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Возможности лучевой диагностики в выявлении наркотических средств, перевозимых контейнерным способом в полостях тела человека (наркокурьера)
Возможности лучевой диагностики в выявлении наркотических средств, перевозимых контейнерным способом в полостях тела человека (наркокурьера)
Филимонов Б.А., Дуброва С.Э., Стрелков А.А. Возможности лучевой диагностики в выявлении наркотических средств, перевозимых контейнерным способом в полостях тела человека (наркокурьера). Consilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (13): 52–58. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_2016.13.52-58
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Аннотация
В статье обсуждаются возможности лучевых методов исследования – рентгенографии, компьютерной томографии (КТ), магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) и сонографии в поиске и обнаружении наркотических средств (НС), перевозимых контейнерным способом в полостях тела человека (наркокурьера). В обзоре приводятся исследования (по состоянию на сентябрь 2016 г.), показывающие преимущества КТ перед стандартной рентгенографией брюшной полости при поиске контейнеров с НС в желудочно-кишечном тракте. В настоящее время КТ, в том числе низкодозная, может считаться методом выбора для поиска контейнеров с НС в полостях тела человека. КТ следует использовать как для первичной диагностики, так и для повторного исследования после извлечения контейнеров с НС. МРТ и сонография, несмотря на ряд очевидных преимуществ, в том числе отсутствие лучевой нагрузки, имеют ограниченное применение.
Ключевые слова: обнаружение наркотических средств, рентгенография брюшной полости, компьютерная томография живота.
Key words: abdominal X-ray, body packing, computed tomography.
Ключевые слова: обнаружение наркотических средств, рентгенография брюшной полости, компьютерная томография живота.
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Key words: abdominal X-ray, body packing, computed tomography.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Hergan K, Kofler K, Oser W. Drug smuggling by body packing: what radiologists should know about it. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 736–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-003-2091-5.
3. Bulstrode N, Banks F, Shrotria S. The outcome of drug smuggling by “body packers” – the British experience. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2002; 84: 35–8.
4. Algra PR, Brogdon BG, Marugg RC. Role of radiology in a national initiative to interdict drug smuggling: the Dutch experience. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: 331–6.
5. Deitel M, Syed AK. Intestinal obstruction by an unusual foreign body. Can Med Assoc J 1973; 109: 211–12.
6. June R, Aks SE, Keys N, Wahl M. Medical outcome of cocaine body stuffers. J Emerg Med 2000; 18: 221–4.
7. Pollack CV, Biggers DW, Carlton FB Jr et al. Two crack cocaine body stuffers. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: 1370–80.
8. Gsell M, Perrig M, Eichelberger M et al. Body-packer & body-stuffer – a medical challenge. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2010; 99: 533–44.
9. Glass JM, Scott HJ. ‘Surgical mules’: the smuggling of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. J R SocMed 1995; 88: 450–3.
10. McCarron MM, Wood JD. The cocaine “body packer” syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 1983; 250: 1417–20.
11. Pidoto RR, Agliata AM, Bertolini R et al. A new method of packaging cocaine for international traffic and implications for the management of cocaine body packers. J Emerg Med 2002; 23: 149–53.
12. Mandava N, Chang RS, Wang JH et al. Establishment of a definitive protocol for the diagnosis and management of body packers (drug mules). Emerg Med J 2011; 28: 98–101.
13. Ab Hamid S, Abd Rashid SN, Mohd Saini S. Characteristic imaging features of body packers: a pictorial essay. Jpn J Radiol 2012; 30: 386–92. DOI: 10.1007/s11604-012-0069-4
14. Flach PM, Ross SC, Thali MJ. Forensic and clinical usage of X-rays in body packing. In: Thali MJ, Viner MD, Brogdon BG, eds. Brogdon’s forensic radiology. 2nd edn. New York, NY: CRC Press, 2011; p. 311–34.
15. Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Body packing – the internal concealment of illicit drugs. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2519–26. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0227.
16. Booker RJ, Smith JE, Rodger MP. Packers, pushers and stuffers – managing patients with concealed drugs in UK emergency departments: a clinical and medicolegal review. Emerg Med J 2009; 26: 316–20.
17. Luzhnikov V.A., Belova M.V. Ostrye otravleniia narkoticheskimi sredstvami. Meditsinskaia toksikologiia: natsional'noe rukovodstvo. Pod red. E.A.Luzhnikova. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2012; c. 571–4. [in Russian]
18. Madea B. Verkehrsmedizin/Fahrtьchtigkeit. In: Madea B, editor. Praxis Rechtsmedizin. 1st ed. Berlin, Heidelberg/New York: Springer Verlag, 2003; p. 447–50.
