1. Fleckenstein A, Tritthart H, Fleckenstein B et al. Eineneue Gruppekompetitiver Ca++ Antagonisten (Iproveratril, D6000, Prenylamin) mitstarken Hemeffekten auf die elektromekanische Koppelungim Warmbluter-myocard. Pflugers Arch 1969; 307: R25.
2. Grossman E, Messerli FH. Calcium antagonists. Progress Cardiovascular Dis 2004; 47 (1): 34–57.
3. Hoberg E, Schwarz F, Schoemig A et al. Prevention of restenosis by verapamil. The verapamil Angioplasty Study (VAS). Circulation 1990; 82 (Suppl. 3): 428.
4. Schroeder JS, Gao SZ, Alderman EL et al. A preliminary study of diltiazem in the prevention of coronary artery disease in heart-transplant recipients. N Eng J Med 1993; 328 (3): 164–70.
5. Zanchetti A, Rosei EA, Dal Palu C et al. The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): Results of long-term randomized treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on carotid intima-media thickness. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1667–76.
6. Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV. Dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1995; 92: 1326–31.
7. Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD et al. The risk of myocardial infarction assocoated with antihypertensive drug therapies. JAMA 1995; 274: 620–5.
8. Рекомендации Минздрава России. Диагностика и лечение хронической ишемической болезни сердца. 2013. / Rekomendatsii Minzdrava Rossii. Diagnostika i lechenie khronicheskoi ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa. 2013. [in Russian]
9. Рекомендации РМОАГ/ВНОК по диагностике и лечению артериальной гипертонии (4-й пересмотр), 2010. / Rekomendatsii RMOAG/VNOK po diagnostike i lecheniiu arterial'noi gipertonii (4-i peresmotr), 2010. [in Russian]
10. Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS et al. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1489–94.
11. Gillman M, Kannel W, Belanger A et al. Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: The Framingham study. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1148–54.
12. Pool PE, Massie BM, Venkataraman K et al. Diltiazem as monotherapy for systemic hypertension: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57 (4): 212–7.
13. Zannad F, Gosse P, Bernard-Fernier MF, de La Garoullaye A. Antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of diltiazem and enalapril, alone or in combination. DESG. Diltiazem Enalapril Study Group. Presse Med 1994; 23 (29): 1335–8.
14. Watts RW, Wing LM. A placebo-controlled comparison of diltiazem and amlodipine monotherapy in essential hypertension using 24-h ambulatory monitoring. Blood Press 1998; 7 (1): 25–30.
15. Abernethy DR, Montamat SC. Acute and chronic studies of diltiazem in elderly vs. young hypertensive patients. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60 (17): 1161–201.
16. Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC et al. Single drug therapy for hypertension in men. A comparison of 6 antihypertensive agents with placebo. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 914–21.
17. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and b-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 2000; 356 (9227): 359–65.
18. Weiss RJ, Bent B. Diltiazem-induced left ventricular mass regression in hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens 1987; 3 (2): 135–43.
19. De Rosa ML, Giordano A, Melfi M et al. Antianginal efficacy over 24 hours and exercise hemodynamic effects once-daily sustained-release 300 mg diltiazem and 240 mg verapamil in stable angina pectoris. Int J Cardiol 1998; 63: 27–35.
20. Deedwania PC, Pool PE, Thadani U, Eff J. Effect of morning vs. evening dosing of diltiazem on myocardial ischemia detected by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 421–5.
21. Stone PH, Gibson RS, Glasser SP et al. ASIS Study group. Comparison of propranolol, diltiazem, and nifedipine in the treatment of ambulatory ischemia in patients with stable angina. Circulation 1990; 82: 1962–72.
22. Deanfield JE. Amlodipine vs. diltiazem CR in the reduction of the total ischemic burden: the Circadian Anti-Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE) II trial – clinical rationale and methodology. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 1998; (12 Suppl. 3): 239–42.
23. Frishman W, Charlap S, Kümmel B et al. Diltiazem, nifedipine and their combination in patients with stable angina pectoris: effect on angina, exercise tolerance, and the ambulatory electrocardiographic ST segment. Circulation 1988; 77: 774–86.
24. Nadeau C, Hilton D, Savard D et al. Three-month efficacy and safety of once-daily diltiazem in chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 555–8.
25. Waters D, Juneau M, Baierd M. Role of diltiazem in the treatment of silent myocardial ischemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 18 (Suppl. 9): s15–20.
26. Theroux P, Baird M, Juneau M. Effect of diltiazem upon symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes of ST segment depression occurring during daily life and during exercise. Circulation 1991; 84: 15–22.
