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Йодный дефицит: решение проблемы в мире и России (25-летний опыт)
Йодный дефицит: решение проблемы в мире и России (25-летний опыт)
Платонова Н.М., Трошина Е.А. Йодный дефицит: решение проблемы в мире и России (25-летний опыт). Consilium Medicum. 2015; 17 (4): 44–50.
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Аннотация
Одним из приоритетных направлений здравоохранения большинства стран мира является профилактика йододефицитных заболеваний. В условиях природного дефицита йода проживает около 2 млрд человек. Известно, что наибольшую опасность представляет недостаточное поступление йода в организм на этапе внутриутробного развития и в раннем детском возрасте. Изменения, вызванные йододефицитом в эти периоды жизни, проявляются необратимыми дефектами в интеллектуальном и физическом развитии детей. Однако весь спектр йододефицитной патологии широк и простирается от репродуктивных нарушений до специфических заболеваний щитовидной железы.
По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, Международного совета по контролю за йододефицитными заболеваниями и Организации Объединенных Наций (ЮНИСЕФ) в 96 странах проблема дефицита йода в питании уже разрешена благодаря действию законодательных и нормативных актов по обязательному йодированию соли. Только 13 стран, не имеющих этого закона, в том числе и Россия, продолжают проживать в условиях некомпенсированного дефицита йода.
В связи с этим проблема йодного дефицита для многих стран представляется чрезвычайно актуальной. Необходимо проведение массовой и индивидуальной йодной профилактики с применением препаратов, содержащих физиологическую дозу йода (как, например, Йодомарин®), в группах высокого риска на законодательной основе.
Ключевые слова: дефицит йода, зоб, умственное развитие, йододефицитные заболевания, кретинизм, йодная профилактика.
According to the World Health Organization, and (UNICEF) in 96 countries with natural iodine deficiency this problem is already solved due to laws and regulations on mandatory salt iodization, and only 13 countries do not have necessary laws, including Russia. It is proved that the Russian population continues to live in conditions of uncompensated iodine deficiency.
In this connection it is extremely relevant to conduct the mass and individual iodine prophylaxis using preparations containing a physiological dose of iodine (such as Iodomarin®) in high-risk groups.
Key words: iodine deficiency, goiter, cognitive development, iodine deficiency disorders, cretinism, iodine prophylaxis.
По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, Международного совета по контролю за йододефицитными заболеваниями и Организации Объединенных Наций (ЮНИСЕФ) в 96 странах проблема дефицита йода в питании уже разрешена благодаря действию законодательных и нормативных актов по обязательному йодированию соли. Только 13 стран, не имеющих этого закона, в том числе и Россия, продолжают проживать в условиях некомпенсированного дефицита йода.
В связи с этим проблема йодного дефицита для многих стран представляется чрезвычайно актуальной. Необходимо проведение массовой и индивидуальной йодной профилактики с применением препаратов, содержащих физиологическую дозу йода (как, например, Йодомарин®), в группах высокого риска на законодательной основе.
Ключевые слова: дефицит йода, зоб, умственное развитие, йододефицитные заболевания, кретинизм, йодная профилактика.
________________________________________________
According to the World Health Organization, and (UNICEF) in 96 countries with natural iodine deficiency this problem is already solved due to laws and regulations on mandatory salt iodization, and only 13 countries do not have necessary laws, including Russia. It is proved that the Russian population continues to live in conditions of uncompensated iodine deficiency.
In this connection it is extremely relevant to conduct the mass and individual iodine prophylaxis using preparations containing a physiological dose of iodine (such as Iodomarin®) in high-risk groups.
Key words: iodine deficiency, goiter, cognitive development, iodine deficiency disorders, cretinism, iodine prophylaxis.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. Geneva: WHO, WHO/Euro/NUT, 2001; p. 1–230.
2. WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO, 2007; p. 10–2.
3. Hetzel BS. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and their eradication. Lancet 1983; 2: 1126–9.
4. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine deficiency disorders. Lancet 2008; 372: 1251–62.
