1. Бреговский В.Б., Посохина О.В., Карпова И.А. Предикторы эффективности лечения диабетической полинейропатии нижних конечностей альфа-липоевой кислотой. Терапевт. архив. 2005; 10: 15–9. / Bregovskii V.B., Posokhina O.V., Karpova I.A. Prediktory effektivnosti lecheniia diabeticheskoi polineiropatii nizhnikh konechnostei al'fa-lipoevoi kislotoi. Terapevt. arkhiv. 2005; 10: 15–9. [in Russian]
2. Храмилин В.Н., Андреева В.А., Демидова И.Ю. Комбинированная терапия болевой диабетической полинейропатии: результаты пилотного исследования. Фарматека. 2014; 16: 48–53. / Khramilin V.N., Andreeva V.A., Demidova I.Iu. Kombinirovannaia terapiia bolevoi diabeticheskoi polineiropatii: rezul'taty pilotnogo issledovaniia. Farmateka. 2014; 16: 48–53. [in Russian]
3. Храмилин В.Н., Демидова И.Ю., Игнатова О.Ю. Оценка эффективности различных режимов пероральной терапии альфа-липоевой кислотой болевой формы диабетической периферической полинейропатии. Сахарный диабет. 2010; 2: 3–7. / Khramilin V.N., Demidova I.Iu., Ignatova O.Iu. Otsenka effektivnosti razlichnykh rezhimov peroral'noi terapii al'fa-lipoevoi kislotoi bolevoi formy diabeticheskoi perifericheskoi polineiropatii. Sakharnyi diabet. 2010; 2: 3–7. [in Russian]
4. Ametov A, Barinov A, O’Brien P et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha lipoic acid. The SYDNEY Trial. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 770–6.
5. Androne L, Gavan NA, Veresiu IA, Orasan R. In vivo effect of lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetic neuropathy. In Vivo 2000; 14: 327–30.
6. Antonoglou C, Papanas N, Maltezos E. Lipid-lowering therapy in the diabetic foot: seeing the whole iceberg and not just the tip. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012. [Epub ahead of print].
7. Available from: http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=6112
8. Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih. gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term +@rn+@rel+1077-28-7
9. Bansal D, Badhan Y, Gudala K, Schifano F. Ruboxistaurin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Metab J 2013; 37: 375–84.
10. Barbiroli B, Medori R, Tritschler HJ, Iotti S. Thioctic acid stimulates muscle ATP production in patients with type-2-diabetes and diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabetes Stoffwechsel 1996; 5 (Suppl. 3): 71–6.
11. Bierhaus A, Chevion S, Chevion M et al. Advanced glycation end productinduced activation of NF-kB is suppressed by alpha-lipoic acid in cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1481–90.
12. Borcea V, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Wolff SP et al. Alpha-Lipoic acid decreases oxidative stress even in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control and albuminuria. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26: 1495–500.
13. Boulton AJ, Kempler P, Ametov A, Ziegler D. Whither pathogenetic treatments for diabetic polyneuropathy? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29: 327–33.
14. Bril V, Hirose T, Tomioka S, Buchanan R; Ranirestat Study Group. Ranirestat for the management of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1256–60.
15. Callaghan BC, Little AA, Feldman EL, Hughes RA. Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 6: CD007543.
16. Cameron NE, Jack AM, Cotter MA. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on vascular responses and nociception in diabetic rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 125–35.
17. Carlson DA, Smith AR, Fischer SJ et al. The plasma pharmacokinetics of R-(+)-lipoic acid administered as sodium R-(+)-lipoate to healthy human subjects. Altern Med Rev 2007; 12: 343–51.
18. Coppey LJ, Gellett JS, Davidson EP et al. Effect of antioxidant treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on endoneurial blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity, and vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1927–37.
19. Coppini DV, Bowtell PA, Weng C et al. Showing neuropathy is related to increased mortality in diabetic patients – a survival analysis using an accelerated failure time model. J Clin Epidemiol 2000;53:519-23.
20. Davis TM, Yeap BB, Davis WA, Bruce DG. Lipid-lowering therapy and peripheral sensory neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 562–6.
21. Evans JL, Goldfine ID. Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2000; 2: 401–13.
22. Ewing DJ, Martyn CN, Young RJ, Clarke BF. The value of cardiovascular autonomic function tests: 10 years experience in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1985; 8: 491–8.
23. Forsblom CM, Sane T, Groop PH et al. Risk factors for mortality in Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes: evidence of a role for neuropathy and a protective effect of HLA-DR4. Diabetologia 1998; 4: 1253–62.
