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Роль гипогликемии в развитии сердечно-сосудистых катастроф (опыт клинических исследований)
Роль гипогликемии в развитии сердечно-сосудистых катастроф (опыт клинических исследований)
Доскина Е.В., Алмазова И.И., Танхилевич Б.М. Роль гипогликемии в развитии сердечно-сосудистых катастроф (опыт клинических исследований). CardioСоматика. 2018; 9 (3): 47–53. DOI: 10.26442/2221-7185_2018.3.47-53
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Аннотация
Мероприятия по купированию гипогликемии, согласно клиническим рекомендациям «Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом», пациентам, получающим сахароснижающую терапию, целесообразно начинать при уровне глюкозы плазмы ниже 3,9 ммоль/л. По данным проспективного исследования более 85% больных сахарным диабетом 1-го типа зафиксировали по крайней мере один подтвержденный гипогликемический эпизод в течение 30 дней. Многочисленные исследования показывают, что при сахарном диабете 1-го типа в среднем наблюдается от 0,5 до 5 тяжелых гипогликемических событий ежегодно. Основной причиной гипогликемии является избыток инсулина в организме по отношению к поступлению углеводов извне (с пищей) или из эндогенных источников (продукция глюкозы печенью), а также при ускоренной утилизации углеводов (мышечная работа).
Гипогликемия вызывает симпатическую реакцию нервной системы, измененную морфологию Т-образной волны, повышенное прокоагулянтное состояние, воспаление, проатеротромботические реакции, а также эндотелиальную дисфункцию. Регулярное проведение самоконтроля позволяет снизить, а в ряде случаев и предотвратить развитие гипогликемии.
Ключевые слова: гипогликемия, сахарный диабет, самоконтроль, глюкометр.
Hypoglycemia causes reaction of the sympathetic nervous system, altered the morphology of the t wave, increased procoagulant state, inflammation, proterochampsa reaction, and endothelial dysfunction. Regular self-monitoring can reduce, and in some cases prevent the development of hypoglycemia.
Key words: hypoglycemia, diabetes, self-control, glucometer.
Гипогликемия вызывает симпатическую реакцию нервной системы, измененную морфологию Т-образной волны, повышенное прокоагулянтное состояние, воспаление, проатеротромботические реакции, а также эндотелиальную дисфункцию. Регулярное проведение самоконтроля позволяет снизить, а в ряде случаев и предотвратить развитие гипогликемии.
Ключевые слова: гипогликемия, сахарный диабет, самоконтроль, глюкометр.
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Hypoglycemia causes reaction of the sympathetic nervous system, altered the morphology of the t wave, increased procoagulant state, inflammation, proterochampsa reaction, and endothelial dysfunction. Regular self-monitoring can reduce, and in some cases prevent the development of hypoglycemia.
Key words: hypoglycemia, diabetes, self-control, glucometer.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Клинические рекомендации «Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом» Под ред. И.И.Дедова, М.В.Шестаковой, А.Ю.Майорова. 8-й вып. 2017 г. / Klinicheskie rekomendacii «Algoritmy specializirovannoj medicinskoj pomoshi bolnym saharnym diabetom» Pod red. I.I.Dedova, M.V.Shestakovoj, A.Yu.Majorova. 8-j vyp. 2017 g. [in Russian]
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3. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977–86.
4. Reichard P, Berglund B, Britz A. Intensified conventional insulin treatment retards the microvascular complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): the Stockholm Diabetes Intervention Study (SDIS) after 5 years. J Intern Med 1991; 230: 101–8.
5. MacLeod KM, Hepburn DA, Frier BM. Frequency and morbidity of severe hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1993; 10: 238–45.
6. Khunti K, Alsifri S, Aronson R. Rates and predictors of hypoglycaemia in 27 585 people from 24 countries with insulin-treated type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the global HAT study. Diabet Obes Metab 2016; 18 (9): 907–15.
7. Herman WH, Ilag LL, Johnson SL et al. A clinical trial of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in older adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1568–73.
8. Hurst RT, Lee RW. Increased incidence of coronary atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and management. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 824–34.
9. Kip KE, Faxon DP, Detre KM et al. Coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry. Circulation 1996; 94: 1818–25.
10. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253–9.
11. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 434–44.
12. Alderman EL, Corley SD, Fisher LD et al. Five-year angiographic follow-up of factors associated with progression of coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1141–54.
13. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the diabetes control and complications trial. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 894–903.
14. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998; 352: 837–53.
15. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010; 375 (9733): 2215–22.
16. http: //www.athero.ru/UKPDS-intens-standard.pdf
17. Акчурин Р.С., Власова Э.Е., Мершин К.В. Сахарный диабет и хирургическое лечение ишемической болезни сердца. Вестн. РАМН. 2012; 1: 14–9. / Akchurin R.S., Vlasova E.E., Mershin K.V. Saharnyj diabet i hirurgicheskoe lechenie ishemicheskoj bolezni serdca. Vestn. RAMN. 2012; 1: 14–9. [in Russian]
18. Soinio M, Marniemi J, Laakso M et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. A 7-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (2): 329–33.
19. Nathan David M et al. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Advances and Contributions. Diabetes 2013; 62 (12): 3976–86.
20. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive Diabetes Treatment and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643–53.
21. Writing Group for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Association Between 7 Years of Intensive Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes and Long-term Mortality. JAMA 2015; 313 (1): 45–53.
22. Cleary PA, Orchard TJ, Genuth S et al. The effect of intensive glycemic treatment on Coronary Artery Calcification on Type 1 Diabetic participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Diabetes 2006; 55.
23. Farhmann ER, Adkins L, Loader CJ et al. Severe hypoglycemia and coronary artery calcification during the diabetes control and complcations trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications (DCCT/EDIC) study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 107 (2): 280–9.
24. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) VIII. Study design, progress and performance. Diabetologia 1991; 34 (12): 877–90.
25. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352 (9131): 837–53.
26. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (15): 1577–89.
27. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2545–59.
28. Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM et al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ 2010; 340: b4909.
29. Riddle MC. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Circulation 2010; 122 (8): 844–6.
30. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J et al. ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (24): 2560–72.
31. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T VADT Investigators et al. Glucose Control and Vascular Complications in Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 129–39.
32. Saremi A, Bahn GD, Reaven PD. A Link Between Hypoglycemia and Progression of Atherosclerosis in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) Diabetes Care 2016; pii: dc152107.
33. Hayward RA, Reaven PD, Emanuele NV. Follow-up of Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (10): 978.
34. Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Dagenais GR et al. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (4): 319–28.
35. Mellbin LG, Rydén L, Riddle MC et al. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Does hypoglycaemia increase the risk of cardiovascular events? A report from the ORIGIN trial. Eur Heart J 2013; 34 (40): 3137–44.
36. Bedenis R, Price AH, Robertson CM et al. Association between severe hypoglycemia, adverse macrovascular events, and inflammation in the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. A large clinical trial with some markers of inflammation that may serve as a starting-point for future trials. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (12): 3301–8.
37. Gota A, Arah OA, Goto M. Severe hypoglycaemia and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis with bias analysis. BMJ 2013; 347: f4533. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4533
38. Gota A, Arah OA, Goto M. Severe hypoglycaemia and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis with bias analysis. BMJ 2013; 347: f4533. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4533
39. Глюкометр Контур Плюс. http: //diabetes.ascensia.com.ru/ homepage/ / Gliukometr Kontur Plius. http: //diabetes. ascensia.com.ru/homepage/ [in Russian]
40. Baum et al. Improving the Quality of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Measurement: A Study in Reducing Calibration Errors. Diab Tech Ther 2006; 8 (3): 347–57.
2. Cariou B, Fontaine P, Eschwege E. Frequency and predictors of confirmed hypoglycemia in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 dabetes mellitus patients in a real-life setting: results from the DIALOG study. Diabet Metab 2015; 41 (2): 116–25.
3. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977–86.
4. Reichard P, Berglund B, Britz A. Intensified conventional insulin treatment retards the microvascular complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): the Stockholm Diabetes Intervention Study (SDIS) after 5 years. J Intern Med 1991; 230: 101–8.
5. MacLeod KM, Hepburn DA, Frier BM. Frequency and morbidity of severe hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1993; 10: 238–45.
6. Khunti K, Alsifri S, Aronson R. Rates and predictors of hypoglycaemia in 27 585 people from 24 countries with insulin-treated type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the global HAT study. Diabet Obes Metab 2016; 18 (9): 907–15.
7. Herman WH, Ilag LL, Johnson SL et al. A clinical trial of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in older adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1568–73.
8. Hurst RT, Lee RW. Increased incidence of coronary atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and management. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 824–34.
9. Kip KE, Faxon DP, Detre KM et al. Coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry. Circulation 1996; 94: 1818–25.
10. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253–9.
11. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 434–44.