5. Chan S et al. Thyroid hormones and central nervous system development. J Endocrinol 2000; 165: 1–8.
6. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-defi cient community: the Pescopagano survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 561–6.
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8. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine deficiency disorders. Lancet 2008; 372: 1251–62.
9. De Benoist B, McLean E, Andersson M, Rogers L. Iodine deficiency in 2007: global progress since 2003. Food Nutr Bull 2008; 29: 195–202.
10. Дедов И.И., Герасимов Г.А., Свириденко Н.Ю. Йододефицитные заболевания в Российской Федерации (эпидемиология, диагностика. профилактика). Методическое пособие. М.,1999; 3–15. / Dedov I.I., Gerasimov G.A., Sviridenko N.Iu. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii (epidemiologiia, diagnostika. profilaktika). Metodicheskoe posobie. M.,1999; 3–15. [in Russian]
11. WHO Secretariat, Anderson M, De Benoist B et al. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old; conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10: 1606–11.
12. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency and excess in children: worldwide status in 2013. Endocr Pract 2013; 19 (5): 839–46.
13. Pearce EN, Andersson M, Zimmermann MB. Global iodine nutrition: Where do we stand in 2013? Thyroid 2013; 23 (5): 523–8. Doi: 10.1089/thy.2013.0128. Epub 2013 Apr 18.
14. Kusic Z et al. History of endemic goiter in Croatia: from severe iodine deficiency to iodine sufficiency. Coll Antropol 2005; 29: 9–16.
15. Lind R, Kumnig G, Heinsch M et al. Iodine supplementation in Austria: methods and results. Thyroid 2002; 12: 903–7.
16. Gärtner R. Is iodine deficiency still relevant? MMW Fortschr Med 2007; 22; 149 (8): 29–32.
17. Baczyk M, Ruchała M, Pisarek M et al. Iodine prophylaxis in children population on the Wielkopolska Region area from year 1992 to 2005. Endokrynol Pol 2006; 57 (2): 110–5.
18. Zimmermann MB, Andersson M, Update on iodine status worldwide. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19: 392–7.
19. Трошина Е.А., Платонова Н.М., Абдулхабирова Ф.М., Герасимов Г.А. Йододефицитные заболевания в Российской Федерации: время принятия решений. Под ред. Дедова И.И., Мельниченко Г.А. М., 2012. / Troshina E.A., Platonova N.M., Abdulkhabirova F.M., Gerasimov G.A. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii: vremia priniatiia reshenii. Pod red. Dedova I.I., Mel'nichenko G.A. M., 2012. [in Russian]
20. Платонова Н.М. Йододефицитные заболевания: профилактика, диагностика, лечние, мониторинг: Aвтореф. дис. … д-ра мед. наук. М., 2010. / Platonova N.M. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniia: profilaktika, diagnostika, lechnie, monitoring: Avtoref. dis. … d-ra med. nauk. M., 2010. [in Russian]
21. Azizi F, Kalani H, Kimiagar M et al. Physical, neuromotor and intellectual impairment in non_cretinous schoolchildren with iodine deficiency. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1995; 65: 199–205.
22. Boyages SC, Collins JK, Maberly GF et al. Iodine deficiency impairs intellectual and neuromotor development in apparentlynormal persons. A study of rural inhabitants of north central China. Med J 1989; 150: 676–2.
23. Choudhury N, Gorman KS. Subclinical prenatal iodine deficiency negatively affects infant development in Northern China. J Nutr 2003; 133: 3162–5.
24. Fenzi GF, Giusti LF, Aghini Lombardi F et al. Neuropsychological assessment in schoolchildren from an area of moderate iodine defiiency. J Endocrinol Invest 1990; 13: 427–31.
25. Gao TS, Teng WP, Shan ZY et al. Effect of different iodine intake on schoolchildren’s thyroid diseases and intelligence in rural areas. Chin Med J (Engl) 2004; 117: 1518–22.
