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Современные и перспективные подходы к диагностике неалкогольной жировой болезни печени
Современные и перспективные подходы к диагностике неалкогольной жировой болезни печени
Маев И.В., Кузнецова Е.И., Андреев Д.Н., Дичева Д.Т. Современные и перспективные подходы к диагностике неалкогольной жировой болезни печени. Consilium Medicum. 2015; 17 (8): 20–27. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_2015.8.20-27
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Аннотация
Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени (НАЖБП) представляет собой одно из наиболее распространенных хронических заболеваний печени, склонных к прогрессирующему течению. НАЖБП является диагнозом исключения, а следовательно, рациональная диагностика этой патологии базируется на совокупности клинических, лабораторных и инструментальных данных. В статье приведен обзор современных и перспективных методик диагностики НАЖБП. Представлены гистологические критерии заболевания, основанные на шкалах NAS (2005 г.) и SAF (2012 г.). Обсуждается роль биомаркеров как многообещающих неинвазивных инструментов диагностики, позволяющих оценить тяжесть некровоспалительных процессов и фиброза печени у пациентов с НАЖБП.
Ключевые слова: неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени, неалкогольный стеатогепатит, стеатоз, фиброз печени, цирроз печени.
Ключевые слова: неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени, неалкогольный стеатогепатит, стеатоз, фиброз печени, цирроз печени.
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disease, are prone to a progressive flow. NAFLD is a diagnosis of exclusion, and therefore rational diagnosis of this disease is based on a combination of clinical, laboratory and instrumental data. The article provides an overview of current and prospective methods of diagnosis of NAFLD. We present the histological criteria of the disease, based on the scale NAS (2005) and SAF (2012). The role of biomarkers as a promising non-invasive diagnostic tools for assessing the severity of necroinflammatory and hepatic fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.
Key words: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver.
Key words: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Torres DM, Williams CD, Harrison SA. Features, diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 837–58.
3. Armstrong MJ, Houlihan DD, Bentham L et al. Presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a large prospective primary care cohort. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 234–40
4. Torres DM, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. Edited by M.Feldman, L.S.Friedman, L.J.Brandt. 10th ed. 2015.
5. Lazo M, Clark JM. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A global perspective. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28: 339–50.
6. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: Impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1387–95.
7. Lazo M, Hernaez R, Eberhardt MS et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178: 38–45.
8. Park S, Jeon WK, Kim SH et al. Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21: 138–43.
9. Fan JG, Farrell GC. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in China. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 204–10.
10. Hashimoto E, Tokushigie K. Prevalence, gender, ethnic variation, and prognosis of NASH. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 63–9.
11. Wong VW, Chu WC, Wong GL et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography. Gut 2012; 61 (3): 409–15.
12. Ivashkin V, Drapkina O. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Russian Federation. Gut 2009; 58: 1207.
13. Maev I.V., Andreev D.N., Dicheva D.T. i dr. Nealkogol'naia zhirovaia bolezn' pecheni: sovremennoe sostoianie problemy. Med. vestn. MVD. 2012; 61 (6): 35–40. [in Russian]
14. Maev I.V., Andreev D.N. Nealkogol'naia zhirovaia bolezn' pecheni: mekhanizmy razvitiia, klinicheskie formy i medikamentoznaia korrektsiia. Consilium Medicum. Gastroenterology (Suppl.). 2012; 14 (2): 36–9. [in Russian]
15. Choudhury J, Sanyal AJ. Clinical aspects of fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 349–62.
16. Dyson JK, Anstee QM, McPherson S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to diagnosis and staging. Frontline Gastroenterol 2014; 5 (3): 211–8.
17. Maev I.V., Abdurakhmanov D.T., Andreev D.N., Dicheva D.T. Alkogol'naia bolezn' pecheni: posobie dlia vrachei. M.: Forte Print, 2014. [in Russian]
18. Harrison SA, Oliver D, Arnold HL et al. Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut 2008; 57: 1441–7.
19. Dvorak K, Stritesky J, Petrtyl J et al. Use of non-invasive parameters of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in daily practice – an exploratory case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9 (10): e111551.