24. Galer BS, Gianas A, Jensen MP. Painful diabetic neuropathy: epidemiology, pain description, and quality of life. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 47: 123–8.
25. Garrett NE, Malcangio M, Dewhurst M, Tomlinson DR. Alpha-Lipoic acid corrects neuropeptide deficits in diabetic rats via induction of trophic support. Neurosci Lett 1997; 222: 191–4.
26. Haak E, Usadel KH, Kusterer K et al. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on microcirculation in patients with peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000; 108: 168–74.
27. Haak ES, Usadel KH, Kohleisen M et al. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the neurovascular reflex arc in patients with diabetic neuropathy assessed by capillary microscopy. Microvasc Res 1999; 58: 28–34.
28. Han T, Bai J, Liu W, Hu Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167: 465–71.
29. Heitzer T, Finckh B, Albers S et al. Beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid and ascorbic acid on endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in diabetic patients: relation to parameters of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 53–61.
30. Hoffman M, Zimmer G. Lipoate prevention of diabetic microangiopathy. In: Fuchs J, Packer L, Zimmer G, editors. Lipoic acid in health and disease. New York: Marcel Decker, 1997; p. 168–74.
31. Hofmann MA, Schiekofer S, Isermann B et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with diabetic nephropathy show increased activation of the oxidative-stress sensitive transcription factor NF-kappa B. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 222–32.
32. Hofmann MA, Schiekofer S, Kanitz M et al. Insufficient glycemic control increases nuclear factor-kappa B binding activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1310–6.
33. Hurdag C, Ozkara H, Citci S et al. The effects of alpha-lipoic acid on nitric oxide synthetase dispersion in penile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Tissue React 2005; 27: 145–50.
34. Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Tritschler HJ et al. Improvement of insulin-stimulated glucose-disposal in type 2 diabetes after repeated parenteral administration of thioctic acid. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996; 104: 284–8.
35. Jacob S, Rett K, Henriksen EJ, Haring HU. Thioctic acid – effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose-metabolism. Biofactors 1999; 10: 169–74.
36. Keegan A, Cotter MA, Cameron NE. Corpus cavernosum dysfunction in diabetic rats: effects of combined alphalipoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17: 380–6.
37. McIlduff CE, Rutkove SB. Critical appraisal of the use of alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of symptomatic diabetic olyneuropathy. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 7: 377–85.
38. Mijnhout GS, Kollen BJ, Alkhalaf A et al. Alpha lipoic Acid for symptomatic peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012: 456279.
39. Mitkov MD, Aleksandrova IY, Orbetzova MM. Effect of transdermal testosterone or alpha-lipoic acid on erectile dysfunction and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2013; 55: 55–63.
40. Mitsui Y, Schmelzer JD, Zollman PJ et al. Alpha-lipoic acid provides neuroprotection from ischemiareperfusion injury of peripheral nerve. J Neurol Sci 1999; 163: 11–16.
41. Nagamatsu M, Nickander KK, Schmelzer JD et al. Lipoic acid improves nerve blood flow, reduces oxidative stress and improves distal nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1160–7.
42. Nickander KK, McPhee BR, Low PA, Tritschler H. Alpha-lipoic acid: antioxidant potency against lipid peroxidation of neural tissues in vitro and implications for diabetic neuropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 21: 631–9.
43. Papanas N, Maltezos E. The diabetic foot: established and emerging treatments. Acta Clin Belg 2007; 62: 230–8.
44. Papanas N, Vinik AI, Ziegler D. Neuropathy in prediabetes: does the clock start ticking early? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7: 682–90.
45. Papanas N, Ziegler D. Efficacy of a-lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15 (18): 2721–31.
46. Rajamani K, Colman PG, Li LP et al. Effect of fenofibrate on amputation events in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (FIELD study): a prespecified analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373: 1780–8.
47. Rathmann W, Haastert B, Delling B et al. Postmarketing surveillance of adverse drug reactions: a correlational study approach usingmultiple data sources. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1998; 7: 51–7.
48. Reljanovic M, Reichel C, Rett K et al. Treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid). A two-year multicenter randomized double blind placebo controlled trial (ALADIN II). Free Rad Res 1999; 31: 171–9.
49. Resnick HE, Vinik AI, Schwartz AV et al. Independent effects of peripheral nerve dysfunction on lower-extremity physical function in old age. The Women’s Health and Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1642–7.
