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Геморрагическая трансформация инфаркта мозга в постинсультном периоде (клиническое наблюдение)
Геморрагическая трансформация инфаркта мозга в постинсультном периоде (клиническое наблюдение)
Гудкова В.В., Губский Л.В., Губский И.Л. и др. Геморрагическая трансформация инфаркта мозга в постинсультном периоде (клиническое наблюдение). Consilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (2): 27–30. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_2016.2.27-30
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Аннотация
В статье представлены данные литературы о клинических и радиологических предикторах геморрагической трансформации инфаркта головного мозга, неоднозначности прогноза течения и исхода инсульта при развитии кровоизлияния в зону ишемии. Представлено клинико-томографическое наблюдение – асимптомное массивное петехиальное кровоизлияние с благоприятным исходом у пожилой пациентки с повторным кардиоэмболическим инсультом. Отмечены сложности проведения антитромботической терапии в рамках вторичной профилактики инсульта в создавшейся ситуации.
Ключевые слова: асимптомная геморрагическая трансформация инфаркта мозга, предикторы трансформации, кардиоэмболический инсульт, индивидуальная вторичная профилактика инсульта.
Key words: asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarction, predictors of transformation, cardioembolic stroke, the individual secondary stroke prevention.
Ключевые слова: асимптомная геморрагическая трансформация инфаркта мозга, предикторы трансформации, кардиоэмболический инсульт, индивидуальная вторичная профилактика инсульта.
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Key words: asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarction, predictors of transformation, cardioembolic stroke, the individual secondary stroke prevention.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Fisher CM, Adams RD. Observations on brain embolism with special reference to the mechanism of hemorrhagic infarction. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1951;10: 92–3.
2. Sussman ES, Connolly ES Jr. Hemorrhagic transformation: a review of the rate of hemorrhage in the major clinical trials of acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2013; 4: 69.
3. Lyden PD, Zivin JA. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral ischemia: mechanisms and incidence. Cerebrovasc Brain Met Rev 1993; 5: 1–16.
4. Alexandrov AV, Black SE, Ehrlich LE et al. Predictors of hemorrhagic transformation occurring spontaneously and on anticoagulants in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1997; 28: 1198–202.
5. Hornig CR. Rick evaluation of anticoagulant therapy in cardioembolic stroke. In: Stroke prevention. Eds W.Dorndorf, P.Marx. Basel: Karger, 1994; p. 165–79.
6. Батищева Е.И., Кузнецов А.Н. Геморрагическая трансформация инфаркта головного мозга: клинико-радиологические варианты, факторы риска, прогностическое значение. Неврол. журн. 2008; 5: 29–34. / Batishcheva E.I., Kuznetsov A.N. Gemorragicheskaia transformatsiia infarkta golovnogo mozga: kliniko-radiologicheskie varianty, faktory riska, prognosticheskoe znachenie. Nevrol. zhurn. 2008; 5: 29–34. [in Russian]
7. Hsia AW, Luby M, Farber J et al. Abstract T P36: Classification of Hemorrhagic Transformation by ECASS II Criteria More Severe on MRI Than CT. Stroke 2014; 45 (Suppl. 1): ATP36.
8. Renou P, Sibon I, Tourdias T et al. Reliability of the ECASS radiological classification of postthrombolysis brain haemorrhage: a comparison of CT and three MRI sequences. Cerebrovasc Dis 2010; 29 (6): 597–604.
9. Fiorelli M, Bastianello S, von Kummer R et al. Hemorrhagic transformation within 36 hours of a cerebral infarct: relationships with early clinical deterioration and 3-month outcome in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I(ECASS I) cohort. Stroke 1999; 30 (11): 2280–4.
10. Toni D, Fiorelli M, Bastianello S et al. Hemorrhagic transformation of brain infarct: predictability in the first 5 hours from stroke onset and influence on clinical outcome. Neurology 1996; 46 (2): 341–5.
11. Berger C, Fiorelli M, Steiner T et al. Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic brain tissue: asymptomatic or symptomatic? Stroke 2001; 32 (6): 1330–5.
12. Daverat P, Castel JP, Dartigues JF et al. Death and functional outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A prospective study of 166 cases using multivariate analysis. Stroke 1991; 22: 1–6.
13. Motto C, Ciccone A, Aritzu E et al and the MAST-I Collaborative group. Hemorrhage after an acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 761–4.