20. Abenavoli L, Masarone M, Peta V et al. Insulin resistance and liver steatosis in chronic hepatitis C infection genotype 3. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (41): 15233–40.
21. Machado MV, Cortez-Pinto H. Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A critical appraisal. J Hepatology 2013; 58: 1007–19.
22. Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM et al. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 745–50.
23. Fierbinteanu-Braticevici C, Dina I, Petrisor A et al. Noninvasive investigations for non alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 4784–91.
24. Mazhar SM, Shiehmorteza M, Sirlin CB. Noninvasive assessment of hepatic steatosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 135–40.
25. Permutt Z, Le TA, Peterson MR et al. Correlation between liver histology and novel magnetic resonance imaging in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – MRI accurately quantifies hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36: 22–9.
26. Szczepaniak LS, Nurenberg P, Leonard D et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288 (2): E462–8.
27. Al-Shaalan R, Aljiffry M, Al-Busafi S et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Noninvasive methods of diagnosing hepatic steatosis. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2015; 21 (2): 64–70.
28. De Lédinghen V, Vergniol J, Foucher J et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of liver steatosis using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and transient elastography. Liver Int 2012; 32 (6): 911–8.
29. Kitani K, Winkler K. In vitro determination of solubility of 133Xenon and 85Krypton in human liver tissue with varying triglyceride content. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972; 29: 173–6.
30. Al-Busafi SA, Ghali P, Wong P et al. The utility of Xenon-133 liver scan in the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Can J Gastroenterol 2012; 26: 155–9.
31. Morozov S.V., Kucheriavyi Iu.A., Stukova N.Iu., Krasniakova E.A. Nepriamaia ul'trazvukovaia elastografiia pecheni: ot diagnostiki fibroza pecheni – k kontroliu nad lecheniem. Dokazatel'naia gastroenterologiia. 2013; 2: 31–7. [in Russian]
32. Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph JM et al. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 1705–13.
33. Bonder A, Afdhal N. Utilization of FibroScan in clinical practice. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2014; 16 (2): 372.
34. Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH et al. Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369 examinations. Hepatology 2010; 51: 828–35.
35. Yoneda M, Yoneda M, Mawatari H et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40: 371–8.
36. Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007; 45: 846–54.
37. Myers RP, Pomier-Layrargues G, Kirsch R et al. Feasibility and diagnostic performance of the FibroScan XL probe for liver stiffness measurement in overweight and obese patients. Hepatology 2012; 55: 199–208.
38. Carey E, Carey WD. Noninvasive tests for liver disease, fibrosis, and cirrhosis: Is liver biopsy obsolete? Cleve Clin J Med 2010; 77 (8): 519–27.
39. Dahl JJ, Pinton GF, Palmeri ML et al. A parallel tracking method for acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2007; 54: 301–12.
40. Palmeri ML, Wang MH, Rouze NC et al. Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using acoustic radiation force-based shear stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 666–72.
41. Ebinuma H, Saito H, Komuta M et al. Evaluation of liver fibrosis by transient elastography using acoustic radiation force impulse: comparison with FibroScan®. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 1238–48.
42. Yoneda M, Suzuki K, Kato S et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: US-based acoustic radiation force impulse elastography. Radiology 2010; 256: 640–7.
43. Ahmed M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 2015.World J Hepatol 2015; 7 (11): 1450–9.
44. Macarini L, Stoppino LP. Radiologic Assessment of Liver Fibrosis – Present and Future. In: Practical Management of Chronic Viral Hepatitis, ed. by Gaetano Serviddio. In Tech 2013.
45. Yin M, Talwalkar JA, Glaser KJ et al. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5 (10): 1207–13. e2.
46. Rustogi R, Horowitz J, Harmath C et al. Accuracy of MR elastography and anatomic MR imaging features in the diagnosis of severe hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012; 35: 1356–64.
47. Law K, Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2010; 14: 591–604.
48. Brunt EM, Tiniakos DG. Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 5286–96.
49. Harmon RC, Tiniakos DG, Argo CK. Inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5: 189–200.
50. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, van Natta M et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1313–21.
51. Bedossa P, Poitou C, Veyrie N et al. Histopathological algorithm and scoring system for evaluation of liver lesions in morbidly obese patients. Hepatology 2012; 56: 1751–9.