27. Opie LH. Calcium antagonists in the management of anginal syndromes. Changing concepts in relation to the role of coronary vasospasm. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 1996; 38: 291–314.
28. Gubel EJ, Hautvast AM, Gilst van W et al. Randomised, double-blind trial of intravenous diltiazem vs. glyceryl trinitrate for stable angina pectoris. Lancet 1995; 346: 1653–7.
29. Therous P, Taeymans Y, Morissette D et al. A randomized study comparing propranolol and diltiazem in the treatment of unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 717–22.
30. Gibson RS, Boden WE, Therous P et al. Diltiazem and reinfarction in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 423–9.
31. Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D et al. Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group. Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in post infarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. Circulation 1991; 83: 52–60.
32. Boden WE, Krone RJ, Kleiger RE. Electrocardiographic subset analysis of diltiazem administration on long-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction. The Multicenter Diltiazem Post-Infarction Trial Research Group. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67 (5): 335–42.
33. Moss AJ, Oakes D, Rubison M et al. Effects of diltiazem on long-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction in patients with and without a history of systemic hypertension. The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 429–33.
34. Gibson RS, Hansen JF, Messerli F et al. Long-term effects of diltiazem and verapamil on mortality and cardiac events in non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction without pulmonary congestion: post hoc subset analysis of the multicenter diltiazem post infarction trial and the second danish verapamil infarction trial studies. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 275–9.
35. Gibson RS, Boden WE, Theroux P et al. Diltiazem and reinfarction in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 423–9.
36. Boden WE, Gilst van WH, Scheldewaert RG et al. Diltiazem in acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Incomplete Infarction Trial of European Research Collaborators Evaluating Prognosis post-Thrombolysis (INTERCEPT). Lancet 2000; 355 (9217): 1751–6.
37. Nayler WG. Calcium antagonists and the ischemic myocardium. Int J Cardiol 1987; 15: 267–85.
38. Rosing DR, Kent KM, Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Verapamil therapy: a new approach to the pharmacologic treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. II. Effects on exercise capacity and symptomatic status. Circulation 1979; 60: 1208–13.
39. Bonow RO, Dilsizian V, Rosing DR et al. Verapamil-induced improvement in left ventricular diastolic filling and increased exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: short- and long-term effects. Circulation 1985; 72: 853–64.
40. Figulla H, Gietzen F, Raiber M et al. DiDi Study Group. Diltiazem improves cardiac function and exercise capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Results of the diltiazem in dilated cardiomyopathy trial. Circulation 1996; 94: 346–52.
41. Opie L. Calcium channel antagonists: part III: Use and comparative efficacy in hypertension and supra ventricular arrhythmias. Minor indications. In: LH Opie ed. Clinical use of calcium channel antagonist drugs. 2nd ed. Boston, Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Acad. Publishers 1990.
42. Roth A, Harrison E, Mitani et al. Efficacy and safety medium- and high-dose diltiazem alone and in combination with digoxin for control of heart rate at rest and during exercise in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1986; 73: 316–24.
43. Cobbe SM. Using the right drug. A treatment algorithm for atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 1997; 18 (Suppl. C): c33–9.
44. Диагностика и лечение фибрилляции предсердий. Рекомендации РКО, ВНОА и АССХ, 2012. / Diagnostika i lechenie fibrilliatsii predserdii. Rekomendatsii RKO, VNOA i ASSKh, 2012. [in Russian]
45. Pozet N, Brasier J, Aissa A et al. Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in severe renal failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 24: 635–8.
46. Pérez-Maraver M, Carrera MJ, Micaló T et al. Renoprotective effect of diltiazem in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria despite ACE inhibitor treatment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 70 (1): 13–9.
47. Hricik DE, Levine BS, Adrogue HJ et al. Evaluation of enalapril/diltiazem ER in hypertensive patients with coexisting renal dysfunction. Enalapril/Diltiazem ER in Hypertensive Renal Disease Group. J Hum Hypertens 1996; 10 (11): 769–74.
48. Triggle D. Sites, mechanism of action, and differentiation of calcium channels antagonists. Am J Hypertens 1991; 4: s422–9.
49. Ginsberg D, Pappas JE, Rofman BA et al. Once-daily dosing of sustained-release diltiazem capsules in mild-to-moderate hypertension. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1988; 88 (12): 1489–92.