14. Feldmann E. Intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1991; 22: 684–91.
15. Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial-Italy (MAST-1) Group. Randomized controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Lancet 1995; 346: 1509–14.
16. Larrue V, von Kummer R, Müller A et al. Risk factors for severe hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. A secondary analysis of the European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS II). Stroke 2001; 32: 438–41.
17. Molina CA, Alvarez-Sabin J, Montaner J et al. Thrombolysis-related hemorrhagic infarction: a marker of early reperfusion, reduced infarct size, and improved outcome in patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 2002; 33: 1551–6.
18. Pessin MS, Teal PA, Caplan LR. Hemorrhagic infarction: guilt by association Neuroradiol 1991; 12: 1123–6.
19. Lapchak PA. Hemorrhagic transformation following ischemic stroke: significance, causes, and relationship to therapy and treatment. Curr Neurol Reports 2002; 2 (1): 38–43.
20. Jickling GC, Liu D, Stamova B et al. Hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke in animals and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34 (2): 185–99.
21. Zhang J, Yang Y, Sun H, Xing Y. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral infarction: current concepts and challenges. Ann Translation Med 2014; 2 (8): 81.
22. Liebeskind DS, Sanossian N, Yong WH et al. CT and early vessel signs reflect clot composition in acute stroke. Stroke 2011; 42: 1237–43.
23. Национальные рекомендации по диагностике и лечению фибрилляции предсердий, 2012. / Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu fibrilliatsii predserdii, 2012. [in Russian]
24. Верткин А.Л., Скотников А.С., Алгиян Е.А., Ховасова Н.О. Тактика ведения пациентов с мерцательной аритмией на амбулаторном этапе врачом-терапевтом. Земский врач. 2013; 2 (19): 11–5. / Vertkin A.L., Skotnikov A.S., Algiian E.A., Khovasova N.O. Taktika vedeniia patsientov s mertsatel'noi aritmiei na ambulatornom etape vrachom-terapevtom. Zemskii vrach. 2013; 2 (19): 11–5. [in Russian]
25. Стаховская Л.В., Мешкова К.С., Гудкова В.В. Применение новых оральных антикоагулянтов в профилактике кардиоэмболического инсульта у пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий: от рекомендаций к реальной практике. Лечебное дело. 2015; 3: 50–8. / Stakhovskaia L.V., Meshkova K.S., Gudkova V.V. Primenenie novykh oral'nykh antikoaguliantov v profilaktike kardioembolicheskogo insul'ta u patsientov s fibrilliatsiei predserdii: ot rekomendatsii k real'noi praktike. Lechebnoe delo. 2015; 3: 50–8. [in Russian]
26. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014; 45 (7): 2160–236.
27. Atrial-Fibrilation-Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1449–57.
28. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014.
29. Scheitz JF, Seiffge DJ, Tütüncü S et al. Dose-related effects of statins on symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and outcome after thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2014; 45: 509–14.
30. Choi J-Y, Seo W-K, Kang SH et al. Statins improve survival in patients with cardiotmbolic stroke. Stroke 2014; 45: 1849–52.
2. Sussman ES, Connolly ES Jr. Hemorrhagic transformation: a review of the rate of hemorrhage in the major clinical trials of acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2013; 4: 69.
3. Lyden PD, Zivin JA. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral ischemia: mechanisms and incidence. Cerebrovasc Brain Met Rev 1993; 5: 1–16.
4. Alexandrov AV, Black SE, Ehrlich LE et al. Predictors of hemorrhagic transformation occurring spontaneously and on anticoagulants in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1997; 28: 1198–202.
5. Hornig CR. Rick evaluation of anticoagulant therapy in cardioembolic stroke. In: Stroke prevention. Eds W.Dorndorf, P.Marx. Basel: Karger, 1994; p. 165–79.
6. Batishcheva E.I., Kuznetsov A.N. Gemorragicheskaia transformatsiia infarkta golovnogo mozga: kliniko-radiologicheskie varianty, faktory riska, prognosticheskoe znachenie. Nevrol. zhurn. 2008; 5: 29–34. [in Russian]
7. Hsia AW, Luby M, Farber J et al. Abstract T P36: Classification of Hemorrhagic Transformation by ECASS II Criteria More Severe on MRI Than CT. Stroke 2014; 45 (Suppl. 1): ATP36.