19. Goertemoeller S, Behrman A, Muller AA. The risky business of body packers and body stuffers. J Emerg Nurs 2006; 32: 541–4.
20. Booker RJ, Smith JE, Rodger MP. Packers, pushers and stuffers – managing patients with concealed drugs in UK emergency departments: a clinical and medicolegal review. Emerg Med J 2009; 26: 316–20. DOI: 10.1136/emj.2008.057695.
21. Stewart A, Heaton ND, Hogbin B. Bodypacking – a case report and review of the literature. Postgrad Med J 1990; 66: 659–61.
22. Miller JS, Hendren SK, Liscum KR. Giant gastric ulcer in a body packer. J Trauma 1998; 45: 617–19.
23. Schaper A, Hofmann R, Bargain P et al. Surgical treatment in cocaine body packers and body pushers. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22: 1531–5.
24. Khoffman R., Nel'son L., Khauland M.-E. i dr. Ekstrennaia meditsinskaia pomoshch' pri otravleniiakh. Per. s angl. M.: Praktika, 2010; s. 822–3. [in Russian]
25. Reginelli A, Russo A, Urraro F et al. Imaging of body packing: errors and medico-legalissues. Abdom Imaging 2015; 40 (7): 2127–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-015-0469-x.
26. Pinto A, Muzj C, Gagliardi N et al. Role of imaging in the assessment of impacted foreign bodies in the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 2012; 33: 463–70. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2012.06.009.
27. Sica G, Guida F, Bocchini G et al. Imaging of drug smuggling by body packing. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2015; 36 (1): 39–47. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2014.10.003. Epub 2014 Oct 31.
28. Berger FH, Nieboer KH, Goh GS et al. Body packing: a review of general background, clinical and imaging aspects. Radiol Med 2015; 120 (1): 118–32. DOI: 10.1007/s11547-014-0458-0. Epub 2014 Oct 10.
29. Selina I.E., Beresneva E.A., Kvardakova O.V. Inorodnye tela zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta. Luchevaia diagnostika i terapiia v gastroenterologii: natsional'noe rukovodstvo. Pod red. G.G.Karmazanovskogo. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2014; s. 873–4. [in Russian]
30. Grassi R, Di Mizio R, Pinto A et al. Serial plain abdominal film findings in the assessment of acute abdomen: spastic ileus, hypotonic ileus, mechanical ileus and paralytic ileus. Radiol Med 2004; 108: 56–70.
31. Niewiarowski S, Gogbashian A, Afaq A et al. Abdominal X-ray signs of intra-intestinal drug smuggling. J Forensic Leg Med 2010; 17: 198–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2009.12.013.
32. Poletti PA, Canel L, Becker CD et al. Screening of illegal intracorporeal containers (“body packing”): is abdominal radiography sufficiently accurate? A comparative study with low-dose CT. Radiology 2012; 265: 772–9.
33. Pinto A, Reginelli A, Pinto F et al. Radiological and practical aspects of body packing. Br J Radiol 2014; 87: 20130500.
34. Hunter TB, Taljanovic MS. Foreign bodies. Radiographics 2003; 23: 731–57. DOI: 10.1148/rg.233025137.
35. Lee K, Koehn M, Rastegar RF et al. Body packers: the ins and outs of imaging. Can Assoc Radiol J 2012; 63: 318–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2011.06.007.
36. Bulakci M, Kalelioglu T, Bulakci BB, Kiris A. Comparison of diagnostic value of multidetector computed tomography and X-ray in the detection of body packing. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82 (8): 1248–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.12.022.
37. Schmidt S, Hugli O, Rizzo E et al. Detection of ingested cocaine-filled packets – diagnostic value of unenhanced CT. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67: 133–8. DOI: 10.1016/
j.ejrad.2007.07.017.
38. Beerman R, Nunez DJr, Wetli CV. Radiographic evaluation of the cocaine smuggler. Gastrointest Radiol 1986; 11: 351–4.
39. Meijer R, Bots ML. Detection of drug containers by ultrasound scanning: an airport screening tool? Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 1312–15. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-002-1689-3.
