Подходы к рациональной антимикробной терапии внебольничной пневмонии у госпитализированных больных

1. Биличенко Т.Н., Чучалин А.Г., Сон И.М. Основные итоги развития специализированной медицинской помощи больным пульмонологического профиля на территории Российской Федерации за период 2004–2010 гг. Пульмонология. 2012; 3: 5–16.
2. Чучалин А.Г., Синопальников А.И., Козлов Р.С. и др. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых: практические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике. Пособие для врачей. М., 2010.
3. http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/causes_death_2008/en/index.html.
4. Colice GL, Morley MA, Asche C et al. Treatment costs of community-acquired pneumonia in an employed population. Chest 2004; 125 (6): 2140–45.
5. Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163 (7): 1730–54.
6. Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA et al. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America: practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31 (2): 347–82.
7. File TM. The Science of Selecting Antimicrobials for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). J Manag Care Pharm 2009; 
15 (2) (Suppl.): S5–S11.
8. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997; 336 (4): 243–50.
9. Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R et al. Defining community-acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003; 
58 (5): 377–82.
10. Capelastegui A, Espana PP, Quintana JM et al. Validation of a predictive rule for the management of community-acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006; 27 (1): 151–57.
11. Herrera-Lara S, Fernández-Fabrellas E, Cervera-Juan A, Blanquer-Olivas R. Do Seasonal Changes and Climate Influence the Etiology of Community Acquired Pneumonia? Arch Bronconeumol 2013; pii: S0300–2896 (12) 00310-9. doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2012.11.001. [Epub ahead of print].
12. Kurutepe S, Ecemiş T, Ozgen A et al. Investigation of bacterial etiology with conventional and multiplex PCR methods in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46 (4): 523–31.
13. Tao LL, Hu BJ, He LX et al. Etiology and antimicrobial resistance of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in China. Chin Med J (Engl.) 2012; 125 (17): 2967–72.
14. Рачина С.А. Фармакоэпидемиологические, фармакоэкономические и фармакотерапевтические подходы к ведению пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией в стационаре. Дис. ... д-ра мед. наук. Смоленск, 2010.
15. Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RFet al. Summary of Canadian Guidelines for the Initial Management of Community-acquired Pneumonia: An evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Disease Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Can J Infect Dis 2000; 11 (5): 237–48.
16. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America and American Thoracic Society. Infectious Diseases Society of America. American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–S72.
17. Clavo-Sanchez AJ, Giron-Gonzalez JA, Lopez-Prieto D et al. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for infection due to penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 (6): 1052–9.
18. Vanderkooi OG, Low DE, Green K et al. Predicting antimicrobial resistance in invasive pneumococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40 (9): 1288–97.
19. Harwell JI, Brown RB. The drug-resistant pneumococcus: clinical relevance, therapy, and prevention. Chest 2000; 117 (2): 530–41.
20. Синопалыников А.И., Гучев И.А. Азитромицин (Сумамед): лекарственная форма для внутривенного введения. Клин. фармакология и терапия. 2004; 5: 9–15.
21. Olsen K, San Pedro G, Gann L et al. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in healthy volunteers given five oral doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2582–5.
22. Gladue R, Bright G, Isaacson R, Newborn M. In vitro and in vivo uptake of azithromycin (CP 62,993) by phagocytic cells: possible mechanism of delivery and release at site of infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 277–82.
23. Foulds G, Shepard R, Johnson R. The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in human serum and tissues. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 25: 73–82.
24. Bergan T. Pharmacokinetics of newer macrolides. In: New Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogramins in Clinical Practice. New York, 1995; p. 51–60.
25. Rapp RP. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral azithromycin: Enhanced tissue activity and minimal drug interactions. Аnn Pharmacother 1998; 32 (7–8): 785–93.
26. Treadway G, Pontani D. Paediatric savety of azithromycin: worldwide experience. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37 (Suppl. C): 143–9.
27. Ioannidis J, Contopoulos-Ioannidis D, Chew P, Lau J. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the comparative efficacy and safety of azithromycin against other antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemoter 2001; 48: 677–89.
28. Zimmermann T, Riedel K, Laufen H et al. Intravenous toleration of azithromycin in comparison to clarithromycin and erythromycin. In: The 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. New Orleans 1996: A82.