52. Kotronen A, Peltonen M, Hakkarainen A et al. Prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fat using metabolic and genetic factors. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 865–72.
53. Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ et al. Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42 (7): 503–8.
54. Kahl S, Straßburger K, Nowotny B et al. Comparison of liver fat indices for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9 (4): e94059.
55. Loaeza-del-Castillo A, Paz-Pineda F, Oviedo-Cárdenas E et al. AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) for the noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis. Ann Hepatol 2008; 7 (4): 350–7.
56. Angulo P1, Hui JM, Marchesini G et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007; 45 (4): 846–54.
57. Shah AG, Lydecker A, Murray K et al. Comparison of noninvasive markers of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7 (10): 1104–12.
58. McPherson S, Anstee QM, Henderson E et al. Are simple noninvasive scoring systems for fibrosis reliable in patients with NAFLD and normal ALT levels? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 652–8.
59. McPherson S, Stewart SF, Henderson E et al. Simple non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems can reliably exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut 2010; 59: 1265–9.
60. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257: 79–83.
61. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1930–5.
62. Vega GL, Grundy SM. Metabolic risk susceptibility in men is partially related to adiponectin/leptin ratio. J Obes 2013; 2013: 409679.
63. Musso G, Gambino R, Biroli G et al. Hypoadiponectinemia predicts the severity of hepatic fibrosis and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in nondiabetic nonobese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2438–46.
64. Polyzos SA, Toulis KA, Goulis DG et al. Serum total adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2011; 60: 313–26.
65. Finelli C, Tarantino G. What is the role of adiponectin in obesity related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 802–12.
66. Feldstein AE, Canbay A, Angulo P et al. Hepatocyte apoptosis and fas expression are prominent features of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 437–43.
67. Bantel H, Ruck P, Gregor M et al. Detection of elevated caspase activation and early apoptosis in liver diseases. Eur J Cell Biol 2001; 80: 230–9.
68. Feldstein AE, Wieckowska A, Lopez AR et al. Cytokeratin-18 fragment levels as noninvasive biomarkers for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicenter validation study. Hepatology 2009; 50: 1072–8.
69. Tamimi TI, Elgouhari HM, Alkhouri N et al. An apoptosis panel for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis diagnosis. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 1224–9.
70. Joka D, Wahl K, Moeller S et al. Prospective biopsy-controlled evaluation of cell death biomarkers for prediction of liver fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2012; 55: 455–64.
71. Nobili V, Alisi A, Torre G et al. Hyaluronic acid predicts hepaticfibrosis in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Transl Res 2010; 156 (4): 229–34.
72. Tanwar S, Trembling PM, Guha IN et al. Validation of terminal peptide of procollagen III for the detection and assessment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2013; 57: 103–11.
73. Ratziu V, Massard J, Charlotte F et al. Diagnostic value of biochemical markers (FibroTest-FibroSURE) for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2006; 6: 6.
2. Torres DM, Williams CD, Harrison SA. Features, diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 837–58.
3. Armstrong MJ, Houlihan DD, Bentham L et al. Presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a large prospective primary care cohort. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 234–40
4. Torres DM, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. Edited by M.Feldman, L.S.Friedman, L.J.Brandt. 10th ed. 2015.
5. Lazo M, Clark JM. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A global perspective. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28: 339–50.
6. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: Impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1387–95.
7. Lazo M, Hernaez R, Eberhardt MS et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178: 38–45.
8. Park S, Jeon WK, Kim SH et al. Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21: 138–43.
9. Fan JG, Farrell GC. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in China. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 204–10.
10. Hashimoto E, Tokushigie K. Prevalence, gender, ethnic variation, and prognosis of NASH. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 63–9.