40. Chung CH, Fung WT. Detection of gastric drug packet by ultrasound scanning. Eur J Emerg Med 2006; 13: 302–3.
41. Bulakci M, Ozbakir B, Kiris A. Detection of body packing by magnetic resonance imaging: a new diagnostic tool? Abdom Imaging 2013; 38: 436–41. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-012-9972-5.
42. Yang RM, Li L, Feng J et al. Heroin body packing: clearly discerning drug packets using CT. South Med J 2009; 102: 470–5. DOI: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31819ecacc.
43. Eng JG, Aks SE, Waldron R et al. False-negative abdominal CT scan in a cocaine body stuffer. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17: 702–4.
44. Hahn IH, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Contrast CT scan fails to detect the last heroin packet. J Emerg Med 2004; 27: 279–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.04.012.
45. Flach PM, Ross SG, Ampanozi G et al. “Drug mules” as a radiological challenge: sensitivity and specificity in identifying internal cocaine in body packers, body pushers and body stuffers by computed tomography, plain radiography and Lodox. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 2518–26.
46. Bulakci M, Kalelioglu T, Bulakci BB, Kiris A. Comparison of diagnostic value of multidetector computed tomography and X-ray in the detection of body packing. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82 (8): 1248–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.12.022. Epub 2013 Jan 26.
47. Rousset P, Chaillot PF, Audureau E et al. Detection of residual packets in cocaine body packers: low accuracy of abdominal radiography-a prospective study. Eur Radiol 2013; 23 (8): 2146–55. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-013-2798-x. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
48. Schulz B, Grossbach A, Gruber-Rouh T et al. Body packers on your examination table: How helpful are plain x-ray images? A definitive low-dose CT protocol as a diagnosis tool for body packers. Clin Radiol 2014; 69 (12): e525-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2014.08.019. Epub 2014 Oct 7.
49. Ziegeler E, Grimm JM, Wirth S et al. Computed tomography scout views vs. conventional radiography in body-packers – delineation of body-packs and radiation dose in a porcine model. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 3883–9.
50. Sengupta A, Page P. Window manipulation in the diagnosis of body packing using computerized tomography. Emerg Radiol 2008; 15: 203–5. DOI: 10.1007/s10140-007-0652-7.
51. Wackerle B, Rupp N, von Clarmann M et al. Demonstration of narcotic packages in “body packers” by various imaging methods. In vitro and in vivo investigations. [In German.] Fortschr Roengenstr 1986; 145: 274–7. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1048932.
52. Leschka S, Fornaro J, Laberke P et al. Differentiation of cocaine from heroine body packs by computed tomography: impact of different tube voltages and the dual-energy index. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 2013; 1: 46–50.
53. Maurer MH, Niehues SM, Schnapauff D et al. Low-dose computed tomography to detect body-packing in an animal model. Eur J Radiol 2011; 78: 302–6. DOI: 10.1016/
j.ejrad.2010.09.004.
54. Filimonov B.A., Strelkov A.A., Dubrova S.E. Vozmozhnosti komp'iuternoi tomografii v raskrytii prestuplenii, sviazannykh s nezakonnym oborotom narkoticheskikh sredstv. Narkokontrol'. 2016; 2: 15–8. [in Russian]
55. Strelkov A.A. Primenenie KT-issledovaniia pri rassledovanii prestuplenii. Kriminalisticheskaia tomografiia. Biblioteka kriminalista. Nauchnyi zhurn. 2016; 3: 221–6. [in Russian]
2. Hergan K, Kofler K, Oser W. Drug smuggling by body packing: what radiologists should know about it. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 736–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-003-2091-5.
3. Bulstrode N, Banks F, Shrotria S. The outcome of drug smuggling by “body packers” – the British experience. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2002; 84: 35–8.
4. Algra PR, Brogdon BG, Marugg RC. Role of radiology in a national initiative to interdict drug smuggling: the Dutch experience. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: 331–6.
5. Deitel M, Syed AK. Intestinal obstruction by an unusual foreign body. Can Med Assoc J 1973; 109: 211–12.
6. June R, Aks SE, Keys N, Wahl M. Medical outcome of cocaine body stuffers. J Emerg Med 2000; 18: 221–4.
7. Pollack CV, Biggers DW, Carlton FB Jr et al. Two crack cocaine body stuffers. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: 1370–80.
8. Gsell M, Perrig M, Eichelberger M et al. Body-packer & body-stuffer – a medical challenge. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2010; 99: 533–44.
