1. IDF Global Guideline For Managing Older People with Type 2 Diabetes, 2013.
2. Yasuda N et al. Biochem Biophys Ref Commun 2002; 298: 779–84.
3. Hinke S et al. Biochem Biophys Ref Commun 2002; 291: 1302–8.
4. Migoya E et al. Presented at EASD 2007; abstract 0111.
5. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (6): 393–403.
6. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352: 854–65.
7. Nagi DK, Yudkin JS. Effects of metformin on insulin resistance, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and plasminogen activator inhibitor in NIDDM subjects. A study of two ethnic groups. Diabetes Care 1993; 16 (4): 621–9.
8. Patane G, Piro S, Rabuazzo AM et al. Metformin restores insulin secretion altered by chronic exposure to free fatty acids or high glucose: a direct metformin effect on pancreatic beta-cells. Diabetes 2000; 49 (5): 735–40.
9. Papanas N. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13: 1–8.
10. ADA Standards of Medical Care. Diabetes Care 2011; 34 (Suppl. 1): S11–S61.
11. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and complication risk in type 1 diabetes: «double diabetes» in the Diabetes Control and Complication Trial. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (3): 707–12.
12. Hamilton J, Cummings E, Zdravkovic V. Metformin as an adjunct therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (1): 138–43.
13. Abdelghaffar S, Attia A. Metformin added to insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 21 (1): CD006691.
14. Scarpello JHB. Optimal dosing strategies for maximising the clinical response to metformin in type 2 diabetes. Br J Vasc Dis 2001; 1: 28–36.
15. Paes AHP, Bakker A, Soe-Agnie S-J. Impact of dosage frequency on patient compliance. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1512–7.
16. Timmins P, Donahue S, Meeker J, Marathe P. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a novel extended-release metformin formulation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44: 721–9.
17. Schwartz S, Fonseca V, Berner B et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a novel once-daily extended-release metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (4): 759–64.
18. Fujioka K, Brazg RL, Raz I et al. Efficacy, dose-response relationship and safety of once-daily extended release metformin (Glucophage XR) in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycaemic control despite prior treatment with diet and exercise: results from two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7: 28–39.
19. Garber AJ, Duncan TG, Goodman AM et al. Efficacy of metformin in type II diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial. Am J Med 1997; 103: 491–7.
20. Howlett H, Davidson J. New prolonged-release metformin improves gastrointestinal tolerability. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2004; 4: 273–7.
21. Fujioka K, Joyal S, Bruce S. Type 2 diabetes patients switched from immediate-release metformin bid to an extended-release qd formulation in a randomized, controlled trial maintain comparable glycemic control. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 515–29.
22. Libby G, Donnelly LA, Donnan PT et al. New users of metformin are at low risk of incident cancer: a cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1620–25.
23. Evans JMM, Donnelly LA, Emslie-Smith AM et al. Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients. BMJ 2005; 330: 1304–5.
24. Noto H, Goto A, Tsujimoto T, Noda M. Cancer risk in diabetic patients treated with metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS one 2012; 7: e33411.
25. Rena G, Pearson ER, Sakamoto K. Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights? Diabetologia 2013; 56: 1898–906.
26. Ng TP, Feng L, Yap KB et al. Long-term metformin usage and cognitive function among older adults with diabetes. J Alzheimers Dis 2014.
27. Shu Y, Brown C, Castro RA et al. Effect of genetic variation in the organic cation transporter 1, OCT1, on metformin pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 83: 273–80.
28. Christensen MMH, Brasch-Andersen C, Green H et al. The pharmacogenetics of metformin and its impact on plasma metformin steady-state levels and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 2011; 21: 837–50.
29. Semiz S, Dujic T, Causevic A. Pharmacogenetics and personalized treatment of type 2 diabetes. Biochem Med 2013; 23 (2): 154–71. 

Т.В.Никонова

Эндокринологический научный центр Минздрава России, Москва