26. Huda SN, Grantham McGregor SM, Rahman KM, Tomkins A. Biochemical hypothyroidism secondary to iodine deficiency is associated with poor school achievement and cognition in Bangladeshi children. J Nutr 1999; 129: 980–97.
27. Bougma K, Aboud FE, Harding KB, Marquis GS. Iodine and mental development of children 5 years old and under: a systematic review and meta analysis. Nutrients 2013; 5 (4): 1384–416.
28. Bleichrodt N, Born MP. A metaanalysis of research on iodine and its relationship to cognitive development. In: Stanbury FA, editor. The damaged brain of iodine deficiency cognitive, behavioral, neuromotor, educative aspects. New York [etc.]: Cognizant Communication Corporation; 1994; p. VII, 335 S.
29. Трошина Е.А., Соловьева С.И., Платонова Н.М. и др. Интеллектуальное развитие школьников с диффузным клиническим эутиреоидным зобом в регионах с различным йодным обеспечением. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2009; 6 (2): 43–8. / Troshina E.A., Solov'eva S.I., Platonova N.M. i dr. Intellektual'noe razvitie shkol'nikov s diffuznym klinicheskim eutireoidnym zobom v regionakh s razlichnym iodnym obespecheniem. Pediatricheskaia farmakologiia. 2009; 6 (2): 43–8. [in Russian]
30. Щеплягина ЛА. Препараты йода в укреплении здоровья детей. Consilium Medicum. Педиатрия. (Прил.). 2010; 12 (1): 12–16. / Shchepliagina LA. Preparaty ioda v ukreplenii zdorov'ia detei. Consilium Medicum. Pediatriia. (Pril.). 2010; 12 (1): 12–16. [in Russian]
31. Taylor PN, Okosieme OE, Dayan CM, Lazarus JH. Impact of iodine supplementation in mild to moderate iodine deficiency: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2013. 170 (1): 1–15.
32. Anderson M, Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Orevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less that 2-years-old: conclusion and recommendations of the Technical Consultations. Public Health nutrition 2007; 10 (12A): 1606–11.
33. On WHO Guidelines «Fortification of food-grade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders, Geneva: WHO 2014: 1–45.
2. WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO, 2007; p. 10–2.
3. Hetzel BS. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and their eradication. Lancet 1983; 2: 1126–9.
4. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine deficiency disorders. Lancet 2008; 372: 1251–62.
5. Chan S et al. Thyroid hormones and central nervous system development. J Endocrinol 2000; 165: 1–8.
6. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-defi cient community: the Pescopagano survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 561–6.
7. Hetzel BS, Pandav CS. S.O.S. for a billion. The conquest of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. 2nd Ed. Dehli: Oxford University press publ 1996; p. 46–7.
8. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine deficiency disorders. Lancet 2008; 372: 1251–62.
9. De Benoist B, McLean E, Andersson M, Rogers L. Iodine deficiency in 2007: global progress since 2003. Food Nutr Bull 2008; 29: 195–202.
10. Dedov I.I., Gerasimov G.A., Sviridenko N.Iu. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii (epidemiologiia, diagnostika. profilaktika). Metodicheskoe posobie. M.,1999; 3–15. [in Russian]
11. WHO Secretariat, Anderson M, De Benoist B et al. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old; conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10: 1606–11.
12. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency and excess in children: worldwide status in 2013. Endocr Pract 2013; 19 (5): 839–46.
13. Pearce EN, Andersson M, Zimmermann MB. Global iodine nutrition: Where do we stand in 2013? Thyroid 2013; 23 (5): 523–8. Doi: 10.1089/thy.2013.0128. Epub 2013 Apr 18.
14. Kusic Z et al. History of endemic goiter in Croatia: from severe iodine deficiency to iodine sufficiency. Coll Antropol 2005; 29: 9–16.
