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Когнитивные нарушения сосудистого генеза: значение поражения лобных долей и их связей
Когнитивные нарушения сосудистого генеза: значение поражения лобных долей и их связей
Дамулин И.В. Когнитивные нарушения сосудистого генеза: значение поражения лобных долей и их связей. Consilium Medicum. 2015; 17 (9): 32–36. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_2015.9.32-36
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Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются сосудистые когнитивные нарушения. Особое внимание уделено поражению лобных долей при этой патологии. Подчеркивается, что нарушения памяти редко являются доминирующими в клинической картине заболевания, чаще ведущее значение имеет лобный синдром. Рассматриваются связи передних отделов головного мозга с другими структурами центральной нервной системы. Анализируется значение колебаний артериального давления при когнитивных расстройствах сосудистого генеза. Подчеркивается значение нейропластических процессов при сосудистой деменции.
Ключевые слова: сосудистые когнитивные нарушения, сосудистая деменция, исполнительные функции, патогенез, лобные доли.
Ключевые слова: сосудистые когнитивные нарушения, сосудистая деменция, исполнительные функции, патогенез, лобные доли.
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The article deals with vascular cognitive impairment. Particular attention is paid to the defeat of the frontal lobes in this pathology. It is stressed that memory disorders are rarely dominant in the clinical picture of the disease, often leading value is "frontal" syndrome. We consider the relation of the front of the brain with other structures of the central nervous system. Analyzes the importance of fluctuations in blood pressure when cognitive disorders of vascular origin. It stresses the importance of neuroplastic processes in vascular dementia.
Key words: vascular cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, executive function, pathogenesis, the frontal lobes.
Key words: vascular cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, executive function, pathogenesis, the frontal lobes.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Leipert J. Pharmacotherapy in restorative neurology. Curr Opin Neurol 2008; 21: 639–43.
3. Murphy TH, Corbett D. Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour. Nature Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 861–72.
4. Moorhouse P, Rockwood K. Vascular cognitive impairment: current concepts and clinical developments. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 246–55.
5. Chui HC. Vascular cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2006; 2: 185–94.
6. Jin Y-P, Di Legge S, Ostbye T et al. The reciprocal risks of stroke and cognitive impairment in an elderly population. Alzheimers Dement 2006; 2: 171–8.
7. Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Jagust WJ et al. Determinants of vascular dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. Neurology 2005; 64: 1548–52.
8. Tullberg M, Fletcher E, DeCarli C et al. White matter lesions impair frontal lobe function regardless of their location. Neurology 2004; 63: 246–53.
9. Man BL, Fu YP, Wong A et al. Cognitive and functional impairments in ischemic stroke patients with concurrent small vessel and large artery disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2011; 113: 612–6.
10. Gottesman RF, Hillis AE. Predictors and assessment of cognitive dysfunction resulting from ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 895–905.
11. Kaffashian S, Dugravot A, Brunner EJ et al. Midlive stroke risk and cognitive decline: a 10-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9: 572–9.
12. Mohan KM, Wolfe CD, Rudd AD et al. Risk and cumulative risk of stroke recurrence. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2011; 42: 1489–94.
13. Stakhovskaia L.V., Skvortsova V.I., Chazova I.E. Vtorichnaia profilaktika ishemicheskogo insul'ta. Consilium Medicum. 2003; 5 (8): 473–6. [in Russian]
14. Tanashian M.M., Domashenko M.A. Vtorichnaia medikamentoznaia profilaktika ishemicheskogo insul'ta. Consilium Medicum. 2006; 8 (8): 86–91. [in Russian]
15. O’Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2: 89–98.
16. Baars BJ, Gage NM. Fundamentals Of Cognitive Neuroscience: A Beginner’s Guide. Amsterdam etc.: Academic Press, 2013.
17. Stewart R. Vascular dementia: a diagnosis running out of time. The Brit J Psychiat 2002; 180: 152–6.
18. Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, Valenzuela MJ et al. The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment in stroke and TIA patients. Neurology 2004; 62: 912–9.