________________________________________________

1. Fleckenstein A, Tritthart H, Fleckenstein B et al. Eineneue Gruppekompetitiver Ca++ Antagonisten (Iproveratril, D6000, Prenylamin) mitstarken Hemeffekten auf die elektromekanische Koppelungim Warmbluter-myocard. Pflugers Arch 1969; 307: R25.
2. Grossman E, Messerli FH. Calcium antagonists. Progress Cardiovascular Dis 2004; 47 (1): 34–57.
3. Hoberg E, Schwarz F, Schoemig A et al. Prevention of restenosis by verapamil. The verapamil Angioplasty Study (VAS). Circulation 1990; 82 (Suppl. 3): 428.
4. Schroeder JS, Gao SZ, Alderman EL et al. A preliminary study of diltiazem in the prevention of coronary artery disease in heart-transplant recipients. N Eng J Med 1993; 328 (3): 164–70.
5. Zanchetti A, Rosei EA, Dal Palu C et al. The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): Results of long-term randomized treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on carotid intima-media thickness. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1667–76.
6. Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV. Dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1995; 92: 1326–31.
7. Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD et al. The risk of myocardial infarction assocoated with antihypertensive drug therapies. JAMA 1995; 274: 620–5.
8. Rekomendatsii Minzdrava Rossii. Diagnostika i lechenie khronicheskoi ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa. 2013. [in Russian]
9. Rekomendatsii RMOAG/VNOK po diagnostike i lecheniiu arterial'noi gipertonii (4-i peresmotr), 2010. [in Russian]
10. Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS et al. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987; 113: 1489–94.
11. Gillman M, Kannel W, Belanger A et al. Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: The Framingham study. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1148–54.
12. Pool PE, Massie BM, Venkataraman K et al. Diltiazem as monotherapy for systemic hypertension: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57 (4): 212–7.
13. Zannad F, Gosse P, Bernard-Fernier MF, de La Garoullaye A. Antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of diltiazem and enalapril, alone or in combination. DESG. Diltiazem Enalapril Study Group. Presse Med 1994; 23 (29): 1335–8.
14. Watts RW, Wing LM. A placebo-controlled comparison of diltiazem and amlodipine monotherapy in essential hypertension using 24-h ambulatory monitoring. Blood Press 1998; 7 (1): 25–30.
15. Abernethy DR, Montamat SC. Acute and chronic studies of diltiazem in elderly vs. young hypertensive patients. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60 (17): 1161–201.
16. Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC et al. Single drug therapy for hypertension in men. A comparison of 6 antihypertensive agents with placebo. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 914–21.
17. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and b-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 2000; 356 (9227): 359–65.
18. Weiss RJ, Bent B. Diltiazem-induced left ventricular mass regression in hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens 1987; 3 (2): 135–43.
19. De Rosa ML, Giordano A, Melfi M et al. Antianginal efficacy over 24 hours and exercise hemodynamic effects once-daily sustained-release 300 mg diltiazem and 240 mg verapamil in stable angina pectoris. Int J Cardiol 1998; 63: 27–35.
20. Deedwania PC, Pool PE, Thadani U, Eff J. Effect of morning vs. evening dosing of diltiazem on myocardial ischemia detected by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 421–5.
21. Stone PH, Gibson RS, Glasser SP et al. ASIS Study group. Comparison of propranolol, diltiazem, and nifedipine in the treatment of ambulatory ischemia in patients with stable angina. Circulation 1990; 82: 1962–72.
22. Deanfield JE. Amlodipine vs. diltiazem CR in the reduction of the total ischemic burden: the Circadian Anti-Ischemia Program in Europe (CAPE) II trial – clinical rationale and methodology. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 1998; (12 Suppl. 3): 239–42.
23. Frishman W, Charlap S, Kümmel B et al. Diltiazem, nifedipine and their combination in patients with stable angina pectoris: effect on angina, exercise tolerance, and the ambulatory electrocardiographic ST segment. Circulation 1988; 77: 774–86.
24. Nadeau C, Hilton D, Savard D et al. Three-month efficacy and safety of once-daily diltiazem in chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 555–8.
25. Waters D, Juneau M, Baierd M. Role of diltiazem in the treatment of silent myocardial ischemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1991; 18 (Suppl. 9): s15–20.
26. Theroux P, Baird M, Juneau M. Effect of diltiazem upon symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes of ST segment depression occurring during daily life and during exercise. Circulation 1991; 84: 15–22.
27. Opie LH. Calcium antagonists in the management of anginal syndromes. Changing concepts in relation to the role of coronary vasospasm. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 1996; 38: 291–314.