11. Wong VW, Chu WC, Wong GL et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography. Gut 2012; 61 (3): 409–15.
12. Ivashkin V, Drapkina O. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Russian Federation. Gut 2009; 58: 1207.
13. Маев И.В., Андреев Д.Н., Дичева Д.Т. и др. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени: современное состояние проблемы. Мед. вестн. МВД. 2012; 61 (6): 35–40. / Maev I.V., Andreev D.N., Dicheva D.T. i dr. Nealkogol'naia zhirovaia bolezn' pecheni: sovremennoe sostoianie problemy. Med. vestn. MVD. 2012; 61 (6): 35–40. [in Russian]
14. Маев И.В., Андреев Д.Н. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени: механизмы развития, клинические формы и медикаментозная коррекция. Consilium Medicum. Гастроэнтерология (Прил.). 2012; 14 (2): 36–9. / Maev I.V., Andreev D.N. Nealkogol'naia zhirovaia bolezn' pecheni: mekhanizmy razvitiia, klinicheskie formy i medikamentoznaia korrektsiia. Consilium Medicum. Gastroenterology (Suppl.). 2012; 14 (2): 36–9. [in Russian]
15. Choudhury J, Sanyal AJ. Clinical aspects of fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 349–62.
16. Dyson JK, Anstee QM, McPherson S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to diagnosis and staging. Frontline Gastroenterol 2014; 5 (3): 211–8.
17. Маев И.В., Абдурахманов Д.Т., Андреев Д.Н., Дичева Д.Т. Алкогольная болезнь печени: пособие для врачей. М.: Форте Принт, 2014. / Maev I.V., Abdurakhmanov D.T., Andreev D.N., Dicheva D.T. Alkogol'naia bolezn' pecheni: posobie dlia vrachei. M.: Forte Print, 2014. [in Russian]
18. Harrison SA, Oliver D, Arnold HL et al. Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut 2008; 57: 1441–7.
19. Dvorak K, Stritesky J, Petrtyl J et al. Use of non-invasive parameters of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in daily practice – an exploratory case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9 (10): e111551.
20. Abenavoli L, Masarone M, Peta V et al. Insulin resistance and liver steatosis in chronic hepatitis C infection genotype 3. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (41): 15233–40.
21. Machado MV, Cortez-Pinto H. Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A critical appraisal. J Hepatology 2013; 58: 1007–19.
22. Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM et al. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 745–50.
23. Fierbinteanu-Braticevici C, Dina I, Petrisor A et al. Noninvasive investigations for non alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 4784–91.
24. Mazhar SM, Shiehmorteza M, Sirlin CB. Noninvasive assessment of hepatic steatosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 135–40.
25. Permutt Z, Le TA, Peterson MR et al. Correlation between liver histology and novel magnetic resonance imaging in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – MRI accurately quantifies hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36: 22–9.
26. Szczepaniak LS, Nurenberg P, Leonard D et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288 (2): E462–8.
27. Al-Shaalan R, Aljiffry M, Al-Busafi S et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Noninvasive methods of diagnosing hepatic steatosis. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2015; 21 (2): 64–70.
28. De Lédinghen V, Vergniol J, Foucher J et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of liver steatosis using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and transient elastography. Liver Int 2012; 32 (6): 911–8.
29. Kitani K, Winkler K. In vitro determination of solubility of 133Xenon and 85Krypton in human liver tissue with varying triglyceride content. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972; 29: 173–6.
30. Al-Busafi SA, Ghali P, Wong P et al. The utility of Xenon-133 liver scan in the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Can J Gastroenterol 2012; 26: 155–9.
31. Морозов С.В., Кучерявый Ю.А., Стукова Н.Ю., Краснякова Е.А. Непрямая ультразвуковая эластография печени: от диагностики фиброза печени – к контролю над лечением. Доказательная гастроэнтерология. 2013; 2: 31–7. / Morozov S.V., Kucheriavyi Iu.A., Stukova N.Iu., Krasniakova E.A. Nepriamaia ul'trazvukovaia elastografiia pecheni: ot diagnostiki fibroza pecheni – k kontroliu nad lecheniem. Dokazatel'naia gastroenterologiia. 2013; 2: 31–7. [in Russian]
32. Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph JM et al. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 1705–13.
33. Bonder A, Afdhal N. Utilization of FibroScan in clinical practice. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2014; 16 (2): 372.
34. Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH et al. Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369 examinations. Hepatology 2010; 51: 828–35.
35. Yoneda M, Yoneda M, Mawatari H et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40: 371–8.
36. Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007; 45: 846–54.