12. Alderman EL, Corley SD, Fisher LD et al. Five-year angiographic follow-up of factors associated with progression of coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1141–54.
13. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the diabetes control and complications trial. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 894–903.
14. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998; 352: 837–53.
15. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010; 375 (9733): 2215–22.
16. http: //www.athero.ru/UKPDS-intens-standard.pdf
17. Akchurin R.S., Vlasova E.E., Mershin K.V. Saharnyj diabet i hirurgicheskoe lechenie ishemicheskoj bolezni serdca. Vestn. RAMN. 2012; 1: 14–9. [in Russian]
18. Soinio M, Marniemi J, Laakso M et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. A 7-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (2): 329–33.
19. Nathan David M et al. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Advances and Contributions. Diabetes 2013; 62 (12): 3976–86.
20. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive Diabetes Treatment and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643–53.
21. Writing Group for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Association Between 7 Years of Intensive Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes and Long-term Mortality. JAMA 2015; 313 (1): 45–53.
22. Cleary PA, Orchard TJ, Genuth S et al. The effect of intensive glycemic treatment on Coronary Artery Calcification on Type 1 Diabetic participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Diabetes 2006; 55.
23. Farhmann ER, Adkins L, Loader CJ et al. Severe hypoglycemia and coronary artery calcification during the diabetes control and complcations trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications (DCCT/EDIC) study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 107 (2): 280–9.
24. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) VIII. Study design, progress and performance. Diabetologia 1991; 34 (12): 877–90.
25. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352 (9131): 837–53.
26. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (15): 1577–89.
27. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2545–59.
28. Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM et al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ 2010; 340: b4909.
29. Riddle MC. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Circulation 2010; 122 (8): 844–6.
30. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J et al. ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (24): 2560–72.
31. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T VADT Investigators et al. Glucose Control and Vascular Complications in Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 129–39.
32. Saremi A, Bahn GD, Reaven PD. A Link Between Hypoglycemia and Progression of Atherosclerosis in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) Diabetes Care 2016; pii: dc152107.
33. Hayward RA, Reaven PD, Emanuele NV. Follow-up of Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (10): 978.
34. Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Dagenais GR et al. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (4): 319–28.
35. Mellbin LG, Rydén L, Riddle MC et al. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Does hypoglycaemia increase the risk of cardiovascular events? A report from the ORIGIN trial. Eur Heart J 2013; 34 (40): 3137–44.
36. Bedenis R, Price AH, Robertson CM et al. Association between severe hypoglycemia, adverse macrovascular events, and inflammation in the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. A large clinical trial with some markers of inflammation that may serve as a starting-point for future trials. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (12): 3301–8.
37. Gota A, Arah OA, Goto M. Severe hypoglycaemia and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis with bias analysis. BMJ 2013; 347: f4533. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4533
38. Gota A, Arah OA, Goto M. Severe hypoglycaemia and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis with bias analysis. BMJ 2013; 347: f4533. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4533
39. Gliukometr Kontur Plius. http: //diabetes. ascensia.com.ru/homepage/ [in Russian]
40. Baum et al. Improving the Quality of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Measurement: A Study in Reducing Calibration Errors. Diab Tech Ther 2006; 8 (3): 347–57.
2. Cariou B, Fontaine P, Eschwege E. Frequency and predictors of confirmed hypoglycemia in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 dabetes mellitus patients in a real-life setting: results from the DIALOG study. Diabet Metab 2015; 41 (2): 116–25.
3. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977–86.
4. Reichard P, Berglund B, Britz A. Intensified conventional insulin treatment retards the microvascular complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): the Stockholm Diabetes Intervention Study (SDIS) after 5 years. J Intern Med 1991; 230: 101–8.
5. MacLeod KM, Hepburn DA, Frier BM. Frequency and morbidity of severe hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1993; 10: 238–45.
6. Khunti K, Alsifri S, Aronson R. Rates and predictors of hypoglycaemia in 27 585 people from 24 countries with insulin-treated type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the global HAT study. Diabet Obes Metab 2016; 18 (9): 907–15.
7. Herman WH, Ilag LL, Johnson SL et al. A clinical trial of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in older adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1568–73.
8. Hurst RT, Lee RW. Increased incidence of coronary atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and management. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 824–34.
9. Kip KE, Faxon DP, Detre KM et al. Coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry. Circulation 1996; 94: 1818–25.
10. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253–9.
11. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 434–44.