50. Ruessmann HJ. German Society of out patient diabetes centres AND (Arbeitsgemeinschaft niedergelassener diabetologisch ta¨tiger Arzte e.V.). Switching from pathogenetic treatment with alpha-lipoic acid to gabapentin and other analgesics in painful diabetic neuropathy: a real-world study in outpatients. J Diabetes Complications 2009; 23: 174–7.
51. Ruhnau K-J, Meissner HP, Finn JR et al. Effects of 3-week oral treatment with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alphalipoic acid) in symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 1040–3.
52. Schemmel KE, Padiyara RS, D’Souza JJ. Aldose reductase inhibitors in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a review. J Diabetes Complications 2010; 24: 354–60.
53. Snedecor SJ, Sudharshan L, Cappelleri JC et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological therapies for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Pract 2014; 14: 167–84.
54. Sola S, Mir MQ, Cheema FA et al. Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the irbesartan and lipoic acid in endothelial dysfunction (ISLAND) study. Circulation 2005; 111: 343–8.
55. Spallone V, Ziegler D, Freeman R et al. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27: 639–53.
56. Stevens MJ, Obrosova I, Cao X et al. Effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on pe­ri­pheral nerve conduction, blood flow, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 2000; 49: 1006–15.
57. Teichert J, Hermann R, Ruus P, Preiss R. Plasma kinetics, metabolism, and urinary excretion of alpha-lipoic acid following oral administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 43: 1257–67.
58. Teichert J, Tuemmers T, Achenbach H et al. Pharmacokinetics of alpha-lipoic acid in subjects with severe kidney damage and end-stage renal disease. J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 45: 313–28.
59. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2285–93.
60. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE, et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 341–50.
61. Tiaka EK, Papanas N, Manolakis AC, Maltezos E. The role of nerve growth factor in the prophylaxis and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Int J Burns Trauma 2011; 1: 68–76.
62. Várkonyi T, Putz Z, Keresztes K et al. Current options and perspectives in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19: 4981–5007.
63. Vincent AM, Hayes JM, McLean LL et al. Dyslipidemia-induced neuropathy in mice: the role of oxLDL/LOX-1. Diabetes 2009; 58: 2376–85.
64. Vinik AI, Maser RE, Ziegler D. Neuropathy: the crystal ball for cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1688–90.
65. Vinik AI, Ziegler D. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Circulation 2007; 115: 387–97.
66. Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A et al. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: The SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2365–70.
67. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia 1995; 38: 1425–33.
68. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 7-month multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1296–301.
69. Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with alpha-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 2054–60.
70. Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 114–21.
71. Ziegler D, Rathmann W, Dickhaus T, KORA Study Group. Prevalence of polyneuropathy in pre-diabetes and diabetes is associated with abdominal obesity and macroangiopathy: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Surveys S2 and S3. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 464–9.
72. Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F et al. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients. A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN Study). Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 369–73.
73. Ziegler D. Painful diabetic neuropathy: treatment and future aspects. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24 (Suppl. 1): S52–7.
74. Ziegler D. Thioctic acid for patients with symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: a critical review. Treat Endocrinol 2004; 3: 173–89.

________________________________________________

1. Bregovskii V.B., Posokhina O.V., Karpova I.A. Prediktory effektivnosti lecheniia diabeticheskoi polineiropatii nizhnikh konechnostei al'fa-lipoevoi kislotoi. Terapevt. arkhiv. 2005; 10: 15–9. [in Russian]
2. Khramilin V.N., Andreeva V.A., Demidova I.Iu. Kombinirovannaia terapiia bolevoi diabeticheskoi polineiropatii: rezul'taty pilotnogo issledovaniia. Farmateka. 2014; 16: 48–53. [in Russian]
3. Khramilin V.N., Demidova I.Iu., Ignatova O.Iu. Otsenka effektivnosti razlichnykh rezhimov peroral'noi terapii al'fa-lipoevoi kislotoi bolevoi formy diabeticheskoi perifericheskoi polineiropatii. Sakharnyi diabet. 2010; 2: 3–7. [in Russian]
4. Ametov A, Barinov A, O’Brien P et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha lipoic acid. The SYDNEY Trial. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 770–6.
5. Androne L, Gavan NA, Veresiu IA, Orasan R. In vivo effect of lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetic neuropathy. In Vivo 2000; 14: 327–30.
6. Antonoglou C, Papanas N, Maltezos E. Lipid-lowering therapy in the diabetic foot: seeing the whole iceberg and not just the tip. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012. [Epub ahead of print].
7. Available from: http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=6112
8. Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih. gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term +@rn+@rel+1077-28-7
9. Bansal D, Badhan Y, Gudala K, Schifano F. Ruboxistaurin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Metab J 2013; 37: 375–84.