15. Lind R, Kumnig G, Heinsch M et al. Iodine supplementation in Austria: methods and results. Thyroid 2002; 12: 903–7.
16. Gärtner R. Is iodine deficiency still relevant? MMW Fortschr Med 2007; 22; 149 (8): 29–32.
17. Baczyk M, Ruchała M, Pisarek M et al. Iodine prophylaxis in children population on the Wielkopolska Region area from year 1992 to 2005. Endokrynol Pol 2006; 57 (2): 110–5.
18. Zimmermann MB, Andersson M, Update on iodine status worldwide. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19: 392–7.
19. Troshina E.A., Platonova N.M., Abdulkhabirova F.M., Gerasimov G.A. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii: vremia priniatiia reshenii. Pod red. Dedova I.I., Mel'nichenko G.A. M., 2012. [in Russian]
20. Platonova N.M. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniia: profilaktika, diagnostika, lechnie, monitoring: Avtoref. dis. … d-ra med. nauk. M., 2010. [in Russian]
21. Azizi F, Kalani H, Kimiagar M et al. Physical, neuromotor and intellectual impairment in non_cretinous schoolchildren with iodine deficiency. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1995; 65: 199–205.
22. Boyages SC, Collins JK, Maberly GF et al. Iodine deficiency impairs intellectual and neuromotor development in apparentlynormal persons. A study of rural inhabitants of north central China. Med J 1989; 150: 676–2.
23. Choudhury N, Gorman KS. Subclinical prenatal iodine deficiency negatively affects infant development in Northern China. J Nutr 2003; 133: 3162–5.
24. Fenzi GF, Giusti LF, Aghini Lombardi F et al. Neuropsychological assessment in schoolchildren from an area of moderate iodine defiiency. J Endocrinol Invest 1990; 13: 427–31.
25. Gao TS, Teng WP, Shan ZY et al. Effect of different iodine intake on schoolchildren’s thyroid diseases and intelligence in rural areas. Chin Med J (Engl) 2004; 117: 1518–22.
26. Huda SN, Grantham McGregor SM, Rahman KM, Tomkins A. Biochemical hypothyroidism secondary to iodine deficiency is associated with poor school achievement and cognition in Bangladeshi children. J Nutr 1999; 129: 980–97.
27. Bougma K, Aboud FE, Harding KB, Marquis GS. Iodine and mental development of children 5 years old and under: a systematic review and meta analysis. Nutrients 2013; 5 (4): 1384–416.
28. Bleichrodt N, Born MP. A metaanalysis of research on iodine and its relationship to cognitive development. In: Stanbury FA, editor. The damaged brain of iodine deficiency cognitive, behavioral, neuromotor, educative aspects. New York [etc.]: Cognizant Communication Corporation; 1994; p. VII, 335 S.
29. Troshina E.A., Solov'eva S.I., Platonova N.M. i dr. Intellektual'noe razvitie shkol'nikov s diffuznym klinicheskim eutireoidnym zobom v regionakh s razlichnym iodnym obespecheniem. Pediatricheskaia farmakologiia. 2009; 6 (2): 43–8. [in Russian]
30. Shchepliagina LA. Preparaty ioda v ukreplenii zdorov'ia detei. Consilium Medicum. Pediatriia. (Pril.). 2010; 12 (1): 12–16. [in Russian]
31. Taylor PN, Okosieme OE, Dayan CM, Lazarus JH. Impact of iodine supplementation in mild to moderate iodine deficiency: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2013. 170 (1): 1–15.
32. Anderson M, Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Orevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less that 2-years-old: conclusion and recommendations of the Technical Consultations. Public Health nutrition 2007; 10 (12A): 1606–11.
33. On WHO Guidelines «Fortification of food-grade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders, Geneva: WHO 2014: 1–45.
2. WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO, 2007; p. 10–2.
3. Hetzel BS. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and their eradication. Lancet 1983; 2: 1126–9.
4. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine deficiency disorders. Lancet 2008; 372: 1251–62.