19. Alexander MP, Stuss DT. Disorders of frontal lobe functioning. Sem Neurol 2000; 20 (40): 427–37.
20. Alvarez JA, Emory E. Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychol Rev 2006; 16 (1): 17–42.
21. Jurado MB, Rosselli M. The elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding. Neuropsychol Rev 2007; 17: 213–33.
22. Nachev P. Cognition and medial frontal cortex in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19: 586–92.
23. Della Sala S, Gray C, Spinnler H, Trivelly C. Frontal lobe function in man: the riddle revisited. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1998; 13 (8): 663–82.
24. Rossor M. Snouting, pouting and rooting. Practic Neurol 2001; 12: 119–21.
25. Herve D, Molko N, Pappata S et al. Longitudinal thalamic diffusion changes after middle cerebral artery infarcts. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 200–5.
26. Nakane H, Ibayashi S, Fujii K et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with silent brain infarction: occult misery perfusion in the cerebral cortex. J Neurolog Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65 (3): 317–21.
27. Cummings JL, Trimble MR. Concise Guide to Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology. 2nd ed. Washington, London: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2002.
28. Walha K, Ricolfi F, Bejot Y et al. Hippocampus: a "forgotten" border zone of brain ischemia. J Neuroimag 2013; 23: 98–101.
29. Charidimoi A, Krishnan A, Werring DJ, Jager HR. Cerebral microbleedings: a guide to detection and clinical relevance in different disease settings. Neuroradiol 2013; 55: 655–74.
30. Cordonnier C. Brain microbleedens: more evidence, but still a clinical dilemma. Curr Opin Neurol 2011; 24: 69–74.
31. Wardlaw JM. What causes lacunar stroke? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 617–9.
32. Nonaka H, Akima M, Hatori T et al. Microvasculature of the human cerebral white matter: Arteries of the deep white matter. Neuropathology 2003; 23: 111–8.
33. Hirono N, Kitagaki H, Kazui H et al. Impact of white matter changes on clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease: a quantitative study. Stroke 2000; 31: 2182–8.
34. Babiarz LS, Yousem DM, Wasserman BA et al. Cavernous carotid artery calcification and white matter ischemia. Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24: 872–7.
35. DeLeeuw FE, de Groot JC, Oudkerk M et al. Hypertension and cerebral white matter lesions in a prospective cohort study. Brain 2002; 125: 765–72.
36. Goldstein IB, Bartzokis G, Guthrie D, Shapiro D. Ambulatory blood pressure and the brain. A 5-year follow-up. Neurology 2005; 64: 1846–52.
37. Udaka F, Sawada H, Kameyama M. White matter lesions and dementia: MRI-pathological correlations. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 977: 411–5.
38. Guermazi A, Miaux Y, Rovira-Canella A et al. Neuroradiological findings in vascular dementia. Neuroradiology 2007; 49: 1–22.
39. Yamauchi H. Ischemic white matter damage and cognitive impairment. Psychogeriatrics 2003; 3: 11–6.
40. Oosterman JM, de Vries K, Scherder EJ. A. Executive ability in relation to blood pressure in residents of homes for the elderly. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007; 22: 731–8.
41. DenHeijer T, Launer LJ, Prins ND et al. Association between blood pressure, white matter lesions, and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Neurology 2005; 64: 263–7.
42. Gelber RP, Ross GW, Petrovitch H et al. Antihypertensive medication use and risk of cognitive impairment: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurology 2013; 81: 888–95.
43. Alagiakrishnan K, McCracken P, Feldman H. Treating vascular risk factors and maintaining vascular health: Is this the way towards successful cognitive ageing and preventing cognitive decline? Postgrad Med J 2006; 82: 101–5.