29. Vergis EN, Indorf A, File TM et al. Azithromycin vs cefuroxime plus erythromycin for empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1294–300. 226.
30. Plouffe J, Schwartz DB, Kolokathis A et al. Clinical efficacy of intravenous followed by oral azithromycin monotherapy in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. The Azithromycin Intravenous Clinical Trials Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 1796–802.
31. Feldman RB, Rhew DC, Wong JY et al. Azithromycin monotherapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a 3 1/2-year experience from a veterans affairs hospital. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1718–26.
32. Leroy O, Saux P, Bedos JP, Caulin E. Comparison of levofloxacin and cefotaxime combined with ofloxacin for ICU patients with community-acquired pneumonia who do not require vasopressors. Chest 2005; 128: 172–83.
33. Gleason PP, Meehan TP, Fine JM et al. Associations between initial antimicrobial therapy and medical outcomes for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159 (21): 2562–72.
34. Burgess DS, Lewis JS. Effect of macrolides as part of initial empiric therapy on medical outcomes for hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Ther 2000; 22 (7): 872–8.
35. Houck PM, MacLehose RF, Niederman MS, Lowery JK. Empiric antibiotic therapy and mortality among medicare pneumonia inpatients in 10 western states: 1993, 1995 and 1997. Chest 2001; 119 (5): 1420–6.
36. Waterer GW, Somes GW, Wunderink RG. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161 (15): 1837–42.
37. Brown RB, Iannini P, Gross P, Kunkel M. Impact of initial antibiotic choice on clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: analysis of a hospital claims-made database. Chest 2003; 123 (5): 1503–11.
38. Metersky ML, Ma A, Houck PM, Bratzler DW. Antibiotics for bacteremic pneumonia: Improved outcomes with macrolides but not fluoroquinolones. Chest 2007; 131 (2): 466–73.
39. Tessmer A, Welte T, Martus P et al. Impact of intravenous {beta}-lactam/macrolide versus {beta}-lactam monotherapy on mortality in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63 (5): 1025–33.
40. Martinez J et al. Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 389–95.
41. Dudas V, Hopefl A, Jacobs R, Guglielmo BJ. Ann Pharmacother. Antimicrobial selection for hospitalized patients with presumed community-acquired pneumonia: a survey of nonteaching US community hospitals. 2000; 34 (4): 446–52.
42. Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP et al. Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170 (4): 440–4.
43. Asadi L, Sligl WI, Eurich DT et al. Macrolide-based regimens and mortality in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55 (3): 371–80.
44. Zarogoulidis P, Papanas N, Kioumis I et al. Macrolides: from in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to clinical practice in respiratory diseases [published online ahead of print 22 November 2011]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011.
45. Amsden GW. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides – an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions? J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55: 10–21.
46. Синопальников А.И., Дуганов В.К. Левофлоксацин: ступенчатая терапия внебольничной пневмонии у взрослых. РМЖ. 2001; 9 (15): 650–5.
47. Fine A, Grossman R, Ost D, Farber B, Cassiere H. Diagnosis and Management of Pneumonia and Other Respiratory Infections. 1st ed. Berlin: PCI, 1999.
48. Страчунский Л.С., Розенсон О.Л. Ступенчатая терапия: новый подход к применению антибактериальных препаратов. Клин. фармакология и терапия. 1997; 6: 15–24.
49. Rhew DC, Tu GS, Ofman J et al. Early switch and early discharge strategies in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161 (5): 722–7.
50. Weingarten SR, Reidinger MS, Varis G et al. Identification of low-risk hospitalized patients with pneumonia: implications for early conversion to oral antimicrobial therapy. Chest 1994; 105: 1109–15.
51. Plouffe J, Schwartz DB, Kolokathis A et al. Clinical efficacy of intravenous followed by oral azithromycin monotherapy in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. The Azithromycin Intravenous Clinical Trials Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44 (7): 1796–802.
52. Paladino JA, Gudgel LD, Forrest A, Niederman MS. Cost-effectiveness of IV-to-oral switch therapy: azithromycin vs cefuroxime with or without erythromycin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2002; 122 (4): 1271–9.
53. Zervos M, Mandell LA, Vrooman PS et al. Comparative efficacies and tolerabilities of intravenous azithromycin plus ceftriaxone and intravenous levofloxacin with step-down oral therapy for hospitalized patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia. Treat Respir Med 2004; 3 (5): 329–36.
54. Tamm M, Todisco T, Feldman C et al. Clinical and bacteriological outcomes in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated with azithromycin plus ceftriaxone, or ceftriaxone plus clarithromycin or erythromycin: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13 (2): 162–71.
55. Синопальников А.И., Зайцев А.А. Азитромицин в пульмонологической практике: 20 лет спустя. Справ. поликлин. врача. 2009; 10: 38–43.

А.И.Синопальников, А.В.Астафьев 

ГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования, Москва