10. Barbiroli B, Medori R, Tritschler HJ, Iotti S. Thioctic acid stimulates muscle ATP production in patients with type-2-diabetes and diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabetes Stoffwechsel 1996; 5 (Suppl. 3): 71–6.
11. Bierhaus A, Chevion S, Chevion M et al. Advanced glycation end productinduced activation of NF-kB is suppressed by alpha-lipoic acid in cultured endothelial cells. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1481–90.
12. Borcea V, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Wolff SP et al. Alpha-Lipoic acid decreases oxidative stress even in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control and albuminuria. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26: 1495–500.
13. Boulton AJ, Kempler P, Ametov A, Ziegler D. Whither pathogenetic treatments for diabetic polyneuropathy? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29: 327–33.
14. Bril V, Hirose T, Tomioka S, Buchanan R; Ranirestat Study Group. Ranirestat for the management of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1256–60.
15. Callaghan BC, Little AA, Feldman EL, Hughes RA. Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 6: CD007543.
16. Cameron NE, Jack AM, Cotter MA. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on vascular responses and nociception in diabetic rats. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 125–35.
17. Carlson DA, Smith AR, Fischer SJ et al. The plasma pharmacokinetics of R-(+)-lipoic acid administered as sodium R-(+)-lipoate to healthy human subjects. Altern Med Rev 2007; 12: 343–51.
18. Coppey LJ, Gellett JS, Davidson EP et al. Effect of antioxidant treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on endoneurial blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity, and vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1927–37.
19. Coppini DV, Bowtell PA, Weng C et al. Showing neuropathy is related to increased mortality in diabetic patients – a survival analysis using an accelerated failure time model. J Clin Epidemiol 2000;53:519-23.
20. Davis TM, Yeap BB, Davis WA, Bruce DG. Lipid-lowering therapy and peripheral sensory neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 562–6.
21. Evans JL, Goldfine ID. Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2000; 2: 401–13.
22. Ewing DJ, Martyn CN, Young RJ, Clarke BF. The value of cardiovascular autonomic function tests: 10 years experience in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1985; 8: 491–8.
23. Forsblom CM, Sane T, Groop PH et al. Risk factors for mortality in Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes: evidence of a role for neuropathy and a protective effect of HLA-DR4. Diabetologia 1998; 4: 1253–62.
24. Galer BS, Gianas A, Jensen MP. Painful diabetic neuropathy: epidemiology, pain description, and quality of life. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 47: 123–8.
25. Garrett NE, Malcangio M, Dewhurst M, Tomlinson DR. Alpha-Lipoic acid corrects neuropeptide deficits in diabetic rats via induction of trophic support. Neurosci Lett 1997; 222: 191–4.
26. Haak E, Usadel KH, Kusterer K et al. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on microcirculation in patients with peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000; 108: 168–74.
27. Haak ES, Usadel KH, Kohleisen M et al. The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the neurovascular reflex arc in patients with diabetic neuropathy assessed by capillary microscopy. Microvasc Res 1999; 58: 28–34.
28. Han T, Bai J, Liu W, Hu Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167: 465–71.
29. Heitzer T, Finckh B, Albers S et al. Beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid and ascorbic acid on endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in diabetic patients: relation to parameters of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 53–61.
30. Hoffman M, Zimmer G. Lipoate prevention of diabetic microangiopathy. In: Fuchs J, Packer L, Zimmer G, editors. Lipoic acid in health and disease. New York: Marcel Decker, 1997; p. 168–74.
31. Hofmann MA, Schiekofer S, Isermann B et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with diabetic nephropathy show increased activation of the oxidative-stress sensitive transcription factor NF-kappa B. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 222–32.
32. Hofmann MA, Schiekofer S, Kanitz M et al. Insufficient glycemic control increases nuclear factor-kappa B binding activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1310–6.
33. Hurdag C, Ozkara H, Citci S et al. The effects of alpha-lipoic acid on nitric oxide synthetase dispersion in penile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Tissue React 2005; 27: 145–50.
34. Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Tritschler HJ et al. Improvement of insulin-stimulated glucose-disposal in type 2 diabetes after repeated parenteral administration of thioctic acid. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996; 104: 284–8.
35. Jacob S, Rett K, Henriksen EJ, Haring HU. Thioctic acid – effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose-metabolism. Biofactors 1999; 10: 169–74.
36. Keegan A, Cotter MA, Cameron NE. Corpus cavernosum dysfunction in diabetic rats: effects of combined alphalipoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17: 380–6.