9. Glass JM, Scott HJ. ‘Surgical mules’: the smuggling of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. J R SocMed 1995; 88: 450–3.
10. McCarron MM, Wood JD. The cocaine “body packer” syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 1983; 250: 1417–20.
11. Pidoto RR, Agliata AM, Bertolini R et al. A new method of packaging cocaine for international traffic and implications for the management of cocaine body packers. J Emerg Med 2002; 23: 149–53.
12. Mandava N, Chang RS, Wang JH et al. Establishment of a definitive protocol for the diagnosis and management of body packers (drug mules). Emerg Med J 2011; 28: 98–101.
13. Ab Hamid S, Abd Rashid SN, Mohd Saini S. Characteristic imaging features of body packers: a pictorial essay. Jpn J Radiol 2012; 30: 386–92. DOI: 10.1007/s11604-012-0069-4
14. Flach PM, Ross SC, Thali MJ. Forensic and clinical usage of X-rays in body packing. In: Thali MJ, Viner MD, Brogdon BG, eds. Brogdon’s forensic radiology. 2nd edn. New York, NY: CRC Press, 2011; p. 311–34.
15. Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Body packing – the internal concealment of illicit drugs. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2519–26. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0227.
16. Booker RJ, Smith JE, Rodger MP. Packers, pushers and stuffers – managing patients with concealed drugs in UK emergency departments: a clinical and medicolegal review. Emerg Med J 2009; 26: 316–20.
17. Лужников В.А., Белова М.В. Острые отравления наркотическими средствами. Медицинская токсикология: национальное руководство. Под ред. Е.А.Лужникова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2012; c. 571–4. / Luzhnikov V.A., Belova M.V. Ostrye otravleniia narkoticheskimi sredstvami. Meditsinskaia toksikologiia: natsional'noe rukovodstvo. Pod red. E.A.Luzhnikova. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2012; c. 571–4. [in Russian]
18. Madea B. Verkehrsmedizin/Fahrtьchtigkeit. In: Madea B, editor. Praxis Rechtsmedizin. 1st ed. Berlin, Heidelberg/New York: Springer Verlag, 2003; p. 447–50.
19. Goertemoeller S, Behrman A, Muller AA. The risky business of body packers and body stuffers. J Emerg Nurs 2006; 32: 541–4.
20. Booker RJ, Smith JE, Rodger MP. Packers, pushers and stuffers – managing patients with concealed drugs in UK emergency departments: a clinical and medicolegal review. Emerg Med J 2009; 26: 316–20. DOI: 10.1136/emj.2008.057695.
21. Stewart A, Heaton ND, Hogbin B. Bodypacking – a case report and review of the literature. Postgrad Med J 1990; 66: 659–61.
22. Miller JS, Hendren SK, Liscum KR. Giant gastric ulcer in a body packer. J Trauma 1998; 45: 617–19.
23. Schaper A, Hofmann R, Bargain P et al. Surgical treatment in cocaine body packers and body pushers. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22: 1531–5.
24. Хоффман Р., Нельсон Л., Хауланд М.-Э. и др. Экстренная медицинская помощь при отравлениях. Пер. с англ. М.: Практика, 2010; с. 822–3. / Khoffman R., Nel'son L., Khauland M.-E. i dr. Ekstrennaia meditsinskaia pomoshch' pri otravleniiakh. Per. s angl. M.: Praktika, 2010; s. 822–3. [in Russian]
25. Reginelli A, Russo A, Urraro F et al. Imaging of body packing: errors and medico-legalissues. Abdom Imaging 2015; 40 (7): 2127–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-015-0469-x.
26. Pinto A, Muzj C, Gagliardi N et al. Role of imaging in the assessment of impacted foreign bodies in the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 2012; 33: 463–70. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2012.06.009.
27. Sica G, Guida F, Bocchini G et al. Imaging of drug smuggling by body packing. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2015; 36 (1): 39–47. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2014.10.003. Epub 2014 Oct 31.
28. Berger FH, Nieboer KH, Goh GS et al. Body packing: a review of general background, clinical and imaging aspects. Radiol Med 2015; 120 (1): 118–32. DOI: 10.1007/s11547-014-0458-0. Epub 2014 Oct 10.
