1. Гаврилова С.И., Калын Я.Б., Колыхалов И.В. и др. Ацетил-L-карнитин (карницетин) в лечении начальных стадий болезни Альцгеймера и сосудистой деменции. Журн. неврол. и психиатр. 2011; 9: 16–22.
2. Гусев Е.И., Скворцова В.И. Ишемия головного мозга. М.: Медицина, 2001.
3. Кузин В.М. Карнитина хлорид (25 лет в клинической практике). Рус. мед. журн. 2003; 11 (10): 5–9.
4. Abdul H, Butterfield D. Involvement of PI3K/PKG/ERK1/2 signaling pathways in cortical neurons to trigger protection by cotreatment of acetyl-L-carnitine and a-lipoic acid against HNE-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Free Radical Biol Med 2007; 42 (3): 371–84.
5. Al-Majed A, Sayed-Ahmed M, Al-Omar F et al. Carnitine esters prevent oxidative stress damage and energy depletion following transient forebrain ischaemia in the rat hippocampus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 33 (8): 725–33.
6. Angelucci L, Ramacci M, Taglialatela G et al. Nerve growth factor binding in aged rat central nervous system: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine. J Neurosci Res 1988; 20: 491–6.
7. Barhwal K, Singh S, Hota S et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine ameliorates hypobaric hypoxic impairment and spatial memory deficits in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 570 (1–3): 97–107. Epub 2007 Jun 13.
8. Barhwal K, Hota S, Prasad D et al. Hypoxia-induced deactivation of NGF-mediated ERK1/2 signaling in hippocampal cells: neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86 (12): 2705–21.
9. Christie L, Opii W, Head E et al. Short-term supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid alters plasma protein carbonyl levels but does not improve cognition in aged beagles. Exp Gerontol 2009; 44 (12): 752–9.
10. Epis R, Marcello E, Gardoni F et al. Modulatory effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on amyloid precursor protein metabolism in hippocampal neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 200; 597 (1–3): 51–6.
11. Freo U, Dam M, Ori C. Cerebral metabolic effects of acetyl-l-carnitine in rats during aging. Brain Res 2009; 1259: 32–9.
12. Goo M, Choi S, Kim S, Ahn B. Protective effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on neurodegenarative changes in chronic cerebral ischemia models and learning-memory impairment in aged rats. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35 (1): 145–54.
13. Jalal F, Böhlke M, Maher T. Acetyl-L-carnitine reduces the infarct size and striatal glutamate outflow following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1199: 95–104.
14. Kobayashi S, Iwamoto M, Kon K et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine improves aged brain function. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 (Suppl. 1): S99–106.
15. Liu J, Killilea D, Ames B. Age-associated mitochondrial oxidative decay: Improvement of carnitine acetyltransferase substrate-binding affinity and activity in brain by feeding old rats acetyl-l-carnitine and/or r-a-lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 1876–81.
16. Liu J, Head E, Gharib А et al. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: Partial reversal by feeding acetyl-l-carnitine and/or R-a-lipoic acid. PNAS 2002; 99 (4): 2356–61.
17. Malaguarnera M. Carnitine derivatives: clinical usefulness. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012; 28 (2): 166–76.
18. McDaniel M, Maier SF, Einstein G. «Brain-specific» nutrients: a memory cure? Nutrition 2003; 19 (11–12): 955-6.
19. McMackin C, Widlansky M, Hamburg N et al. Effect of combined treatment with alpha-Lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine on vascular function and blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2007; 9 (4): 249–55.
20. Mingorance C, Rodríguez R, Justo М et al. Critical update for the clinical use of L-carnitine analogs in cardiometabolic disorders. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2011; 7: 169–76.
21. Mole S, Williams R, Goebel H. Correlations between genotype, ultrastructural morphology and clinical phenotype in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Neurogenetics 2005; 6: 107–26.
22. Montgomery S, Thal L, Amrein R. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 18 (2): 61–71.
23. Nałecz K, Miecz D, Berezowski V et al. Carnitine: transport and physiological functions in the brain. Mol Aspects Med 2004; 25 (5–6): 551–67.
24. Noland R, Koves T, Seiler S et al. Carnitine Insufficiency Caused by Aging and Overnutrition Compromises Mitochondrial Performance and Metabolic Control. J Biol Chem 2009; 284 (34): 22840–52.
25. Palacios H, Yendluri B, Parvathaneni K et al. Mitochondrion-specific antioxidants as drug treatments for Alzheimer disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2011; 10 (2): 149–62.
26. Pettegrew J, Klunk W, Panchalingam K et al. Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 1995; 16: 1–4.
27. Pettegrew J, Levine J, McClure R. Acetyl-L-carnitine physical-chemical, metabolic, and therapeutic properties: relevance for its mode of action in Alzheimer's disease and geriatric depression. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5 (6): 616–32.
28. Pueschel S. The effect of acetyl-L-carnitine administration on persons with Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil 2006; 27: 599–604.
29. Rebouche C. Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of l-carnitine and acetyl-l-carnitine metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1033: 30–41.
30. Schols L, Zange J, Abele M et al. L-carnitine and creatine in Friedreich's ataxia. A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Neural Transm 2005; 112 (6): 789–96.
31. Sorbi S, Forleo P, Fani C, Piacentini S. Double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial with L-acetylcarnitine in patients with degenerative cerebellar ataxia. Clin Neuropharmacol 2000; 23 (2): 114–8.
32. Svoboda Z, Kvĕtina J, Herink J et al. Galantamine antiacetylcholinesterase activity in rat brain influenced by L-carnitine. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005; 149 (2): 335–7.
33. Traina G, Bernardi R, Cataldo E et al. In the rat brain acetyl-L-carnitine treatment modulates the expression of genes involved in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 38 (2): 146–52.
34. Wollen K. Alzheimer’s Deases: The Pros and Cos of Pharmaceutical, Nutrirional, Botanical and Stimulatore Therapies. Alt Med Rev 2010; 15: 223–46.

П.Р.Камчатнов 

ГБОУ ВПО РНИМУ им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава РФ, Москва