1. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M et al. The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardization Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 2002; 21: 167–78.
2. Van Kerrebroeck P, Abrams P, Chaikin D et al. The standardization of terminology in nocturia: report from the Standardization Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 2002; 21: 179–83.
3. Chapple CR. Muscarinic receptor antagonists in yhe treatment of overactive bladder. Urology 2000; 55: 33–46; discussion 50.
4. Andersson KE, Appell R, Cardozo LD et al. The pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence. BJU Int 1999; 84: 923–47.
5. Andersson KE, Yoshida M. Antimuscarinics and the overactive detrusor – which is the main mechanism of action? Eur Urol 2003; 43: 1–5.
6. Pak RW, Petrou SP, Staskin DR. Trospium chloride: a quaternary amine with unique pharmacologic properties. Curr Urol Rep 2003; 4: 436–40.
7. Schwantes U, Topfmeier P. Importance of pharmacological and physicochemical properties for tolerance of antimuscarinic drugs in the treatment of detrusor instability and detrusor hyperreflexia– chances for improvement of therapy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999; 37: 209–18.
8. Pontari MA, Braverman AS, Ruggieri MR. The M2 muscarinic receptor mediates in vitro bladder contractions from patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286: R874–80.
9. Fetscher C, Fleichman M, Schmidt M et al. M3 muscarinic receptors mediate contraction of human urinary bladder. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 136: 641–3.
10. Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB: Current and future pharmacologic treatment for overactive bladder. J Urol 2002; 168: 1897–913.
11. Fisher A, Michaelson DM, Brandeis R et al. M1 muscarinic agonists as potential disease-modifying agents in Alzheimer’s disease. Rationale and perspectives. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 920: 315–20.
12. Thuroff JW, Chartier-Kastler E, Corcus J et al. Medical treatment and medical side effects in urinary incontinence in the elderly. World J Urol 1998; 16 (Suppl. 1): 548–61.
13. Diokno AC, Appell RA, Sand PK et al. Prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy and tolerability of the extended-release formulations of oxybutynin and tolterodine for overactive bladder: results of the OPERA trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 687–95.
14. Daliva GW, Daugherty CA, Sanders SW, transdermal Oxybutinin Study Group. A short-term, multicenter, randomized double-blind dose titration study of the efficacy and anticholinergic side effects of transdermal compared to immediate release oral oxybutinin treatment of patients with urge urinary incontinence. J Urol 2001; 166: 140–5.
15. Appell RA. Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis. Urology 1997; 50: 90–6.
16. Van Kerrebroeck P, Kreder K, Jonas U et al. Tolterodine Study Group. Tolterodine once-daily: superior efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of overactive bladder. Urology 2001; 57: 414–21.
17. Kim Y, Yoshimura N, Masuda H et al. Intravesical instillation of human urine after oral administration of trospium, tolterodine and oxybutynin in a rat model of detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 2005; 97: 400–3.
18. Lips KS, Wunsch J, Zarghooni S et al. Acetylcholine and molecular components of its synthesis and release machinery in the urothelium. Eur Urol 2007; 51 (4): 1042–53.
19. Singh-Franco D, Machado C, Tuteja S, Zapantis A. Trospium Chloride for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder with Urge Incontinence. Clin Therap 2005; 27 (5): 511–30.
20. Zinner N, Gittelman M, Harris R et al; Trospium Study Group. Trospium chloride improves overactive bladder symptoms: a multicenter phase III trial. J Urol 2004; 171 (6 Pt 1): 2311–5.
21. Sanctura (trospium chloride) tablets [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Odyssey Pharmaceuticals, 2004.
22. Hashim H, Abrams P. Drug treatment of overactive bladder: eicacy, cost and quality-of-life considerations. Drugs 2004; 64 (15): 1643–56.
23. Jünemann KP, Al-Shukri S. Eicacy and tolerability of trospium chloride and tolterodine in 234 patients with urge-syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trial [abstract 85B]. Neurourol Urodyn 2000; 19 (4): 488–90.
24. Madersbacher H, Stohrer M, Richter R et al. Trospium chloride versus oxybutynin: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre trial in the treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia. Br J Urol 1995; 75 (4): 452–6.
25. Staskin D, Sand P, Zinner N, Dmochowsk R, Trospium Study Group. Once Daily Trospium Chloride is Effective and Well Tolerated for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder: Results From a Multicenter Phase III Trial. J Urol 2007; 178: 978–84.
26. Мазо Е.Б., Бабанина Г.А. Троспий хлорид (спазмекс) в лечении симптомов нижних мочевых путей у больных с нейрогенным гиперактивным мочевым пузырем вследствие вертеброгенных поражений. Урология. 2007; 3: 15.
27. Доброхотова Ю.Э., Мазо Е.Б., Кривобородов Г.Г. и др. Троспия хлорид в лечении женщин с симптомами гиперактивного мочевого пузыря, сохранившимися после хирургической коррекции пролапса гениталий. Вестн. РГМУ. 2007; 3 (56).
28. Chapple C, Wyndaele JJ, Gronen S, for the Solifenacin Study Group. Solifenacin provided statistically significant and clinically relevant reductions in urgency, a defining symptom of overactive bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2004; 23: 316.
29. Chapple CR, Arano P, Bosch JL et al. Solifenacin appears effective and well tolerated in patients with symptomatic idiopathic detrusor overactivity in a placebo- and tolterodine-controlled phase 2 dose-finding study BJU Int 2004; 93: 71–7.