29. Селина И.Е., Береснева Э.А., Квардакова О.В. Инородные тела желудочно-кишечного тракта. Лучевая диагностика и терапия в гастроэнтерологии: национальное руководство. Под ред. Г.Г.Кармазановского. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2014; с. 873–4. / Selina I.E., Beresneva E.A., Kvardakova O.V. Inorodnye tela zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta. Luchevaia diagnostika i terapiia v gastroenterologii: natsional'noe rukovodstvo. Pod red. G.G.Karmazanovskogo. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2014; s. 873–4. [in Russian]
30. Grassi R, Di Mizio R, Pinto A et al. Serial plain abdominal film findings in the assessment of acute abdomen: spastic ileus, hypotonic ileus, mechanical ileus and paralytic ileus. Radiol Med 2004; 108: 56–70.
31. Niewiarowski S, Gogbashian A, Afaq A et al. Abdominal X-ray signs of intra-intestinal drug smuggling. J Forensic Leg Med 2010; 17: 198–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2009.12.013.
32. Poletti PA, Canel L, Becker CD et al. Screening of illegal intracorporeal containers (“body packing”): is abdominal radiography sufficiently accurate? A comparative study with low-dose CT. Radiology 2012; 265: 772–9.
33. Pinto A, Reginelli A, Pinto F et al. Radiological and practical aspects of body packing. Br J Radiol 2014; 87: 20130500.
34. Hunter TB, Taljanovic MS. Foreign bodies. Radiographics 2003; 23: 731–57. DOI: 10.1148/rg.233025137.
35. Lee K, Koehn M, Rastegar RF et al. Body packers: the ins and outs of imaging. Can Assoc Radiol J 2012; 63: 318–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2011.06.007.
36. Bulakci M, Kalelioglu T, Bulakci BB, Kiris A. Comparison of diagnostic value of multidetector computed tomography and X-ray in the detection of body packing. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82 (8): 1248–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.12.022.
37. Schmidt S, Hugli O, Rizzo E et al. Detection of ingested cocaine-filled packets – diagnostic value of unenhanced CT. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67: 133–8. DOI: 10.1016/
j.ejrad.2007.07.017.
38. Beerman R, Nunez DJr, Wetli CV. Radiographic evaluation of the cocaine smuggler. Gastrointest Radiol 1986; 11: 351–4.
39. Meijer R, Bots ML. Detection of drug containers by ultrasound scanning: an airport screening tool? Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 1312–15. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-002-1689-3.
40. Chung CH, Fung WT. Detection of gastric drug packet by ultrasound scanning. Eur J Emerg Med 2006; 13: 302–3.
41. Bulakci M, Ozbakir B, Kiris A. Detection of body packing by magnetic resonance imaging: a new diagnostic tool? Abdom Imaging 2013; 38: 436–41. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-012-9972-5.
42. Yang RM, Li L, Feng J et al. Heroin body packing: clearly discerning drug packets using CT. South Med J 2009; 102: 470–5. DOI: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31819ecacc.
43. Eng JG, Aks SE, Waldron R et al. False-negative abdominal CT scan in a cocaine body stuffer. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17: 702–4.
44. Hahn IH, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Contrast CT scan fails to detect the last heroin packet. J Emerg Med 2004; 27: 279–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.04.012.
45. Flach PM, Ross SG, Ampanozi G et al. “Drug mules” as a radiological challenge: sensitivity and specificity in identifying internal cocaine in body packers, body pushers and body stuffers by computed tomography, plain radiography and Lodox. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 2518–26.
46. Bulakci M, Kalelioglu T, Bulakci BB, Kiris A. Comparison of diagnostic value of multidetector computed tomography and X-ray in the detection of body packing. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82 (8): 1248–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.12.022. Epub 2013 Jan 26.
47. Rousset P, Chaillot PF, Audureau E et al. Detection of residual packets in cocaine body packers: low accuracy of abdominal radiography-a prospective study. Eur Radiol 2013; 23 (8): 2146–55. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-013-2798-x. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
48. Schulz B, Grossbach A, Gruber-Rouh T et al. Body packers on your examination table: How helpful are plain x-ray images? A definitive low-dose CT protocol as a diagnosis tool for body packers. Clin Radiol 2014; 69 (12): e525-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2014.08.019. Epub 2014 Oct 7.
49. Ziegeler E, Grimm JM, Wirth S et al. Computed tomography scout views vs. conventional radiography in body-packers – delineation of body-packs and radiation dose in a porcine model. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 3883–9.
50. Sengupta A, Page P. Window manipulation in the diagnosis of body packing using computerized tomography. Emerg Radiol 2008; 15: 203–5. DOI: 10.1007/s10140-007-0652-7.