28. Gubel EJ, Hautvast AM, Gilst van W et al. Randomised, double-blind trial of intravenous diltiazem vs. glyceryl trinitrate for stable angina pectoris. Lancet 1995; 346: 1653–7.
29. Therous P, Taeymans Y, Morissette D et al. A randomized study comparing propranolol and diltiazem in the treatment of unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 717–22.
30. Gibson RS, Boden WE, Therous P et al. Diltiazem and reinfarction in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 423–9.
31. Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D et al. Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group. Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in post infarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. Circulation 1991; 83: 52–60.
32. Boden WE, Krone RJ, Kleiger RE. Electrocardiographic subset analysis of diltiazem administration on long-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction. The Multicenter Diltiazem Post-Infarction Trial Research Group. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67 (5): 335–42.
33. Moss AJ, Oakes D, Rubison M et al. Effects of diltiazem on long-term outcome after acute myocardial infarction in patients with and without a history of systemic hypertension. The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 429–33.
34. Gibson RS, Hansen JF, Messerli F et al. Long-term effects of diltiazem and verapamil on mortality and cardiac events in non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction without pulmonary congestion: post hoc subset analysis of the multicenter diltiazem post infarction trial and the second danish verapamil infarction trial studies. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 275–9.
35. Gibson RS, Boden WE, Theroux P et al. Diltiazem and reinfarction in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 423–9.
36. Boden WE, Gilst van WH, Scheldewaert RG et al. Diltiazem in acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Incomplete Infarction Trial of European Research Collaborators Evaluating Prognosis post-Thrombolysis (INTERCEPT). Lancet 2000; 355 (9217): 1751–6.
37. Nayler WG. Calcium antagonists and the ischemic myocardium. Int J Cardiol 1987; 15: 267–85.
38. Rosing DR, Kent KM, Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Verapamil therapy: a new approach to the pharmacologic treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. II. Effects on exercise capacity and symptomatic status. Circulation 1979; 60: 1208–13.
39. Bonow RO, Dilsizian V, Rosing DR et al. Verapamil-induced improvement in left ventricular diastolic filling and increased exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: short- and long-term effects. Circulation 1985; 72: 853–64.
40. Figulla H, Gietzen F, Raiber M et al. DiDi Study Group. Diltiazem improves cardiac function and exercise capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Results of the diltiazem in dilated cardiomyopathy trial. Circulation 1996; 94: 346–52.
41. Opie L. Calcium channel antagonists: part III: Use and comparative efficacy in hypertension and supra ventricular arrhythmias. Minor indications. In: LH Opie ed. Clinical use of calcium channel antagonist drugs. 2nd ed. Boston, Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Acad. Publishers 1990.
42. Roth A, Harrison E, Mitani et al. Efficacy and safety medium- and high-dose diltiazem alone and in combination with digoxin for control of heart rate at rest and during exercise in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1986; 73: 316–24.
43. Cobbe SM. Using the right drug. A treatment algorithm for atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 1997; 18 (Suppl. C): c33–9.
44. Diagnostika i lechenie fibrilliatsii predserdii. Rekomendatsii RKO, VNOA i ASSKh, 2012. [in Russian]
45. Pozet N, Brasier J, Aissa A et al. Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in severe renal failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 24: 635–8.
46. Pérez-Maraver M, Carrera MJ, Micaló T et al. Renoprotective effect of diltiazem in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria despite ACE inhibitor treatment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 70 (1): 13–9.
47. Hricik DE, Levine BS, Adrogue HJ et al. Evaluation of enalapril/diltiazem ER in hypertensive patients with coexisting renal dysfunction. Enalapril/Diltiazem ER in Hypertensive Renal Disease Group. J Hum Hypertens 1996; 10 (11): 769–74.
48. Triggle D. Sites, mechanism of action, and differentiation of calcium channels antagonists. Am J Hypertens 1991; 4: s422–9.
49. Ginsberg D, Pappas JE, Rofman BA et al. Once-daily dosing of sustained-release diltiazem capsules in mild-to-moderate hypertension. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1988; 88 (12): 1489–92.

Г.А.Барышникова*, С.А.Чорбинская, И.И.Степанова

ФГБУ Учебно-научный медицинский центр Управления делами Президента РФ, Москва. 121359, Россия, Москва, ул. Маршала Тимошенко, д. 21
*bargalan@mail.ru

________________________________________________

G.A.Baryshnikova*, S.A.Chorbinskaya, I.I.Stepanova

Teaching and Research Medical Center Office of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow. 121359, Russia, Moscow, 21 Timoshenko street
*bargalan@mail.ru