5. Chan S et al. Thyroid hormones and central nervous system development. J Endocrinol 2000; 165: 1–8.
6. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-defi cient community: the Pescopagano survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 561–6.
7. Hetzel BS, Pandav CS. S.O.S. for a billion. The conquest of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. 2nd Ed. Dehli: Oxford University press publ 1996; p. 46–7.
8. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine deficiency disorders. Lancet 2008; 372: 1251–62.
9. De Benoist B, McLean E, Andersson M, Rogers L. Iodine deficiency in 2007: global progress since 2003. Food Nutr Bull 2008; 29: 195–202.
10. Дедов И.И., Герасимов Г.А., Свириденко Н.Ю. Йододефицитные заболевания в Российской Федерации (эпидемиология, диагностика. профилактика). Методическое пособие. М.,1999; 3–15. / Dedov I.I., Gerasimov G.A., Sviridenko N.Iu. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii (epidemiologiia, diagnostika. profilaktika). Metodicheskoe posobie. M.,1999; 3–15. [in Russian]
11. WHO Secretariat, Anderson M, De Benoist B et al. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old; conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10: 1606–11.
12. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency and excess in children: worldwide status in 2013. Endocr Pract 2013; 19 (5): 839–46.
13. Pearce EN, Andersson M, Zimmermann MB. Global iodine nutrition: Where do we stand in 2013? Thyroid 2013; 23 (5): 523–8. Doi: 10.1089/thy.2013.0128. Epub 2013 Apr 18.
14. Kusic Z et al. History of endemic goiter in Croatia: from severe iodine deficiency to iodine sufficiency. Coll Antropol 2005; 29: 9–16.
15. Lind R, Kumnig G, Heinsch M et al. Iodine supplementation in Austria: methods and results. Thyroid 2002; 12: 903–7.
16. Gärtner R. Is iodine deficiency still relevant? MMW Fortschr Med 2007; 22; 149 (8): 29–32.
17. Baczyk M, Ruchała M, Pisarek M et al. Iodine prophylaxis in children population on the Wielkopolska Region area from year 1992 to 2005. Endokrynol Pol 2006; 57 (2): 110–5.
18. Zimmermann MB, Andersson M, Update on iodine status worldwide. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19: 392–7.
19. Трошина Е.А., Платонова Н.М., Абдулхабирова Ф.М., Герасимов Г.А. Йододефицитные заболевания в Российской Федерации: время принятия решений. Под ред. Дедова И.И., Мельниченко Г.А. М., 2012. / Troshina E.A., Platonova N.M., Abdulkhabirova F.M., Gerasimov G.A. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniia v Rossiiskoi Federatsii: vremia priniatiia reshenii. Pod red. Dedova I.I., Mel'nichenko G.A. M., 2012. [in Russian]
20. Платонова Н.М. Йододефицитные заболевания: профилактика, диагностика, лечние, мониторинг: Aвтореф. дис. … д-ра мед. наук. М., 2010. / Platonova N.M. Iododefitsitnye zabolevaniia: profilaktika, diagnostika, lechnie, monitoring: Avtoref. dis. … d-ra med. nauk. M., 2010. [in Russian]
21. Azizi F, Kalani H, Kimiagar M et al. Physical, neuromotor and intellectual impairment in non_cretinous schoolchildren with iodine deficiency. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1995; 65: 199–205.
22. Boyages SC, Collins JK, Maberly GF et al. Iodine deficiency impairs intellectual and neuromotor development in apparentlynormal persons. A study of rural inhabitants of north central China. Med J 1989; 150: 676–2.
23. Choudhury N, Gorman KS. Subclinical prenatal iodine deficiency negatively affects infant development in Northern China. J Nutr 2003; 133: 3162–5.
24. Fenzi GF, Giusti LF, Aghini Lombardi F et al. Neuropsychological assessment in schoolchildren from an area of moderate iodine defiiency. J Endocrinol Invest 1990; 13: 427–31.
