol. 2014;60(4):824-31. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.034
45. Kitahara M, Sakata S, Sakamoto M, Benno Y. Comparison among fecal secondary bile acid levels, fecal microbiota and Clostridium scindens cell numbers in Japanese. Microbiol Immunol. 2004;48(5):367-75. DOI:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03526.x
46. Shah A, Macdonald GA, Morrison M, Holtmann G. Targeting the Gut Microbiome as a Treatment for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Conceptional Framework. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(6):814-22. DOI:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000604
47. Abarbanel DN, Seki SM, Davies Y, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of vancomycin on Treg in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(2):397-406. DOI:10.1007/s10875-012-9801-1
48. Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Sanyal AJ, et al. Modulation of the metabiome by rifaximin in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60042. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0060042
49. Caraceni P, Vargas V, Solà E, et al. The Use of Rifaximin in Patients With Cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2021;74(3):1660-73. DOI:10.1002/hep.31708
50. Tabibian JH, Gossard A, El-Youssef M, et al. Prospective Clinical Trial of Rifaximin Therapy for Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Am J Ther. 2017;24(1):e56-63. DOI:10.1097/MJT.0000000000000102
51. Damman JL, Rodriguez EA, Ali AH, et al. Review article: the evidence that vancomycin is a therapeutic option for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(7):886-95. DOI:10.1111/apt.14540
52. Allegretti JR, Kassam Z, Carrellas M, et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Pilot Clinical Trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(7):1071-79. DOI:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000115
53. Nakamoto N, Sasaki N, Aoki R, et al. Gut pathobionts underlie intestinal barrier dysfunction and liver T helper 17 cell immune response in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(3):492-503. DOI:10.1038/s41564-018-0333-1
54. Liao L, Schneider KM, Galvez EJC, et al. Intestinal dysbiosis augments liver disease progression via NLRP3 in a murine model of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2019;68(8):1477-92. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316670