37. McIlduff CE, Rutkove SB. Critical appraisal of the use of alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of symptomatic diabetic olyneuropathy. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 7: 377–85.
38. Mijnhout GS, Kollen BJ, Alkhalaf A et al. Alpha lipoic Acid for symptomatic peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012: 456279.
39. Mitkov MD, Aleksandrova IY, Orbetzova MM. Effect of transdermal testosterone or alpha-lipoic acid on erectile dysfunction and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2013; 55: 55–63.
40. Mitsui Y, Schmelzer JD, Zollman PJ et al. Alpha-lipoic acid provides neuroprotection from ischemiareperfusion injury of peripheral nerve. J Neurol Sci 1999; 163: 11–16.
41. Nagamatsu M, Nickander KK, Schmelzer JD et al. Lipoic acid improves nerve blood flow, reduces oxidative stress and improves distal nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1160–7.
42. Nickander KK, McPhee BR, Low PA, Tritschler H. Alpha-lipoic acid: antioxidant potency against lipid peroxidation of neural tissues in vitro and implications for diabetic neuropathy. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 21: 631–9.
43. Papanas N, Maltezos E. The diabetic foot: established and emerging treatments. Acta Clin Belg 2007; 62: 230–8.
44. Papanas N, Vinik AI, Ziegler D. Neuropathy in prediabetes: does the clock start ticking early? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7: 682–90.
45. Papanas N, Ziegler D. Efficacy of a-lipoic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15 (18): 2721–31.
46. Rajamani K, Colman PG, Li LP et al. Effect of fenofibrate on amputation events in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (FIELD study): a prespecified analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373: 1780–8.
47. Rathmann W, Haastert B, Delling B et al. Postmarketing surveillance of adverse drug reactions: a correlational study approach usingmultiple data sources. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1998; 7: 51–7.
48. Reljanovic M, Reichel C, Rett K et al. Treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid). A two-year multicenter randomized double blind placebo controlled trial (ALADIN II). Free Rad Res 1999; 31: 171–9.
49. Resnick HE, Vinik AI, Schwartz AV et al. Independent effects of peripheral nerve dysfunction on lower-extremity physical function in old age. The Women’s Health and Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1642–7.
50. Ruessmann HJ. German Society of out patient diabetes centres AND (Arbeitsgemeinschaft niedergelassener diabetologisch ta¨tiger Arzte e.V.). Switching from pathogenetic treatment with alpha-lipoic acid to gabapentin and other analgesics in painful diabetic neuropathy: a real-world study in outpatients. J Diabetes Complications 2009; 23: 174–7.
51. Ruhnau K-J, Meissner HP, Finn JR et al. Effects of 3-week oral treatment with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alphalipoic acid) in symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 1040–3.
52. Schemmel KE, Padiyara RS, D’Souza JJ. Aldose reductase inhibitors in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a review. J Diabetes Complications 2010; 24: 354–60.
53. Snedecor SJ, Sudharshan L, Cappelleri JC et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological therapies for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Pract 2014; 14: 167–84.
54. Sola S, Mir MQ, Cheema FA et al. Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the irbesartan and lipoic acid in endothelial dysfunction (ISLAND) study. Circulation 2005; 111: 343–8.
55. Spallone V, Ziegler D, Freeman R et al. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27: 639–53.
56. Stevens MJ, Obrosova I, Cao X et al. Effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on pe­ri­pheral nerve conduction, blood flow, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 2000; 49: 1006–15.
57. Teichert J, Hermann R, Ruus P, Preiss R. Plasma kinetics, metabolism, and urinary excretion of alpha-lipoic acid following oral administration in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 43: 1257–67.
58. Teichert J, Tuemmers T, Achenbach H et al. Pharmacokinetics of alpha-lipoic acid in subjects with severe kidney damage and end-stage renal disease. J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 45: 313–28.
59. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2285–93.
60. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE, et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 341–50.
61. Tiaka EK, Papanas N, Manolakis AC, Maltezos E. The role of nerve growth factor in the prophylaxis and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Int J Burns Trauma 2011; 1: 68–76.
62. Várkonyi T, Putz Z, Keresztes K et al. Current options and perspectives in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19: 4981–5007.
63. Vincent AM, Hayes JM, McLean LL et al. Dyslipidemia-induced neuropathy in mice: the role of oxLDL/LOX-1. Diabetes 2009; 58: 2376–85.
64. Vinik AI, Maser RE, Ziegler D. Neuropathy: the crystal ball for cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1688–90.
65. Vinik AI, Ziegler D. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Circulation 2007; 115: 387–97.
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