25. Gao TS, Teng WP, Shan ZY et al. Effect of different iodine intake on schoolchildren’s thyroid diseases and intelligence in rural areas. Chin Med J (Engl) 2004; 117: 1518–22.
26. Huda SN, Grantham McGregor SM, Rahman KM, Tomkins A. Biochemical hypothyroidism secondary to iodine deficiency is associated with poor school achievement and cognition in Bangladeshi children. J Nutr 1999; 129: 980–97.
27. Bougma K, Aboud FE, Harding KB, Marquis GS. Iodine and mental development of children 5 years old and under: a systematic review and meta analysis. Nutrients 2013; 5 (4): 1384–416.
28. Bleichrodt N, Born MP. A metaanalysis of research on iodine and its relationship to cognitive development. In: Stanbury FA, editor. The damaged brain of iodine deficiency cognitive, behavioral, neuromotor, educative aspects. New York [etc.]: Cognizant Communication Corporation; 1994; p. VII, 335 S.
29. Трошина Е.А., Соловьева С.И., Платонова Н.М. и др. Интеллектуальное развитие школьников с диффузным клиническим эутиреоидным зобом в регионах с различным йодным обеспечением. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2009; 6 (2): 43–8. / Troshina E.A., Solov'eva S.I., Platonova N.M. i dr. Intellektual'noe razvitie shkol'nikov s diffuznym klinicheskim eutireoidnym zobom v regionakh s razlichnym iodnym obespecheniem. Pediatricheskaia farmakologiia. 2009; 6 (2): 43–8. [in Russian]
30. Щеплягина ЛА. Препараты йода в укреплении здоровья детей. Consilium Medicum. Педиатрия. (Прил.). 2010; 12 (1): 12–16. / Shchepliagina LA. Preparaty ioda v ukreplenii zdorov'ia detei. Consilium Medicum. Pediatriia. (Pril.). 2010; 12 (1): 12–16. [in Russian]
31. Taylor PN, Okosieme OE, Dayan CM, Lazarus JH. Impact of iodine supplementation in mild to moderate iodine deficiency: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2013. 170 (1): 1–15.
32. Anderson M, Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Orevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less that 2-years-old: conclusion and recommendations of the Technical Consultations. Public Health nutrition 2007; 10 (12A): 1606–11.
33. On WHO Guidelines «Fortification of food-grade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders, Geneva: WHO 2014: 1–45.
________________________________________________
2. WHO, UNICEF, ICCIDD. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO, 2007; p. 10–2.
3. Hetzel BS. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and their eradication. Lancet 1983; 2: 1126–9.
4. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine deficiency disorders. Lancet 2008; 372: 1251–62.
5. Chan S et al. Thyroid hormones and central nervous system development. J Endocrinol 2000; 165: 1–8.
6. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-defi cient community: the Pescopagano survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 561–6.
7. Hetzel BS, Pandav CS. S.O.S. for a billion. The conquest of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. 2nd Ed. Dehli: Oxford University press publ 1996; p. 46–7.
8. Zimmermann MB, Jooste PL, Pandav CS. Iodine deficiency disorders. Lancet 2008; 372: 1251–62.
9. De Benoist B, McLean E, Andersson M, Rogers L. Iodine deficiency in 2007: global progress since 2003. Food Nutr Bull 2008; 29: 195–202.
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Авторы
Н.М.Платонова*, Е.А.Трошина
ФГБУ Эндокринологический научный центр Минздрава России. 117036, Россия, Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11
*doc-platonova@inbox.ru
Endocrinology research center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117036, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Dmitria Ul'ianova, d. 11
*doc-platonova@inbox.ru
ФГБУ Эндокринологический научный центр Минздрава России. 117036, Россия, Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11
*doc-platonova@inbox.ru
________________________________________________
Endocrinology research center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117036, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Dmitria Ul'ianova, d. 11
*doc-platonova@inbox.ru
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