51. Wackerle B, Rupp N, von Clarmann M et al. Demonstration of narcotic packages in “body packers” by various imaging methods. In vitro and in vivo investigations. [In German.] Fortschr Roengenstr 1986; 145: 274–7. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1048932.
52. Leschka S, Fornaro J, Laberke P et al. Differentiation of cocaine from heroine body packs by computed tomography: impact of different tube voltages and the dual-energy index. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 2013; 1: 46–50.
53. Maurer MH, Niehues SM, Schnapauff D et al. Low-dose computed tomography to detect body-packing in an animal model. Eur J Radiol 2011; 78: 302–6. DOI: 10.1016/
j.ejrad.2010.09.004.
54. Филимонов Б.А., Стрелков А.А., Дуброва С.Э. Возможности компьютерной томографии в раскрытии преступлений, связанных с незаконным оборотом наркотических средств. Наркоконтроль. 2016; 2: 15–8. / Filimonov B.A., Strelkov A.A., Dubrova S.E. Vozmozhnosti komp'iuternoi tomografii v raskrytii prestuplenii, sviazannykh s nezakonnym oborotom narkoticheskikh sredstv. Narkokontrol'. 2016; 2: 15–8. [in Russian]
55. Стрелков А.А. Применение КТ-исследования при расследовании преступлений. Криминалистическая томография. Библиотека криминалиста. Научный журн. 2016; 3: 221–6. / Strelkov A.A. Primenenie KT-issledovaniia pri rassledovanii prestuplenii. Kriminalisticheskaia tomografiia. Biblioteka kriminalista. Nauchnyi zhurn. 2016; 3: 221–6. [in Russian]
________________________________________________
2. Hergan K, Kofler K, Oser W. Drug smuggling by body packing: what radiologists should know about it. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 736–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-003-2091-5.
3. Bulstrode N, Banks F, Shrotria S. The outcome of drug smuggling by “body packers” – the British experience. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2002; 84: 35–8.
4. Algra PR, Brogdon BG, Marugg RC. Role of radiology in a national initiative to interdict drug smuggling: the Dutch experience. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: 331–6.
5. Deitel M, Syed AK. Intestinal obstruction by an unusual foreign body. Can Med Assoc J 1973; 109: 211–12.
6. June R, Aks SE, Keys N, Wahl M. Medical outcome of cocaine body stuffers. J Emerg Med 2000; 18: 221–4.
7. Pollack CV, Biggers DW, Carlton FB Jr et al. Two crack cocaine body stuffers. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21: 1370–80.
8. Gsell M, Perrig M, Eichelberger M et al. Body-packer & body-stuffer – a medical challenge. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2010; 99: 533–44.
9. Glass JM, Scott HJ. ‘Surgical mules’: the smuggling of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. J R SocMed 1995; 88: 450–3.
10. McCarron MM, Wood JD. The cocaine “body packer” syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 1983; 250: 1417–20.
11. Pidoto RR, Agliata AM, Bertolini R et al. A new method of packaging cocaine for international traffic and implications for the management of cocaine body packers. J Emerg Med 2002; 23: 149–53.
12. Mandava N, Chang RS, Wang JH et al. Establishment of a definitive protocol for the diagnosis and management of body packers (drug mules). Emerg Med J 2011; 28: 98–101.
13. Ab Hamid S, Abd Rashid SN, Mohd Saini S. Characteristic imaging features of body packers: a pictorial essay. Jpn J Radiol 2012; 30: 386–92. DOI: 10.1007/s11604-012-0069-4
14. Flach PM, Ross SC, Thali MJ. Forensic and clinical usage of X-rays in body packing. In: Thali MJ, Viner MD, Brogdon BG, eds. Brogdon’s forensic radiology. 2nd edn. New York, NY: CRC Press, 2011; p. 311–34.
15. Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Body packing – the internal concealment of illicit drugs. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2519–26. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0227.
16. Booker RJ, Smith JE, Rodger MP. Packers, pushers and stuffers – managing patients with concealed drugs in UK emergency departments: a clinical and medicolegal review. Emerg Med J 2009; 26: 316–20.
17. Luzhnikov V.A., Belova M.V. Ostrye otravleniia narkoticheskimi sredstvami. Meditsinskaia toksikologiia: natsional'noe rukovodstvo. Pod red. E.A.Luzhnikova. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2012; c. 571–4. [in Russian]
18. Madea B. Verkehrsmedizin/Fahrtьchtigkeit. In: Madea B, editor. Praxis Rechtsmedizin. 1st ed. Berlin, Heidelberg/New York: Springer Verlag, 2003; p. 447–50.
