1. Burrage PS, Mix KS, Brinckerhoff CE. Matrix metalloproteinases: role in arthritis. Front Biosci 2006; 11: 529–43.
2. Sellam J, Berenbaum F. The role of synovitis in pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6 (11): 625–35.
3. Thomas E, Croft PR, Dziedzic KS. Hand problems in community-dwelling older adults: onset and effect on global physical function over a 3-year period. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48 (2): 183–7.
4. Dahaghin S, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Ginai AZ et al. Prevalence and pattern of radiographic hand osteoarthritis and association with pain and disability (the Rotterdam study). Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64 (5): 682–7.
5. Haugen IK, Englund M, Aliabadi P et al. Prevalence, incidence and progression of hand osteoarthritis in the general population: the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70 (9): 1581–6.
6. Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33 (11): 1601–10.
7. Peat G, McCarney R, Croft P. Knee pain and osteoarthritis in older adults: a review of community burden and current use of primary health care. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60 (2): 91–7.
8. Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis Rheum 1986; 29 (8): 1039–49.
9. Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41 (5): 778–99.
10. Nevitt MC. Risk factors for knee, hip and hand osteoarthritis. In: Arden N, Cooper C, eds. Osteoarthritis handbook. London: Taylor & Francis, 2006; 23–48.
11. Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34 (5): 505–14.
12. Au RY, Al-Talib TK, Au AY et al. Avocado soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) suppress TNF-alpha. IL-1 beta, COX-2, iNOS gene expression, and prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in articular chondrocytes and monocyte/macrophages. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15 (11): 1249–55.
13. Maheu E, Mazières B, Valat JP et al. Symptomatic efficacy of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial with a six-month treatment period and a two-month followup demonstrating a persistent effect. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41 (1): 81–91.
14. Tamura T, Kosaka N, Ishiwa J et al. Rhein, an active metabolite of diacerein, down-regulates the production of pro-matrix metalloproteinases-1, -3, -9 and -13 and up-regulates the production of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; 9 (3): 257–63.
15. Dougados M, Nguyen M, Berdah L et al. ECHODIAH Investigators Study Group. Evaluation of the structure-modifying effects of diacerein in hip osteoarthritis: ECHODIAH, a three-year, placebo-controlled trial. Evaluation of the Chondromodulating Effect of Diacerein in OA of the Hip. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44 (11): 2539–47.
16. Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, part I: critical appraisal of existing treatment guidelines and systematic review of current research evidence. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15 (9): 981–1000.
17. Jordan KM, Arden NK, Doherty M et al. Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials ESCISIT. EULAR Recommendations 2003: an evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62 (12): 1145–55.
18. Bellamy N, Campbell J, Robinson V et al. Viscosupplementation for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 19; 2): CD005321.
19. Largo R, Alvarez-Soria MA, Díez-Ortego I et al. Glucosamine inhibits IL-1beta-induced NFkappaB activation in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11 (4): 290–8.
20. Wang L, Wang J, Almqvist KF et al. Influence of polysulphated polysaccharides and hydrocortisone on the extracellular matrix metabolism of human articular chondrocytes in vitro. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20 (5): 669–76.
21. Jomphe C, Gabriac M, Hale TM et al. Chondroitin sulfate inhibits the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB in interleukin-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102 (1): 59–65.
22. Chan PS, Caron JP, Orth MW. Short-term gene expression changes in cartilage explants stimulated with interleukin beta plus glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. J Rheumatol 2006; 33 (7): 1329–40.
23. Pavelká K, Gatterová J, Olejarová M et al. Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (18): 2113–23.
24. Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Rovati LC et al. Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2001; 357 (9252): 251–6.
25. Kahan A, Uebelhart D, De Vathaire F et al. Long-term effects of chondroitins 4 and 6 sulfate on knee osteoarthritis: the study on osteoarthritis progression prevention, a two-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60 (2): 524–33.
26. Wildi LM, Raynauld JP, Martel-Pelletier J et al. Chondroitin sulphate reduces both cartilage volume loss and bone marrow lesions in knee osteoarthritis patients starting as early as 6 months after initiation of therapy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study using MRI. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70 (6): 982–9.
27. Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Harris CL et al. Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354 (8): 795–808.
28. Алексеева Л.И. Препараты замедленного действия в лечении остеоартроза. Рус. мед. журн. 2012; 7: 389–93.
29. Светлова М.С. Влияние длительной терапии тера­флексом на симптомы и качество жизни у больных с ранними стадиями гонартроза. Совр. ревматол. 2010; 2: 46–52.

Ю.А.Олюнин 

ФГБУ НИИ ревматологии РАМН, Москва