1. Mori A, Cohen BD, Lowenthal A. Guanidines – historical, biological, biochemical and clinical aspects of the naturally occurring guanidine compounds. London: Plenum Press 1985.
2. Garcia E. 1949 Flumamine. Untraced publication from the Philippines. Cited by Sterne J in an interview (April 4, 1996) for Merck-Lipha published in Glucophage, serving diabetology for 40 years. Pasik C (ed). Lyon: Groupe Lipha 1997; 21: 29.
3. United Kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) 13: relative efficacy of randomly allocated diet, sulphonylurea, insulin, or metformin in patients with newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetes followed for three years BMJ 1995; 310: 83–8.
4. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Ferrannini E et al. Medical Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: a Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy A consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (1): 193–203.
5. Galuska D, Nolte LA, Zierath JR, Wallberg-Henriksson H. Effect of metformin on insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle obtained from patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia 37 (8): 826–32.
6. Fischer Y, Thomas J, Rosen P, Kammermeier H. Action of metformin on glucose transport and glucose transporter GLUT1 and GLUT4 in heart muscle cells from healthy and diabetic rats. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 412–20. 
7. Nagi DK, Yudkin JS. Effects of metformin on insulin resistance, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and plasminogen activator inhibitor in NIDDM subjects. A study of two ethnic groups. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 621–9. 
8. Widén EI, Eriksson JG, Groop LC. Metformin normalizes nonoxidative glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant normoglycemic first-degree relatives of patients with NIDDM. Diabetes March 1992; 41: 354–8.
9. Riccio A, Del Prato S, Vigili de Kreutzenberg S et al. Glucose and lipid metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Effect of metformin. Diabete Metab 1991; 17 (Suppl. 1): 180–4.
10. Johnson AB, Webster JM, Sum CF et al. The impact of metformin therapy on hepatic glucose production and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity in overweight type-II diabetic patients. Metabolism 1993; 42: 1217–22.
11. Borgers M, Thone F, Wouters L, Ausma J et al. Structural correlates of reginal myocardial dysfunction in patients with critical coronary artery stenosis: chronic hibernation? Cardiovasc Pathol 1993; 2: 237–45.
12. Borgers M, Ausma J. Structural aspects of the chronic hibernating myocardium in man. Basic Res Card 90: 44–6.
13. Sack MM, Kelly DP. The energy substrate switch during development of heart failure: gene regulatory mechanisms. Int J Mol Med 1998; 1: 17–4.
14. Muntzel MS, Hamidou I, Barrett S. Metformin Attenuates Salt-Induced Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Hypertension 1999; 33: 1135–40. 
15. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Christakou CD, Kandaraki1 E, Economou FN. Metformin: an old medication of new fashion: evolving new molecular mechanisms and clinical implications in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162: 193–212. 
16. Cappelli C, Rotondi M, Pirola I et al. TSH-Lowering Effect of Metformin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Differences between euthyroid, untreated hypothyroid, and euthyroid on L-T4 therapy patients. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1589–90.
17. Zhou G et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1167–74.
18. Poisonous Plant Database. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Office of Plant and Dairy Foods and Beverages. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~djw/plantnam.html
19. Kemp BE et al. Dealing with energy demand: the AMP-activated protein kinase. Trends Biochem Sci 1999; 24: 22–5.
20. Witters LA. The blooming of the French lilac. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1105–7.
21. Culpeper N. The English Physitian or an astrologo-physical discourse on the vulgar herbs of this nation. London: Peter Cole, 1652.
22. Bailey CJ, Day C. Metformin: its botanical background. Pract Diab Int 2004; 21 (3): 115–7.
23. Beckman R. Biguanide (Expermen teller Teil). In Handbook of experimental pharmacology 29. Maske H (ed). Berlin: Springer Verlag 1971; 439–596.
24. Frank E, Nothmann M, Wanger A. Uber synthetisch dargestellte Korper mit insulinartiger Wirkung auf den normaken und den diabetischen Organismus. Kli Wschr 1926; 5: 2100–7.
25. Sterne J. Du nouveau dans les antidiabetiques. La NN dimethylamine guanyl guanidine. (N.N.D.G.). Maroc Med 1957; 36: 1295–6.

А.А.Александров1, И.И.Чукаева2, С.С.Кухаренко1, М.Н.Ядрихинская1

1. ФГУ Эндокринологический научный центр Минздравсоцразвития РФ
2. ГБОУ ВПО РНИМУ им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздравсоцразвития РФ