8. Renou P, Sibon I, Tourdias T et al. Reliability of the ECASS radiological classification of postthrombolysis brain haemorrhage: a comparison of CT and three MRI sequences. Cerebrovasc Dis 2010; 29 (6): 597–604.
9. Fiorelli M, Bastianello S, von Kummer R et al. Hemorrhagic transformation within 36 hours of a cerebral infarct: relationships with early clinical deterioration and 3-month outcome in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I(ECASS I) cohort. Stroke 1999; 30 (11): 2280–4.
10. Toni D, Fiorelli M, Bastianello S et al. Hemorrhagic transformation of brain infarct: predictability in the first 5 hours from stroke onset and influence on clinical outcome. Neurology 1996; 46 (2): 341–5.
11. Berger C, Fiorelli M, Steiner T et al. Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic brain tissue: asymptomatic or symptomatic? Stroke 2001; 32 (6): 1330–5.
12. Daverat P, Castel JP, Dartigues JF et al. Death and functional outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A prospective study of 166 cases using multivariate analysis. Stroke 1991; 22: 1–6.
13. Motto C, Ciccone A, Aritzu E et al and the MAST-I Collaborative group. Hemorrhage after an acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 761–4.
14. Feldmann E. Intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1991; 22: 684–91.
15. Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial-Italy (MAST-1) Group. Randomized controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Lancet 1995; 346: 1509–14.
16. Larrue V, von Kummer R, Müller A et al. Risk factors for severe hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. A secondary analysis of the European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS II). Stroke 2001; 32: 438–41.
17. Molina CA, Alvarez-Sabin J, Montaner J et al. Thrombolysis-related hemorrhagic infarction: a marker of early reperfusion, reduced infarct size, and improved outcome in patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 2002; 33: 1551–6.
18. Pessin MS, Teal PA, Caplan LR. Hemorrhagic infarction: guilt by association Neuroradiol 1991; 12: 1123–6.
19. Lapchak PA. Hemorrhagic transformation following ischemic stroke: significance, causes, and relationship to therapy and treatment. Curr Neurol Reports 2002; 2 (1): 38–43.
20. Jickling GC, Liu D, Stamova B et al. Hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke in animals and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34 (2): 185–99.
21. Zhang J, Yang Y, Sun H, Xing Y. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral infarction: current concepts and challenges. Ann Translation Med 2014; 2 (8): 81.
22. Liebeskind DS, Sanossian N, Yong WH et al. CT and early vessel signs reflect clot composition in acute stroke. Stroke 2011; 42: 1237–43.
23. Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu fibrilliatsii predserdii, 2012. [in Russian]
24. Vertkin A.L., Skotnikov A.S., Algiian E.A., Khovasova N.O. Taktika vedeniia patsientov s mertsatel'noi aritmiei na ambulatornom etape vrachom-terapevtom. Zemskii vrach. 2013; 2 (19): 11–5. [in Russian]
25. Stakhovskaia L.V., Meshkova K.S., Gudkova V.V. Primenenie novykh oral'nykh antikoaguliantov v profilaktike kardioembolicheskogo insul'ta u patsientov s fibrilliatsiei predserdii: ot rekomendatsii k real'noi praktike. Lechebnoe delo. 2015; 3: 50–8. [in Russian]
26. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014; 45 (7): 2160–236.
27. Atrial-Fibrilation-Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1449–57.
28. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014.
29. Scheitz JF, Seiffge DJ, Tütüncü S et al. Dose-related effects of statins on symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and outcome after thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2014; 45: 509–14.
30. Choi J-Y, Seo W-K, Kang SH et al. Statins improve survival in patients with cardiotmbolic stroke. Stroke 2014; 45: 1849–52.
2. Sussman ES, Connolly ES Jr. Hemorrhagic transformation: a review of the rate of hemorrhage in the major clinical trials of acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2013; 4: 69.
3. Lyden PD, Zivin JA. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral ischemia: mechanisms and incidence. Cerebrovasc Brain Met Rev 1993; 5: 1–16.
4. Alexandrov AV, Black SE, Ehrlich LE et al. Predictors of hemorrhagic transformation occurring spontaneously and on anticoagulants in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1997; 28: 1198–202.
5. Hornig CR. Rick evaluation of anticoagulant therapy in cardioembolic stroke. In: Stroke prevention. Eds W.Dorndorf, P.Marx. Basel: Karger, 1994; p. 165–79.