12. Alderman EL, Corley SD, Fisher LD et al. Five-year angiographic follow-up of factors associated with progression of coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1141–54.
13. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes management on macrovascular events and risk factors in the diabetes control and complications trial. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 894–903.
14. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998; 352: 837–53.
15. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010; 375 (9733): 2215–22.
16. http: //www.athero.ru/UKPDS-intens-standard.pdf
17. Акчурин Р.С., Власова Э.Е., Мершин К.В. Сахарный диабет и хирургическое лечение ишемической болезни сердца. Вестн. РАМН. 2012; 1: 14–9. / Akchurin R.S., Vlasova E.E., Mershin K.V. Saharnyj diabet i hirurgicheskoe lechenie ishemicheskoj bolezni serdca. Vestn. RAMN. 2012; 1: 14–9. [in Russian]
18. Soinio M, Marniemi J, Laakso M et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. A 7-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (2): 329–33.
19. Nathan David M et al. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Advances and Contributions. Diabetes 2013; 62 (12): 3976–86.
20. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive Diabetes Treatment and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643–53.
21. Writing Group for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Association Between 7 Years of Intensive Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes and Long-term Mortality. JAMA 2015; 313 (1): 45–53.
22. Cleary PA, Orchard TJ, Genuth S et al. The effect of intensive glycemic treatment on Coronary Artery Calcification on Type 1 Diabetic participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Diabetes 2006; 55.
23. Farhmann ER, Adkins L, Loader CJ et al. Severe hypoglycemia and coronary artery calcification during the diabetes control and complcations trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications (DCCT/EDIC) study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 107 (2): 280–9.
24. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) VIII. Study design, progress and performance. Diabetologia 1991; 34 (12): 877–90.
25. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352 (9131): 837–53.
26. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (15): 1577–89.
27. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2545–59.
28. Bonds DE, Miller ME, Bergenstal RM et al. The association between symptomatic, severe hypoglycaemia and mortality in type 2 diabetes: retrospective epidemiological analysis of the ACCORD study. BMJ 2010; 340: b4909.
29. Riddle MC. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Circulation 2010; 122 (8): 844–6.
30. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J et al. ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (24): 2560–72.
31. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T VADT Investigators et al. Glucose Control and Vascular Complications in Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 129–39.
32. Saremi A, Bahn GD, Reaven PD. A Link Between Hypoglycemia and Progression of Atherosclerosis in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) Diabetes Care 2016; pii: dc152107.
33. Hayward RA, Reaven PD, Emanuele NV. Follow-up of Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (10): 978.
34. Gerstein HC, Bosch J, Dagenais GR et al. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (4): 319–28.
35. Mellbin LG, Rydén L, Riddle MC et al. ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Does hypoglycaemia increase the risk of cardiovascular events? A report from the ORIGIN trial. Eur Heart J 2013; 34 (40): 3137–44.
36. Bedenis R, Price AH, Robertson CM et al. Association between severe hypoglycemia, adverse macrovascular events, and inflammation in the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. A large clinical trial with some markers of inflammation that may serve as a starting-point for future trials. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (12): 3301–8.
37. Gota A, Arah OA, Goto M. Severe hypoglycaemia and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis with bias analysis. BMJ 2013; 347: f4533. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4533
38. Gota A, Arah OA, Goto M. Severe hypoglycaemia and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis with bias analysis. BMJ 2013; 347: f4533. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f4533
39. Глюкометр Контур Плюс. http: //diabetes.ascensia.com.ru/ homepage/ / Gliukometr Kontur Plius. http: //diabetes. ascensia.com.ru/homepage/ [in Russian]
40. Baum et al. Improving the Quality of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Measurement: A Study in Reducing Calibration Errors. Diab Tech Ther 2006; 8 (3): 347–57.
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Авторы
Е.В.Доскина*1, И.И.Алмазова1, Б.М.Танхилевич2
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница им. С.П.Боткина» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 125284, Россия, Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, д. 5
*Evd-evd2008@yandex.ru
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125995, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 City Clinical Hospital S.P.Botkin of the Department of Health of Moscow. 125284, Russian Federation, Moscow, 2-y Botkinskiy pr-d, d. 5
*Evd-evd2008@yandex.ru
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница им. С.П.Боткина» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 125284, Россия, Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, д. 5
*Evd-evd2008@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125995, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 City Clinical Hospital S.P.Botkin of the Department of Health of Moscow. 125284, Russian Federation, Moscow, 2-y Botkinskiy pr-d, d. 5
*Evd-evd2008@yandex.ru
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