19. Goertemoeller S, Behrman A, Muller AA. The risky business of body packers and body stuffers. J Emerg Nurs 2006; 32: 541–4.
20. Booker RJ, Smith JE, Rodger MP. Packers, pushers and stuffers – managing patients with concealed drugs in UK emergency departments: a clinical and medicolegal review. Emerg Med J 2009; 26: 316–20. DOI: 10.1136/emj.2008.057695.
21. Stewart A, Heaton ND, Hogbin B. Bodypacking – a case report and review of the literature. Postgrad Med J 1990; 66: 659–61.
22. Miller JS, Hendren SK, Liscum KR. Giant gastric ulcer in a body packer. J Trauma 1998; 45: 617–19.
23. Schaper A, Hofmann R, Bargain P et al. Surgical treatment in cocaine body packers and body pushers. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22: 1531–5.
24. Khoffman R., Nel'son L., Khauland M.-E. i dr. Ekstrennaia meditsinskaia pomoshch' pri otravleniiakh. Per. s angl. M.: Praktika, 2010; s. 822–3. [in Russian]
25. Reginelli A, Russo A, Urraro F et al. Imaging of body packing: errors and medico-legalissues. Abdom Imaging 2015; 40 (7): 2127–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-015-0469-x.
26. Pinto A, Muzj C, Gagliardi N et al. Role of imaging in the assessment of impacted foreign bodies in the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 2012; 33: 463–70. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2012.06.009.
27. Sica G, Guida F, Bocchini G et al. Imaging of drug smuggling by body packing. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2015; 36 (1): 39–47. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2014.10.003. Epub 2014 Oct 31.
28. Berger FH, Nieboer KH, Goh GS et al. Body packing: a review of general background, clinical and imaging aspects. Radiol Med 2015; 120 (1): 118–32. DOI: 10.1007/s11547-014-0458-0. Epub 2014 Oct 10.
29. Selina I.E., Beresneva E.A., Kvardakova O.V. Inorodnye tela zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta. Luchevaia diagnostika i terapiia v gastroenterologii: natsional'noe rukovodstvo. Pod red. G.G.Karmazanovskogo. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2014; s. 873–4. [in Russian]
30. Grassi R, Di Mizio R, Pinto A et al. Serial plain abdominal film findings in the assessment of acute abdomen: spastic ileus, hypotonic ileus, mechanical ileus and paralytic ileus. Radiol Med 2004; 108: 56–70.
31. Niewiarowski S, Gogbashian A, Afaq A et al. Abdominal X-ray signs of intra-intestinal drug smuggling. J Forensic Leg Med 2010; 17: 198–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2009.12.013.
32. Poletti PA, Canel L, Becker CD et al. Screening of illegal intracorporeal containers (“body packing”): is abdominal radiography sufficiently accurate? A comparative study with low-dose CT. Radiology 2012; 265: 772–9.
33. Pinto A, Reginelli A, Pinto F et al. Radiological and practical aspects of body packing. Br J Radiol 2014; 87: 20130500.
34. Hunter TB, Taljanovic MS. Foreign bodies. Radiographics 2003; 23: 731–57. DOI: 10.1148/rg.233025137.
35. Lee K, Koehn M, Rastegar RF et al. Body packers: the ins and outs of imaging. Can Assoc Radiol J 2012; 63: 318–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2011.06.007.
36. Bulakci M, Kalelioglu T, Bulakci BB, Kiris A. Comparison of diagnostic value of multidetector computed tomography and X-ray in the detection of body packing. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82 (8): 1248–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.12.022.
37. Schmidt S, Hugli O, Rizzo E et al. Detection of ingested cocaine-filled packets – diagnostic value of unenhanced CT. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67: 133–8. DOI: 10.1016/
j.ejrad.2007.07.017.
38. Beerman R, Nunez DJr, Wetli CV. Radiographic evaluation of the cocaine smuggler. Gastrointest Radiol 1986; 11: 351–4.
39. Meijer R, Bots ML. Detection of drug containers by ultrasound scanning: an airport screening tool? Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 1312–15. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-002-1689-3.