6. Батищева Е.И., Кузнецов А.Н. Геморрагическая трансформация инфаркта головного мозга: клинико-радиологические варианты, факторы риска, прогностическое значение. Неврол. журн. 2008; 5: 29–34. / Batishcheva E.I., Kuznetsov A.N. Gemorragicheskaia transformatsiia infarkta golovnogo mozga: kliniko-radiologicheskie varianty, faktory riska, prognosticheskoe znachenie. Nevrol. zhurn. 2008; 5: 29–34. [in Russian]
7. Hsia AW, Luby M, Farber J et al. Abstract T P36: Classification of Hemorrhagic Transformation by ECASS II Criteria More Severe on MRI Than CT. Stroke 2014; 45 (Suppl. 1): ATP36.
8. Renou P, Sibon I, Tourdias T et al. Reliability of the ECASS radiological classification of postthrombolysis brain haemorrhage: a comparison of CT and three MRI sequences. Cerebrovasc Dis 2010; 29 (6): 597–604.
9. Fiorelli M, Bastianello S, von Kummer R et al. Hemorrhagic transformation within 36 hours of a cerebral infarct: relationships with early clinical deterioration and 3-month outcome in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I(ECASS I) cohort. Stroke 1999; 30 (11): 2280–4.
10. Toni D, Fiorelli M, Bastianello S et al. Hemorrhagic transformation of brain infarct: predictability in the first 5 hours from stroke onset and influence on clinical outcome. Neurology 1996; 46 (2): 341–5.
11. Berger C, Fiorelli M, Steiner T et al. Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic brain tissue: asymptomatic or symptomatic? Stroke 2001; 32 (6): 1330–5.
12. Daverat P, Castel JP, Dartigues JF et al. Death and functional outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A prospective study of 166 cases using multivariate analysis. Stroke 1991; 22: 1–6.
13. Motto C, Ciccone A, Aritzu E et al and the MAST-I Collaborative group. Hemorrhage after an acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 761–4.
14. Feldmann E. Intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1991; 22: 684–91.
15. Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial-Italy (MAST-1) Group. Randomized controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Lancet 1995; 346: 1509–14.
16. Larrue V, von Kummer R, Müller A et al. Risk factors for severe hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. A secondary analysis of the European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS II). Stroke 2001; 32: 438–41.
17. Molina CA, Alvarez-Sabin J, Montaner J et al. Thrombolysis-related hemorrhagic infarction: a marker of early reperfusion, reduced infarct size, and improved outcome in patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 2002; 33: 1551–6.
18. Pessin MS, Teal PA, Caplan LR. Hemorrhagic infarction: guilt by association Neuroradiol 1991; 12: 1123–6.
19. Lapchak PA. Hemorrhagic transformation following ischemic stroke: significance, causes, and relationship to therapy and treatment. Curr Neurol Reports 2002; 2 (1): 38–43.
20. Jickling GC, Liu D, Stamova B et al. Hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke in animals and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34 (2): 185–99.
21. Zhang J, Yang Y, Sun H, Xing Y. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral infarction: current concepts and challenges. Ann Translation Med 2014; 2 (8): 81.
22. Liebeskind DS, Sanossian N, Yong WH et al. CT and early vessel signs reflect clot composition in acute stroke. Stroke 2011; 42: 1237–43.
23. Национальные рекомендации по диагностике и лечению фибрилляции предсердий, 2012. / Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu fibrilliatsii predserdii, 2012. [in Russian]
24. Верткин А.Л., Скотников А.С., Алгиян Е.А., Ховасова Н.О. Тактика ведения пациентов с мерцательной аритмией на амбулаторном этапе врачом-терапевтом. Земский врач. 2013; 2 (19): 11–5. / Vertkin A.L., Skotnikov A.S., Algiian E.A., Khovasova N.O. Taktika vedeniia patsientov s mertsatel'noi aritmiei na ambulatornom etape vrachom-terapevtom. Zemskii vrach. 2013; 2 (19): 11–5. [in Russian]
25. Стаховская Л.В., Мешкова К.С., Гудкова В.В. Применение новых оральных антикоагулянтов в профилактике кардиоэмболического инсульта у пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий: от рекомендаций к реальной практике. Лечебное дело. 2015; 3: 50–8. / Stakhovskaia L.V., Meshkova K.S., Gudkova V.V. Primenenie novykh oral'nykh antikoaguliantov v profilaktike kardioembolicheskogo insul'ta u patsientov s fibrilliatsiei predserdii: ot rekomendatsii k real'noi praktike. Lechebnoe delo. 2015; 3: 50–8. [in Russian]
26. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014; 45 (7): 2160–236.