44. Seshadri S. Delaying dementia: Can antihypertensives prevent Alzheimer dementia? Neurology 2013; 81: 860–2.
45. Hill MD, Mitchell JR. White matter lesions and cognition. It’s time for randomized trials to preserve intelligence. Neurology 2006; 66: 470–1.
46. Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG et al. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2000; 355 (9207): 865–72.
47. Feigin V, Ratnasabapathy Y, Anderson C. Does blood pressure lowering treatment prevents dementia or cognitive decline in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease? J Neurol Sci 2005; 229–30: 151–5.
48. Pandita-Gunawardena ND, Clarke SEM. Amlodipine lowers blood pressure without affecting cerebral blood flow as measured by single photon emission computed tomography in elderly hypertensive subjects. Age Ageing 1999; 28: 451–7.
49. Verghese J, Lipton RB, Hall CB et al. Low blood pressure and the risk of dementia in very old individuals. Neurology 2003; 61: 1667–72.
50. Van Spronsen M, Hoogenraad CC. Synapse pathology in psychiatric and neurologic disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2010; 10: 207–14.
51. Ekusheva E.V., Damulin I.V. Reabilitatsiia posle insul'ta: znachenie protsessov neiroplastichnosti i sensomotornoi integratsii. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S.Korsakova. 2013; 113 (12/2): 35–41. [in Russian]
52. Damulin I.V., Ekusheva E.V. Protsessy neiroplastichnosti posle insul'ta. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosomatika. 2014; 3: 69–74. [in Russian]
53. Kamchatnov P.R. Kognitivnyi rezerv, kognitivnye narusheniia i vozmozhnost' ikh medikamentoznoi korrektsii. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S.Korsakova. 2014; 4: 52–6. [in Russian]
54. Gusev E.I., Kamchatnov P.R. Plastichnost' nervnoi sistemy. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S.Korsakova. 2004; 104 (3): 73–9. [in Russian]
55. Damulin I.V. Osnovnye mekhanizmy neiroplastichnosti i ikh klinicheskoe znachenie. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. C.C.Korsakova. 2009; 109 (4): 4–8 [in Russian]
56. Calero MD, Navarro E. Relationship between plasticity, mild cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2004; 19: 653–60.
57. Farfel JM, Nitrini R, Suemoto CK et al. Very low levels of education and cognitive reserve: A clinicopathologic study. Neurology 2013; 81: 650–7.
2. Leipert J. Pharmacotherapy in restorative neurology. Curr Opin Neurol 2008; 21: 639–43.
3. Murphy TH, Corbett D. Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour. Nature Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 861–72.
4. Moorhouse P, Rockwood K. Vascular cognitive impairment: current concepts and clinical developments. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 246–55.
5. Chui HC. Vascular cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2006; 2: 185–94.
6. Jin Y-P, Di Legge S, Ostbye T et al. The reciprocal risks of stroke and cognitive impairment in an elderly population. Alzheimers Dement 2006; 2: 171–8.
7. Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Jagust WJ et al. Determinants of vascular dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. Neurology 2005; 64: 1548–52.
8. Tullberg M, Fletcher E, DeCarli C et al. White matter lesions impair frontal lobe function regardless of their location. Neurology 2004; 63: 246–53.
9. Man BL, Fu YP, Wong A et al. Cognitive and functional impairments in ischemic stroke patients with concurrent small vessel and large artery disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2011; 113: 612–6.
10. Gottesman RF, Hillis AE. Predictors and assessment of cognitive dysfunction resulting from ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 895–905.
11. Kaffashian S, Dugravot A, Brunner EJ et al. Midlive stroke risk and cognitive decline: a 10-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9: 572–9.
12. Mohan KM, Wolfe CD, Rudd AD et al. Risk and cumulative risk of stroke recurrence. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2011; 42: 1489–94.