40. Chung CH, Fung WT. Detection of gastric drug packet by ultrasound scanning. Eur J Emerg Med 2006; 13: 302–3.
41. Bulakci M, Ozbakir B, Kiris A. Detection of body packing by magnetic resonance imaging: a new diagnostic tool? Abdom Imaging 2013; 38: 436–41. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-012-9972-5.
42. Yang RM, Li L, Feng J et al. Heroin body packing: clearly discerning drug packets using CT. South Med J 2009; 102: 470–5. DOI: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31819ecacc.
43. Eng JG, Aks SE, Waldron R et al. False-negative abdominal CT scan in a cocaine body stuffer. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17: 702–4.
44. Hahn IH, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Contrast CT scan fails to detect the last heroin packet. J Emerg Med 2004; 27: 279–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.04.012.
45. Flach PM, Ross SG, Ampanozi G et al. “Drug mules” as a radiological challenge: sensitivity and specificity in identifying internal cocaine in body packers, body pushers and body stuffers by computed tomography, plain radiography and Lodox. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 2518–26.
46. Bulakci M, Kalelioglu T, Bulakci BB, Kiris A. Comparison of diagnostic value of multidetector computed tomography and X-ray in the detection of body packing. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82 (8): 1248–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.12.022. Epub 2013 Jan 26.
47. Rousset P, Chaillot PF, Audureau E et al. Detection of residual packets in cocaine body packers: low accuracy of abdominal radiography-a prospective study. Eur Radiol 2013; 23 (8): 2146–55. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-013-2798-x. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
48. Schulz B, Grossbach A, Gruber-Rouh T et al. Body packers on your examination table: How helpful are plain x-ray images? A definitive low-dose CT protocol as a diagnosis tool for body packers. Clin Radiol 2014; 69 (12): e525-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2014.08.019. Epub 2014 Oct 7.
49. Ziegeler E, Grimm JM, Wirth S et al. Computed tomography scout views vs. conventional radiography in body-packers – delineation of body-packs and radiation dose in a porcine model. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 3883–9.
50. Sengupta A, Page P. Window manipulation in the diagnosis of body packing using computerized tomography. Emerg Radiol 2008; 15: 203–5. DOI: 10.1007/s10140-007-0652-7.
51. Wackerle B, Rupp N, von Clarmann M et al. Demonstration of narcotic packages in “body packers” by various imaging methods. In vitro and in vivo investigations. [In German.] Fortschr Roengenstr 1986; 145: 274–7. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1048932.
52. Leschka S, Fornaro J, Laberke P et al. Differentiation of cocaine from heroine body packs by computed tomography: impact of different tube voltages and the dual-energy index. J Forensic Radiol Imaging 2013; 1: 46–50.
53. Maurer MH, Niehues SM, Schnapauff D et al. Low-dose computed tomography to detect body-packing in an animal model. Eur J Radiol 2011; 78: 302–6. DOI: 10.1016/
j.ejrad.2010.09.004.
54. Filimonov B.A., Strelkov A.A., Dubrova S.E. Vozmozhnosti komp'iuternoi tomografii v raskrytii prestuplenii, sviazannykh s nezakonnym oborotom narkoticheskikh sredstv. Narkokontrol'. 2016; 2: 15–8. [in Russian]
55. Strelkov A.A. Primenenie KT-issledovaniia pri rassledovanii prestuplenii. Kriminalisticheskaia tomografiia. Biblioteka kriminalista. Nauchnyi zhurn. 2016; 3: 221–6. [in Russian]
Авторы
Б.А.Филимонов*1, С.Э.Дуброва2, А.А.Стрелков
1 ООО «Объединенная редакция». 123592, Россия, Москва, ул. Кулакова, д.20, стр. 1А;
2 ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф.Владимирского. 129110, Россия, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2
*filimonov@hpmp.ru
1 Publishing house “Ob’edinyonnaya redaktsia”. 123592, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Kulakova, d. 20, str. 1A;
2 M.F.Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute. 129110, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Shchepkina, d. 61/2
*filimonov@hpmp.ru
1 ООО «Объединенная редакция». 123592, Россия, Москва, ул. Кулакова, д.20, стр. 1А;
2 ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф.Владимирского. 129110, Россия, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2
*filimonov@hpmp.ru
________________________________________________
1 Publishing house “Ob’edinyonnaya redaktsia”. 123592, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Kulakova, d. 20, str. 1A;
2 M.F.Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute. 129110, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Shchepkina, d. 61/2
*filimonov@hpmp.ru
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