________________________________________________

1. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2022;77(3):761-806. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.05.011
2. Vinnitskaya EV, Abdulkhakov SR, Abdurakhmanov DT, et al. Important problems in the diagnosis and treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis (based on the Russian consensus on diagnosis and treatment autoimmune hepatitis. Moscow, 2018). Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2019;91(2):9-15 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2019.02.000075
3. Khat'kov IE, Vinnitskaia EV, Efanov MG, et al. Pervichnyi skleroziruiushchii kholangit. Vzgliad terapevta i khirurga. Pod red. IE Khat'kova, EV Vinnitskoi. Moscow: Litterra, 2019. 184 p. (in Russian).
4. Barberio B, Massimi D, Cazzagon N, et al. Prevalence of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(6):1865-77. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.032
5. Boonstra K, Beuers U, Ponsioen CY. Epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: a systematic review. J Hepatol. 2012;56(5):1181-88. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2011.10.025
6. Grigor'eva GA, Meshalkina NIu. Bolezn' Krona. Moscow: Meditsina, 2007. 184 p. (in Russian).
7. Weismüller TJ, Trivedi PJ, Bergquist A, et al. Patient Age, Sex, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Phenotype Associate With Course of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(8):1975-1984.e8. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.038
8. Trivedi PJ, Crothers H, Mytton J, et al. Effects of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis on Risks of Cancer and Death in People With Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Based on Sex, Race, and Age. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):915-28. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.049
9. Khan N, Trivedi C, Shah Y, et al. The Natural History of Newly Diagnosed Ulcerative Colitis in Patients with Concomitant Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(9):2062-7. DOI:10.1093/ibd/izy106
10. Lundberg Båve A, Bergquist A, Bottai M, et al. Increased risk of cancer in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatol Int. 2021;15(5):1174-82. DOI:10.1007/s12072-021-10214-6
11. Boonstra K, Weersma RK, van Erpecum KJ, et al. Population-based epidemiology, malignancy risk, and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2013;58(6):2045-55. DOI:10.1002/hep.26565
12. Chapman RW. Primary sclerosing cholangitis – A long night's journey into day. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2022;20(Suppl. 1):21-32. DOI:10.1002/cld.1264
13. Karlsen TH, Franke A, Melum E, et al. Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(3):1102-11. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.046
14. Ellinghaus D, Jostins L, Spain SL, et al. Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci. Nat Genet. 2016;48(5):510-8. DOI:10.1038/ng.3528
15. Jiang X, Karlsen TH. Genetics of primary sclerosing cholangitis and pathophysiological implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(5):279-95. DOI:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.154
16. Ji SG, Juran BD, Mucha S, et al. Genome-wide association study of primary sclerosing cholangitis identifies new risk loci and quantifies the genetic relationship with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genet. 2017;49(2):269-73. DOI:10.1038/ng.3745
17. Bergquist A, Montgomery SM, Bahmanyar S, et al. Increased risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis in first-degree relatives of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(8):939-43. DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.03.016
18. van Munster KN, Bergquist A, Ponsioen CY. Inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: One disease or two? J Hepatol. 2024;80(1):155-68. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2023.09.031
19. Thomas JP, Modos D, Rushbrook SM, et al. The Emerging Role of Bile Acids in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol. 2022;13:829525. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2022.829525
20. Simanenkov VI, Maev IV, Tkacheva ON, et al. Syndrome of increased epithelial permeability in clinical practice. Multidisciplinary national Consensus. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2021;20(1):2758 (in Russian). DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2758
21. Parfenov AI. The significance of increased intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of internal diseases. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2024;96(2):85-90 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2024.02.202587
22. Bykova SV, Sabelnikova EA, Novikov AA, et al. Zonulin and I-FABP are markers of enterocyte damage in celiac disease. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2022;94(4):511-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/00403660.2022.04.201480
23. Grant AJ, Lalor PF, Salmi M, et al. Homing of mucosal lymphocytes to the liver in the pathogenesis of hepatic complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet. 2002;359(9301):150-7. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07374-9
24. Kim YS, Hurley EH, Park Y, Ko S. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a condition exemplifying the crosstalk of the gut-liver axis. Exp Mol Med. 2023;55(7):1380-87. DOI:10.1038/s12276-023-01042-9
25. Blesl A, Stadlbauer V. The Gut-Liver Axis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):1018. DOI:10.3390/nu13031018
26. Chung H, Pamp SJ, Hill JA, et al. Gut immune maturation depends on colonization with a host-specific microbiota. Cell. 2012;149(7):1578-93. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.037
27. Björnsson E, Cederborg A, Akvist A, et al. Intestinal permeability and bacterial growth of the small bowel in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(9):1090-4. DOI:10.1080/00365520510023288
28. Tripathi A, Debelius J, Brenner DA, et al. Publisher Correction: The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(12):785. DOI:10.1038/s41575-018-0031-8
