Основная причина обращения больных ХОБЛ за медицинской помощью – развитие обострений, часто требующих не только назначения дополнительной терапии, но и госпитализации. Бактериальная инфекция – ведущая причина обострения ХОБЛ. Своевременная адекватная антимикробная терапия позволяет значительно улучшить прогноз пациентов. Одним из основных критериев выбора антибиотика являются знание спектра ключевых микроорганизмов в развитии обострений ХОБЛ и вероятность этиологической роли того или иного микробного патогена в конкретной клинической ситуации. В ситуациях с высоким риском антибиотикорезистентности предпочтительнее назначение защищенных пенициллинов или респираторных фторхинолонов. К числу современных перспективных препаратов для терапии больных с обострением ХОБЛ относится левофлоксацин. Его высокая клиническая и микробиологическая эффективность при обострении ХОБЛ была продемонстрирована в крупных рандомизированных контролируемых исследованиях. Ключевые слова: хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, обострение хронической обструктивной болезни легких, респираторные фторхинолоны, левофлоксацин.
________________________________________________
The main reason for the treatment of COPD patients for medical care is the development of exacerbations requiring not only the appointment of additional therapy, but hospitalization as well. Bacterial infection is the main cause of COPD exacerbations. Timely and appropriate antimicrobial therapy can significantly improve the patients prognosis. In situations with a high risk of antibiotic resistance it is preferable to secure the use of penicillins or respiratory fluoroquinolones. Among today's promising drugs for the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD is levofloxacin. High clinical and microbiological efficacy of this drug during exacerbation of COPD was demonstrated in large randomized controlled trials. Key words: COPD, COPD exacerbation, respiratory fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin.
1. Seemungal TAR, Donaldson GC, Paul EA et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1418–22.
2. Страчунский Л.С. Практическое руководство по антиинфекционной химиотерапии. М., 2007.
3. Sethi S. Infectious etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 2000; 117 (5 Suppl. 2): s380–5.
4. Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am J Respire Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 1114–21.
5. Veeramachaneni SB, Sethi S. Pathogenesis of bacterial exacerbations of COPD. COPD 2006; 3: 109–15.
6. Miravitlles М. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease when are bacteria important? Eur Respir J 2002; 20 (Suppl. 36): 9–19.
7. Sethi S, Evans N, Grant BJB, Murphy TF. New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 465–71.
8. Hirschman JV. Do acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis need to be treated with antibiotics. Curr Treat Options Infect Diseases 2002; 4: 381.
9. Allegra L, Grassi C, Grossi E, Pozzi E. Ruolo degli antidiotici nel trattamento delle riacutizza della bronchite cronica. Ital J Chest Dis 1991; 45: 138–48.
10. Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghof E, Grady D. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A meta-analisis. JAMA 1995; 273: 957–60.
11. Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 196–204.
12. Ram F, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Granados-Navarrete A et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 2CD004403.
13. Blasi F, Ewig S, Torres A, Huchon G. A review of guidelines for antibacterial use in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 19: 361–9.
14. Дубровская Н.В. Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук, 2005.
15. Eller J, Ede A, Schaberg T et al. Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function. Chest 1998; 113: 1542–8.
16. Canton R, Lodeb H, Graninger W, Milkovich G. Respiratory tract infections: at-risk patients, who are they? Implications for their management with levofloxacin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 28: s115–27.
17. Torres А, Liapikou А. Levofloxacin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13 (8): 1203–12.
18. Canton R, Morosini M, Enright MC, Morrissey I. Worldwide incidence, molecular epidemiology and mutations implicated in fluoro quinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: data from the global PROTEKT surveillance programme. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52 (6): 944–52.
19. Campa de la AG, Ardanuy C, Balsalobre L et al. Changes in fluoro quinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae after 7-valent conjugate vaccination. Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15: 905–11.
20. Ubukata K. Mechanisms of beta-lactam and quinolone resistance in Haemophilus in fluenzae. Nihon Rinsho 2012; 70 (2): 247–50.