37. Myers RP, Pomier-Layrargues G, Kirsch R et al. Feasibility and diagnostic performance of the FibroScan XL probe for liver stiffness measurement in overweight and obese patients. Hepatology 2012; 55: 199–208.
38. Carey E, Carey WD. Noninvasive tests for liver disease, fibrosis, and cirrhosis: Is liver biopsy obsolete? Cleve Clin J Med 2010; 77 (8): 519–27.
39. Dahl JJ, Pinton GF, Palmeri ML et al. A parallel tracking method for acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2007; 54: 301–12.
40. Palmeri ML, Wang MH, Rouze NC et al. Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using acoustic radiation force-based shear stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 666–72.
41. Ebinuma H, Saito H, Komuta M et al. Evaluation of liver fibrosis by transient elastography using acoustic radiation force impulse: comparison with FibroScan®. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 1238–48.
42. Yoneda M, Suzuki K, Kato S et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: US-based acoustic radiation force impulse elastography. Radiology 2010; 256: 640–7.
43. Ahmed M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 2015.World J Hepatol 2015; 7 (11): 1450–9.
44. Macarini L, Stoppino LP. Radiologic Assessment of Liver Fibrosis – Present and Future. In: Practical Management of Chronic Viral Hepatitis, ed. by Gaetano Serviddio. In Tech 2013.
45. Yin M, Talwalkar JA, Glaser KJ et al. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5 (10): 1207–13. e2.
46. Rustogi R, Horowitz J, Harmath C et al. Accuracy of MR elastography and anatomic MR imaging features in the diagnosis of severe hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012; 35: 1356–64.
47. Law K, Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2010; 14: 591–604.
48. Brunt EM, Tiniakos DG. Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 5286–96.
49. Harmon RC, Tiniakos DG, Argo CK. Inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5: 189–200.
50. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, van Natta M et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1313–21.
51. Bedossa P, Poitou C, Veyrie N et al. Histopathological algorithm and scoring system for evaluation of liver lesions in morbidly obese patients. Hepatology 2012; 56: 1751–9.
52. Kotronen A, Peltonen M, Hakkarainen A et al. Prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fat using metabolic and genetic factors. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 865–72.
53. Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ et al. Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42 (7): 503–8.
54. Kahl S, Straßburger K, Nowotny B et al. Comparison of liver fat indices for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9 (4): e94059.
55. Loaeza-del-Castillo A, Paz-Pineda F, Oviedo-Cárdenas E et al. AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) for the noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis. Ann Hepatol 2008; 7 (4): 350–7.
56. Angulo P1, Hui JM, Marchesini G et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007; 45 (4): 846–54.
57. Shah AG, Lydecker A, Murray K et al. Comparison of noninvasive markers of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7 (10): 1104–12.
58. McPherson S, Anstee QM, Henderson E et al. Are simple noninvasive scoring systems for fibrosis reliable in patients with NAFLD and normal ALT levels? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 652–8.
59. McPherson S, Stewart SF, Henderson E et al. Simple non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems can reliably exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut 2010; 59: 1265–9.
60. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257: 79–83.
61. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S et al. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1930–5.
62. Vega GL, Grundy SM. Metabolic risk susceptibility in men is partially related to adiponectin/leptin ratio. J Obes 2013; 2013: 409679.
63. Musso G, Gambino R, Biroli G et al. Hypoadiponectinemia predicts the severity of hepatic fibrosis and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in nondiabetic nonobese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2438–46.
64. Polyzos SA, Toulis KA, Goulis DG et al. Serum total adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2011; 60: 313–26.
65. Finelli C, Tarantino G. What is the role of adiponectin in obesity related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 802–12.
66. Feldstein AE, Canbay A, Angulo P et al. Hepatocyte apoptosis and fas expression are prominent features of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 437–43.
67. Bantel H, Ruck P, Gregor M et al. Detection of elevated caspase activation and early apoptosis in liver diseases. Eur J Cell Biol 2001; 80: 230–9.
68. Feldstein AE, Wieckowska A, Lopez AR et al. Cytokeratin-18 fragment levels as noninvasive biomarkers for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicenter validation study. Hepatology 2009; 50: 1072–8.
69. Tamimi TI, Elgouhari HM, Alkhouri N et al. An apoptosis panel for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis diagnosis. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 1224–9.