13. Стаховская Л.В., Скворцова В.И., Чазова И.Е. Вторичная профилактика ишемического инсульта. Consilium Medicum. 2003; 5 (8): 473–6. / Stakhovskaia L.V., Skvortsova V.I., Chazova I.E. Vtorichnaia profilaktika ishemicheskogo insul'ta. Consilium Medicum. 2003; 5 (8): 473–6. [in Russian]
14. Танашян М.М., Домашенко М.А. Вторичная медикаментозная профилактика ишемического инсульта. Consilium Medicum. 2006; 8 (8): 86–91. / Tanashian M.M., Domashenko M.A. Vtorichnaia medikamentoznaia profilaktika ishemicheskogo insul'ta. Consilium Medicum. 2006; 8 (8): 86–91. [in Russian]
15. O’Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2: 89–98.
16. Baars BJ, Gage NM. Fundamentals Of Cognitive Neuroscience: A Beginner’s Guide. Amsterdam etc.: Academic Press, 2013.
17. Stewart R. Vascular dementia: a diagnosis running out of time. The Brit J Psychiat 2002; 180: 152–6.
18. Sachdev PS, Brodaty H, Valenzuela MJ et al. The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment in stroke and TIA patients. Neurology 2004; 62: 912–9.
19. Alexander MP, Stuss DT. Disorders of frontal lobe functioning. Sem Neurol 2000; 20 (40): 427–37.
20. Alvarez JA, Emory E. Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychol Rev 2006; 16 (1): 17–42.
21. Jurado MB, Rosselli M. The elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding. Neuropsychol Rev 2007; 17: 213–33.
22. Nachev P. Cognition and medial frontal cortex in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19: 586–92.
23. Della Sala S, Gray C, Spinnler H, Trivelly C. Frontal lobe function in man: the riddle revisited. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1998; 13 (8): 663–82.
24. Rossor M. Snouting, pouting and rooting. Practic Neurol 2001; 12: 119–21.
25. Herve D, Molko N, Pappata S et al. Longitudinal thalamic diffusion changes after middle cerebral artery infarcts. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 200–5.
26. Nakane H, Ibayashi S, Fujii K et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in patients with silent brain infarction: occult misery perfusion in the cerebral cortex. J Neurolog Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65 (3): 317–21.
27. Cummings JL, Trimble MR. Concise Guide to Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology. 2nd ed. Washington, London: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2002.
28. Walha K, Ricolfi F, Bejot Y et al. Hippocampus: a "forgotten" border zone of brain ischemia. J Neuroimag 2013; 23: 98–101.
29. Charidimoi A, Krishnan A, Werring DJ, Jager HR. Cerebral microbleedings: a guide to detection and clinical relevance in different disease settings. Neuroradiol 2013; 55: 655–74.
30. Cordonnier C. Brain microbleedens: more evidence, but still a clinical dilemma. Curr Opin Neurol 2011; 24: 69–74.
31. Wardlaw JM. What causes lacunar stroke? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 617–9.
32. Nonaka H, Akima M, Hatori T et al. Microvasculature of the human cerebral white matter: Arteries of the deep white matter. Neuropathology 2003; 23: 111–8.
33. Hirono N, Kitagaki H, Kazui H et al. Impact of white matter changes on clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease: a quantitative study. Stroke 2000; 31: 2182–8.
34. Babiarz LS, Yousem DM, Wasserman BA et al. Cavernous carotid artery calcification and white matter ischemia. Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24: 872–7.
35. DeLeeuw FE, de Groot JC, Oudkerk M et al. Hypertension and cerebral white matter lesions in a prospective cohort study. Brain 2002; 125: 765–72.
36. Goldstein IB, Bartzokis G, Guthrie D, Shapiro D. Ambulatory blood pressure and the brain. A 5-year follow-up. Neurology 2005; 64: 1846–52.
37. Udaka F, Sawada H, Kameyama M. White matter lesions and dementia: MRI-pathological correlations. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 977: 411–5.
38. Guermazi A, Miaux Y, Rovira-Canella A et al. Neuroradiological findings in vascular dementia. Neuroradiology 2007; 49: 1–22.