29. Kummen M, Holm K, Anmarkrud JA, et al. The gut microbial profile in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is distinct from patients with ulcerative colitis without biliary disease and healthy controls. Gut. 2017;66(4):611-9. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310500
30. Little R, Wine E, Kamath BM, et al. Gut microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis: A review. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(21):2768-80. DOI:10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2768
31. Rühlemann M, Liwinski T, Heinsen FA, et al. Consistent alterations in faecal microbiomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis independent of associated colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(5):580-9. DOI:10.1111/apt.15375
32. Sabino J, Vieira-Silva S, Machiels K, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is characterised by intestinal dysbiosis independent from IBD. Gut. 2016;65(10):1681-9. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311004
33. Lemoinne S, Kemgang A, Ben Belkacem K, et al. Fungi participate in the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2020;69(1):92-102. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317791
34. Quraishi MN, Acharjee A, Beggs AD, et al. A Pilot Integrative Analysis of Colonic Gene Expression, Gut Microbiota, and Immune Infiltration in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Association of Disease With Bile Acid Pathways. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14(7):935-47. DOI:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa021
35. Fuentes S, Rossen NG, van der Spek MJ, et al. Microbial shifts and signatures of long-term remission in ulcerative colitis after faecal microbiota transplantation. ISME J. 2017;11(8):1877-89. DOI:10.1038/ismej.2017.44
36. Schrumpf E, Kummen M, Valestrand L, et al. The gut microbiota contributes to a mouse model of spontaneous bile duct inflammation. J Hepatol. 2017;66(2):382-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.09.020
37. Tabibian JH, O'Hara SP, Trussoni CE, et al. Absence of the intestinal microbiota exacerbates hepatobiliary disease in a murine model of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):185-96. DOI:10.1002/hep.27927
38. Shalon D, Culver RN, Grembi JA, et al. Profiling the human intestinal environment under physiological conditions. Nature. 2023;617(7961):581-91. DOI:10.1038/s41586-023-05989-7
39. Liwinski T, Zenouzi R, John C, et al. Alterations of the bile microbiome in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2020;69(4):665-72. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318416
40. Rankin JG, Boden RW, Goulston SJ, Morrow W. The liver in ulcerative colitis; treatment of pericholangitis with tetracycline. Lancet. 1959;2(7112):1110-2. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(59)90098-4
41. Färkkilä M, Karvonen AL, Nurmi H, et al. Metronidazole and ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2004;40(6):1379-86. DOI:10.1002/hep.20457
42. Shah A, Crawford D, Burger D, et al. Effects of Antibiotic Therapy in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis with and without Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Semin Liver Dis. 2019;39(4):432-41. DOI:10.1055/s-0039-1688501
43. Begley M, Hill C, Gahan CG. Bile salt hydrolase activity in probiotics. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(3):1729-38. DOI:10.1128/AEM.72.3.1729-1738.2006
44. Vrieze A, Out C, Fuentes S, et al. Impact of oral vancomycin on gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. J Hepatol. 2014;60(4):824-31. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.034
45. Kitahara M, Sakata S, Sakamoto M, Benno Y. Comparison among fecal secondary bile acid levels, fecal microbiota and Clostridium scindens cell numbers in Japanese. Microbiol Immunol. 2004;48(5):367-75. DOI:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03526.x
46. Shah A, Macdonald GA, Morrison M, Holtmann G. Targeting the Gut Microbiome as a Treatment for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Conceptional Framework. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(6):814-22. DOI:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000604
47. Abarbanel DN, Seki SM, Davies Y, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of vancomycin on Treg in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(2):397-406. DOI:10.1007/s10875-012-9801-1
48. Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Sanyal AJ, et al. Modulation of the metabiome by rifaximin in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60042. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0060042
49. Caraceni P, Vargas V, Solà E, et al. The Use of Rifaximin in Patients With Cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2021;74(3):1660-73. DOI:10.1002/hep.31708
50. Tabibian JH, Gossard A, El-Youssef M, et al. Prospective Clinical Trial of Rifaximin Therapy for Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Am J Ther. 2017;24(1):e56-63. DOI:10.1097/MJT.0000000000000102
51. Damman JL, Rodriguez EA, Ali AH, et al. Review article: the evidence that vancomycin is a therapeutic option for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(7):886-95. DOI:10.1111/apt.14540
52. Allegretti JR, Kassam Z, Carrellas M, et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Pilot Clinical Trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(7):1071-79. DOI:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000115
53. Nakamoto N, Sasaki N, Aoki R, et al. Gut pathobionts underlie intestinal barrier dysfunction and liver T helper 17 cell immune response in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(3):492-503. DOI:10.1038/s41564-018-0333-1
54. Liao L, Schneider KM, Galvez EJC, et al. Intestinal dysbiosis augments liver disease progression via NLRP3 in a murine model of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2019;68(8):1477-92. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316670

Е.С. Сбикина*, Е.В. Винницкая, А.И. Парфенов

ГБУЗ «Московский клинический научно-практический центр им. А.С. Логинова» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия
*esbikina@gmail.com

________________________________________________

Evgenia S. Sbikina*, Elena V. Vinnitskaya, Asfold I. Parfenov

Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia
*esbikina@gmail.com