70. Joka D, Wahl K, Moeller S et al. Prospective biopsy-controlled evaluation of cell death biomarkers for prediction of liver fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2012; 55: 455–64.
71. Nobili V, Alisi A, Torre G et al. Hyaluronic acid predicts hepaticfibrosis in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Transl Res 2010; 156 (4): 229–34.
72. Tanwar S, Trembling PM, Guha IN et al. Validation of terminal peptide of procollagen III for the detection and assessment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2013; 57: 103–11.
73. Ratziu V, Massard J, Charlotte F et al. Diagnostic value of biochemical markers (FibroTest-FibroSURE) for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2006; 6: 6.
________________________________________________
2. Torres DM, Williams CD, Harrison SA. Features, diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 837–58.
3. Armstrong MJ, Houlihan DD, Bentham L et al. Presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a large prospective primary care cohort. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 234–40
4. Torres DM, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. Edited by M.Feldman, L.S.Friedman, L.J.Brandt. 10th ed. 2015.
5. Lazo M, Clark JM. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A global perspective. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28: 339–50.
6. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: Impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1387–95.
7. Lazo M, Hernaez R, Eberhardt MS et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178: 38–45.
8. Park S, Jeon WK, Kim SH et al. Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21: 138–43.
9. Fan JG, Farrell GC. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in China. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 204–10.
10. Hashimoto E, Tokushigie K. Prevalence, gender, ethnic variation, and prognosis of NASH. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 63–9.
11. Wong VW, Chu WC, Wong GL et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography. Gut 2012; 61 (3): 409–15.
12. Ivashkin V, Drapkina O. The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Russian Federation. Gut 2009; 58: 1207.
13. Maev I.V., Andreev D.N., Dicheva D.T. i dr. Nealkogol'naia zhirovaia bolezn' pecheni: sovremennoe sostoianie problemy. Med. vestn. MVD. 2012; 61 (6): 35–40. [in Russian]
14. Maev I.V., Andreev D.N. Nealkogol'naia zhirovaia bolezn' pecheni: mekhanizmy razvitiia, klinicheskie formy i medikamentoznaia korrektsiia. Consilium Medicum. Gastroenterology (Suppl.). 2012; 14 (2): 36–9. [in Russian]
15. Choudhury J, Sanyal AJ. Clinical aspects of fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 349–62.
16. Dyson JK, Anstee QM, McPherson S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a practical approach to diagnosis and staging. Frontline Gastroenterol 2014; 5 (3): 211–8.
17. Maev I.V., Abdurakhmanov D.T., Andreev D.N., Dicheva D.T. Alkogol'naia bolezn' pecheni: posobie dlia vrachei. M.: Forte Print, 2014. [in Russian]
18. Harrison SA, Oliver D, Arnold HL et al. Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease. Gut 2008; 57: 1441–7.
19. Dvorak K, Stritesky J, Petrtyl J et al. Use of non-invasive parameters of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in daily practice – an exploratory case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9 (10): e111551.
20. Abenavoli L, Masarone M, Peta V et al. Insulin resistance and liver steatosis in chronic hepatitis C infection genotype 3. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (41): 15233–40.
21. Machado MV, Cortez-Pinto H. Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A critical appraisal. J Hepatology 2013; 58: 1007–19.
22. Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM et al. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 745–50.
23. Fierbinteanu-Braticevici C, Dina I, Petrisor A et al. Noninvasive investigations for non alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 4784–91.
24. Mazhar SM, Shiehmorteza M, Sirlin CB. Noninvasive assessment of hepatic steatosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 135–40.
25. Permutt Z, Le TA, Peterson MR et al. Correlation between liver histology and novel magnetic resonance imaging in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – MRI accurately quantifies hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36: 22–9.
26. Szczepaniak LS, Nurenberg P, Leonard D et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288 (2): E462–8.
27. Al-Shaalan R, Aljiffry M, Al-Busafi S et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Noninvasive methods of diagnosing hepatic steatosis. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2015; 21 (2): 64–70.
28. De Lédinghen V, Vergniol J, Foucher J et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of liver steatosis using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and transient elastography. Liver Int 2012; 32 (6): 911–8.