39. Yamauchi H. Ischemic white matter damage and cognitive impairment. Psychogeriatrics 2003; 3: 11–6.
40. Oosterman JM, de Vries K, Scherder EJ. A. Executive ability in relation to blood pressure in residents of homes for the elderly. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007; 22: 731–8.
41. DenHeijer T, Launer LJ, Prins ND et al. Association between blood pressure, white matter lesions, and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Neurology 2005; 64: 263–7.
42. Gelber RP, Ross GW, Petrovitch H et al. Antihypertensive medication use and risk of cognitive impairment: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurology 2013; 81: 888–95.
43. Alagiakrishnan K, McCracken P, Feldman H. Treating vascular risk factors and maintaining vascular health: Is this the way towards successful cognitive ageing and preventing cognitive decline? Postgrad Med J 2006; 82: 101–5.
44. Seshadri S. Delaying dementia: Can antihypertensives prevent Alzheimer dementia? Neurology 2013; 81: 860–2.
45. Hill MD, Mitchell JR. White matter lesions and cognition. It’s time for randomized trials to preserve intelligence. Neurology 2006; 66: 470–1.
46. Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG et al. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2000; 355 (9207): 865–72.
47. Feigin V, Ratnasabapathy Y, Anderson C. Does blood pressure lowering treatment prevents dementia or cognitive decline in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease? J Neurol Sci 2005; 229–30: 151–5.
48. Pandita-Gunawardena ND, Clarke SEM. Amlodipine lowers blood pressure without affecting cerebral blood flow as measured by single photon emission computed tomography in elderly hypertensive subjects. Age Ageing 1999; 28: 451–7.
49. Verghese J, Lipton RB, Hall CB et al. Low blood pressure and the risk of dementia in very old individuals. Neurology 2003; 61: 1667–72.
50. Van Spronsen M, Hoogenraad CC. Synapse pathology in psychiatric and neurologic disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2010; 10: 207–14.
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52. Дамулин И.В., Екушева Е.В. Процессы нейропластичности после инсульта. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2014; 3: 69–74. / Damulin I.V., Ekusheva E.V. Protsessy neiroplastichnosti posle insul'ta. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosomatika. 2014; 3: 69–74. [in Russian]
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56. Calero MD, Navarro E. Relationship between plasticity, mild cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2004; 19: 653–60.
57. Farfel JM, Nitrini R, Suemoto CK et al. Very low levels of education and cognitive reserve: A clinicopathologic study. Neurology 2013; 81: 650–7.
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28. Walha K, Ricolfi F, Bejot Y et al. Hippocampus: a "forgotten" border zone of brain ischemia. J Neuroimag 2013; 23: 98–101.
29. Charidimoi A, Krishnan A, Werring DJ, Jager HR. Cerebral microbleedings: a guide to detection and clinical relevance in different disease settings. Neuroradiol 2013; 55: 655–74.
30. Cordonnier C. Brain microbleedens: more evidence, but still a clinical dilemma. Curr Opin Neurol 2011; 24: 69–74.
31. Wardlaw JM. What causes lacunar stroke? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 617–9.
32. Nonaka H, Akima M, Hatori T et al. Microvasculature of the human cerebral white matter: Arteries of the deep white matter. Neuropathology 2003; 23: 111–8.
33. Hirono N, Kitagaki H, Kazui H et al. Impact of white matter changes on clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease: a quantitative study. Stroke 2000; 31: 2182–8.
34. Babiarz LS, Yousem DM, Wasserman BA et al. Cavernous carotid artery calcification and white matter ischemia. Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24: 872–7.
35. DeLeeuw FE, de Groot JC, Oudkerk M et al. Hypertension and cerebral white matter lesions in a prospective cohort study. Brain 2002; 125: 765–72.
36. Goldstein IB, Bartzokis G, Guthrie D, Shapiro D. Ambulatory blood pressure and the brain. A 5-year follow-up. Neurology 2005; 64: 1846–52.
