1. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M et al. The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardization Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 2002; 21: 167–78.
2. Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S et al. Population-Based Survey of Urinary Incontinence, Overactive Bladder, and Other Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Five Countries: Results of the EPIC Study. Eur Urol 2006; 50: 1306–15.
3. Coyne KS, Sexton CC, Thompson CL et al. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the USA, the UK and Sweden: results from the Epidemiology of LUTS (EpiLUTS) study. BJU Int 2009; 104: 352–60.
4. Irwin DE et al. Dynamic Progression of Overactive Bladder and Urinary Incontinence Symptoms: a Systematic Review. Eur Urol 2010, doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2010.06.007
5. Mansfield KJ, Liu L, Mitchelson FJ et al. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human bladder detrusor and mucosa, studied by radioligand binding and quantitative competitive RT-PCR: changes in ageing. Br J Pharm 2005; 144: 1089–99.
6. Kim YT, Yoshimura N, Masuda H et al. Intravesical instillation of human urine after oral administration of trospium, tolterodine and oxybutynin in a rat model of detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 2005; 97: 400–403.
7. Chapple C, Khullar V, Gabriel Z, Dooley JA. The effects of antimuscarinic treatments in overactive bladder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 2005; 48: 5–26.
8. Wiedemann A, Schwantes PA. Antimuscarinic drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder: are they really all the same? – A comparative review of data pertaining to pharmacological and physiological aspects. Eur J Ger 2007; 9 (Suppl. 1): 29–42.
9. Geyer J, Gavrilova O, Petzinger E. The role of p-glycoproteine in limiting brain penetration of the peripherally acting of anticholinergic overactive bladder drug trospium chloride. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37: 1371–4.
10. Ancelin ML, Artero S, Portet F et al. Non-degenerative mild cognitive impairment in elderly people and use of anticholinergic drugs: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 2006; 332: 455–9.
11. Staskin D, Kay G, Tannenbaum C et al. Trospium chloride has no effect on memory testing and is assay undetectable in the central nervous system of older patients with overactive bladder. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 17.
12. Isik AT, Celik T, Bozoglu E, Doruk H. Trospium and cognition in patients with late onset Alzheimer disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; Nov. 1–5.
13. Saito H, Yamada T, Oshima H et al. A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of tamsulosin hydrochloride alone and in combination of propiverine hydrochloride in the benign prostatic hypertrophy with pollakisuria and/or urinary incontinence. Jpn J Urol Surg 1999; 8: 525–36.
14. Athanasopoulos A, Gyftopoulos K, Giannitsas K et al. Combination treatment with an α-blocker plus an anticholinergic for bladder outlet obstruction: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. J Urol 2003; 169 (6): 2253–6.
15. Lee JY, Kim HW, Lee SJ et al. Comparison of doxazosin with or without tolterodine in men with symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction and an overactive bladder. BJU Int 2004; 94 (6): 817–20.
16. Abrams P, Kaplan S, De Koning Gans HJ, Millard R. Safety and tolerability of tolterodine for the treatment of overactive bladder in men with bladder outlet obstruction. J Urol 2006; 175 (3): 999–1004.
17. Wiedemann A, Neumann G, Neumeister C et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of Add-On Trospium Chloride in Patients with Benign Prostate Syndrome and Overactive Bladder: A Non-Interventional Trial Showing Use of Flexible Dosing. UroToday Int J 2009; 2 (2).
18. Zellner M, Madersbacher H, Palmtag H et al. Trospium chloride and oxybutynin hydrochloride in a German study of adults with urinary urge incontinence: Results of a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, flexible-dose noninferiority trial. Clin Therap 2009; 31 (11): 2519–39.
19. SPC Spasmex® 30 mg TC Filmtabletten, Dez 2009.