29. Kitani K, Winkler K. In vitro determination of solubility of 133Xenon and 85Krypton in human liver tissue with varying triglyceride content. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972; 29: 173–6.
30. Al-Busafi SA, Ghali P, Wong P et al. The utility of Xenon-133 liver scan in the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Can J Gastroenterol 2012; 26: 155–9.
31. Morozov S.V., Kucheriavyi Iu.A., Stukova N.Iu., Krasniakova E.A. Nepriamaia ul'trazvukovaia elastografiia pecheni: ot diagnostiki fibroza pecheni – k kontroliu nad lecheniem. Dokazatel'naia gastroenterologiia. 2013; 2: 31–7. [in Russian]
32. Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph JM et al. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29: 1705–13.
33. Bonder A, Afdhal N. Utilization of FibroScan in clinical practice. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2014; 16 (2): 372.
34. Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH et al. Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369 examinations. Hepatology 2010; 51: 828–35.
35. Yoneda M, Yoneda M, Mawatari H et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40: 371–8.
36. Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007; 45: 846–54.
37. Myers RP, Pomier-Layrargues G, Kirsch R et al. Feasibility and diagnostic performance of the FibroScan XL probe for liver stiffness measurement in overweight and obese patients. Hepatology 2012; 55: 199–208.
38. Carey E, Carey WD. Noninvasive tests for liver disease, fibrosis, and cirrhosis: Is liver biopsy obsolete? Cleve Clin J Med 2010; 77 (8): 519–27.
39. Dahl JJ, Pinton GF, Palmeri ML et al. A parallel tracking method for acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2007; 54: 301–12.
40. Palmeri ML, Wang MH, Rouze NC et al. Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using acoustic radiation force-based shear stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 666–72.
41. Ebinuma H, Saito H, Komuta M et al. Evaluation of liver fibrosis by transient elastography using acoustic radiation force impulse: comparison with FibroScan®. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 1238–48.
42. Yoneda M, Suzuki K, Kato S et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: US-based acoustic radiation force impulse elastography. Radiology 2010; 256: 640–7.
43. Ahmed M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 2015.World J Hepatol 2015; 7 (11): 1450–9.
44. Macarini L, Stoppino LP. Radiologic Assessment of Liver Fibrosis – Present and Future. In: Practical Management of Chronic Viral Hepatitis, ed. by Gaetano Serviddio. In Tech 2013.
45. Yin M, Talwalkar JA, Glaser KJ et al. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5 (10): 1207–13. e2.
46. Rustogi R, Horowitz J, Harmath C et al. Accuracy of MR elastography and anatomic MR imaging features in the diagnosis of severe hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012; 35: 1356–64.
47. Law K, Brunt EM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2010; 14: 591–604.
48. Brunt EM, Tiniakos DG. Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 5286–96.
49. Harmon RC, Tiniakos DG, Argo CK. Inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5: 189–200.
50. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, van Natta M et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1313–21.
51. Bedossa P, Poitou C, Veyrie N et al. Histopathological algorithm and scoring system for evaluation of liver lesions in morbidly obese patients. Hepatology 2012; 56: 1751–9.
52. Kotronen A, Peltonen M, Hakkarainen A et al. Prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fat using metabolic and genetic factors. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 865–72.
53. Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ et al. Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42 (7): 503–8.
54. Kahl S, Straßburger K, Nowotny B et al. Comparison of liver fat indices for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9 (4): e94059.
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Авторы
И.В.Маев, Е.И.Кузнецова, Д.Н.Андреев*, Д.Т.Дичева
ГБОУ ВПО Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И.Евдокимова Минздрава России. 127473, Россия, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1
*dna-mit8@mail.ru
ГБОУ ВПО Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И.Евдокимова Минздрава России. 127473, Россия, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1
*dna-mit8@mail.ru
________________________________________________
I.V.Maev, E.I.Kuznetsova, D.N.Andreev*, D.T.Dicheva
A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State Medical and Dental University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 127473, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Delegatskaia, d. 20, str. 1
*dna-mit8@mail.ru
A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State Medical and Dental University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 127473, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Delegatskaia, d. 20, str. 1
*dna-mit8@mail.ru
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