37. Udaka F, Sawada H, Kameyama M. White matter lesions and dementia: MRI-pathological correlations. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 977: 411–5.
38. Guermazi A, Miaux Y, Rovira-Canella A et al. Neuroradiological findings in vascular dementia. Neuroradiology 2007; 49: 1–22.
39. Yamauchi H. Ischemic white matter damage and cognitive impairment. Psychogeriatrics 2003; 3: 11–6.
40. Oosterman JM, de Vries K, Scherder EJ. A. Executive ability in relation to blood pressure in residents of homes for the elderly. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007; 22: 731–8.
41. DenHeijer T, Launer LJ, Prins ND et al. Association between blood pressure, white matter lesions, and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Neurology 2005; 64: 263–7.
42. Gelber RP, Ross GW, Petrovitch H et al. Antihypertensive medication use and risk of cognitive impairment: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurology 2013; 81: 888–95.
43. Alagiakrishnan K, McCracken P, Feldman H. Treating vascular risk factors and maintaining vascular health: Is this the way towards successful cognitive ageing and preventing cognitive decline? Postgrad Med J 2006; 82: 101–5.
44. Seshadri S. Delaying dementia: Can antihypertensives prevent Alzheimer dementia? Neurology 2013; 81: 860–2.
45. Hill MD, Mitchell JR. White matter lesions and cognition. It’s time for randomized trials to preserve intelligence. Neurology 2006; 66: 470–1.
46. Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG et al. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2000; 355 (9207): 865–72.
47. Feigin V, Ratnasabapathy Y, Anderson C. Does blood pressure lowering treatment prevents dementia or cognitive decline in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease? J Neurol Sci 2005; 229–30: 151–5.
48. Pandita-Gunawardena ND, Clarke SEM. Amlodipine lowers blood pressure without affecting cerebral blood flow as measured by single photon emission computed tomography in elderly hypertensive subjects. Age Ageing 1999; 28: 451–7.
49. Verghese J, Lipton RB, Hall CB et al. Low blood pressure and the risk of dementia in very old individuals. Neurology 2003; 61: 1667–72.
50. Van Spronsen M, Hoogenraad CC. Synapse pathology in psychiatric and neurologic disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2010; 10: 207–14.
51. Ekusheva E.V., Damulin I.V. Reabilitatsiia posle insul'ta: znachenie protsessov neiroplastichnosti i sensomotornoi integratsii. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S.Korsakova. 2013; 113 (12/2): 35–41. [in Russian]
52. Damulin I.V., Ekusheva E.V. Protsessy neiroplastichnosti posle insul'ta. Nevrologiia, neiropsikhiatriia, psikhosomatika. 2014; 3: 69–74. [in Russian]
53. Kamchatnov P.R. Kognitivnyi rezerv, kognitivnye narusheniia i vozmozhnost' ikh medikamentoznoi korrektsii. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S.Korsakova. 2014; 4: 52–6. [in Russian]
54. Gusev E.I., Kamchatnov P.R. Plastichnost' nervnoi sistemy. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S.Korsakova. 2004; 104 (3): 73–9. [in Russian]
55. Damulin I.V. Osnovnye mekhanizmy neiroplastichnosti i ikh klinicheskoe znachenie. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. C.C.Korsakova. 2009; 109 (4): 4–8 [in Russian]
56. Calero MD, Navarro E. Relationship between plasticity, mild cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2004; 19: 653–60.
57. Farfel JM, Nitrini R, Suemoto CK et al. Very low levels of education and cognitive reserve: A clinicopathologic study. Neurology 2013; 81: 650–7.
Авторы
И.В.Дамулин
ГБОУ ВПО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2
damulin@mmascience.ru
ГБОУ ВПО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2
damulin@mmascience.ru
________________________________________________
I.V.Damulin
I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Trubetskaia, d. 8, str. 2
damulin@mmascience.ru
I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Trubetskaia, d. 8, str. 2
damulin@mmascience.ru
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