21. Сидоренко С.В., Волкова М.О., Калиногорская О.С. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность Streptococcus pneumoniae: клиническое значение и тенденции распространения. Вестн. практич. врача. 2014; 2: 9.
22. Charlene Laino. Antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from patients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. The 100th International Conference of the American Thoracic Society. ORLANDO. FL 2004. Abstr. A47. Poster E28.
23. Jacobs MR. How can we predict bacterial eradication? International journal of infectious diseases IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2003; 7 (Suppl. 1): s13–20.
24. Стратегия и тактика рационального применения антимикробных средств в амбулаторной практике. Рос. практич. рекомендации. М., 2014.
25. Levaquin (levofloxacin tablets, oral solution, injection): US Prescribing Information. Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc. Raritan (NJ), 2008.
26. Capitano B, Mattoes HM, Shore E et al. Steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults. Chest 2004; 125 (3): 965–97.
27. European Medicines Agency, press-release: EMA recommends restricting the use of oral moxifloxacin-containing medicines. London, 2008. EMEA/CHMP/382927/2008; http://www.emea.europa.eu
28. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Recovery in the Elderly (CAPRIE): efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin therapy vs. that of levofloxacin therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42 (1): 73–81; Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42 (9): 1350.
29. Grandy JK. Clinical update: Macrolides and cardiovascular death. J Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences 2013; 1 (2): 14–8.
30. Leitner JM et al. Infection 2010; 38 (1): 3–11.
31. Niederman MS. What are the benefits of antibiotics in acute exacerbations of COPD? 13th ERS Annual Congress. Vienna, 2003.
32. Pechere J, Hughes D, Kardas P, Cornaglia G. Non compliance with antibiotic therapy for acute community infections: a global survey. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29: 245–53.
33. Kardas P. Comparison of patient compliance with once-daily and twice-daily antibiotic regimens in respiratory tract infections: results of a randomized trial. J Antimicrob Сhemother 2007; 59 (3): 531–6.
34. Peifer G, Veyssier P, Zuck P. Efficacy of levofloxacin (LVF) in the treatment of a cute exacerbations of chronicbronchitis (AECB) in patients with risk factors. Eur Resp J 2003; 22 (Suppl. 45): 3558A.
35. Shah PM, Maesen FP, Dolmann A et al. Levofloxacin vs. cefuroximeaxetil in the treatment of a cute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: results of a randomized, double-blind study. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 529–39.
36. Weiss LR. Open-label, randomized comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of adults with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clin Ther 2002; 24: 1414–25.
37. Kolasani BP, Diyya S, Kandavalli S. Efficacy and safety of levofloxacin and cefuroxime axetil in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: A comparative study. Int J Pharmacol and Clin Sci 2013; 2: 1–8.
38. Petitpretz P, Choné C, Trémolières F. Inves-tigator Study Group. Levofloxacin 500 mg once daily vs. cefuroxime 250 mg twice daily in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive bronchitis: clinical efficacy and exacerbation-free interval. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30: 52–9.
39. Grassi C, Salvatori E, Rosignoli MT et al. Randomized, doubleblind study of prulifloxacin vs. ciprofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Respiration 2002; 69: 217–22.
40. Blasi F, Schaberg T, Centanni S et al. Prulifloxacin vs. levofloxacin in the treatment of severe COPD patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2013.
41. European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): out patient quinolone use in Europe (1997–2009). N.Adriaenssens, S.Coenen, A.Versporten et al behalf of the ESAC Project Group.
42. Чучалин А.Г. и др. Федеральные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению хронической обструктивной болезни легких. М., 2014.
43. Siva R, Bafadhel M, Monteiro W et al. Effect of levofloxacin on neutrophilic airway inflammation in stable COPD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International J COPD 2014; 9: 179–86.
44. Дворецкий Л.И., Дубровская Н.В., Грудинина С.А. и др. Левофлоксацин и макролиды при обострении хронического бронхита. Результаты длительного мониторинга больных. Инфекции и антимикробная терапия. 2005; 1: 20–7.
Авторы
Л.И.Дворецкий
ГБОУ ВПО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России