27. Atrial-Fibrilation-Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1449–57.
28. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014.
29. Scheitz JF, Seiffge DJ, Tütüncü S et al. Dose-related effects of statins on symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and outcome after thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2014; 45: 509–14.
30. Choi J-Y, Seo W-K, Kang SH et al. Statins improve survival in patients with cardiotmbolic stroke. Stroke 2014; 45: 1849–52.
________________________________________________
2. Sussman ES, Connolly ES Jr. Hemorrhagic transformation: a review of the rate of hemorrhage in the major clinical trials of acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2013; 4: 69.
3. Lyden PD, Zivin JA. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral ischemia: mechanisms and incidence. Cerebrovasc Brain Met Rev 1993; 5: 1–16.
4. Alexandrov AV, Black SE, Ehrlich LE et al. Predictors of hemorrhagic transformation occurring spontaneously and on anticoagulants in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1997; 28: 1198–202.
5. Hornig CR. Rick evaluation of anticoagulant therapy in cardioembolic stroke. In: Stroke prevention. Eds W.Dorndorf, P.Marx. Basel: Karger, 1994; p. 165–79.
6. Batishcheva E.I., Kuznetsov A.N. Gemorragicheskaia transformatsiia infarkta golovnogo mozga: kliniko-radiologicheskie varianty, faktory riska, prognosticheskoe znachenie. Nevrol. zhurn. 2008; 5: 29–34. [in Russian]
7. Hsia AW, Luby M, Farber J et al. Abstract T P36: Classification of Hemorrhagic Transformation by ECASS II Criteria More Severe on MRI Than CT. Stroke 2014; 45 (Suppl. 1): ATP36.
8. Renou P, Sibon I, Tourdias T et al. Reliability of the ECASS radiological classification of postthrombolysis brain haemorrhage: a comparison of CT and three MRI sequences. Cerebrovasc Dis 2010; 29 (6): 597–604.
9. Fiorelli M, Bastianello S, von Kummer R et al. Hemorrhagic transformation within 36 hours of a cerebral infarct: relationships with early clinical deterioration and 3-month outcome in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I(ECASS I) cohort. Stroke 1999; 30 (11): 2280–4.
10. Toni D, Fiorelli M, Bastianello S et al. Hemorrhagic transformation of brain infarct: predictability in the first 5 hours from stroke onset and influence on clinical outcome. Neurology 1996; 46 (2): 341–5.
11. Berger C, Fiorelli M, Steiner T et al. Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic brain tissue: asymptomatic or symptomatic? Stroke 2001; 32 (6): 1330–5.
12. Daverat P, Castel JP, Dartigues JF et al. Death and functional outcome after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. A prospective study of 166 cases using multivariate analysis. Stroke 1991; 22: 1–6.
13. Motto C, Ciccone A, Aritzu E et al and the MAST-I Collaborative group. Hemorrhage after an acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 761–4.
14. Feldmann E. Intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1991; 22: 684–91.
15. Multicentre Acute Stroke Trial-Italy (MAST-1) Group. Randomized controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Lancet 1995; 346: 1509–14.
16. Larrue V, von Kummer R, Müller A et al. Risk factors for severe hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. A secondary analysis of the European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS II). Stroke 2001; 32: 438–41.
17. Molina CA, Alvarez-Sabin J, Montaner J et al. Thrombolysis-related hemorrhagic infarction: a marker of early reperfusion, reduced infarct size, and improved outcome in patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 2002; 33: 1551–6.
18. Pessin MS, Teal PA, Caplan LR. Hemorrhagic infarction: guilt by association Neuroradiol 1991; 12: 1123–6.
19. Lapchak PA. Hemorrhagic transformation following ischemic stroke: significance, causes, and relationship to therapy and treatment. Curr Neurol Reports 2002; 2 (1): 38–43.
20. Jickling GC, Liu D, Stamova B et al. Hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke in animals and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34 (2): 185–99.
21. Zhang J, Yang Y, Sun H, Xing Y. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral infarction: current concepts and challenges. Ann Translation Med 2014; 2 (8): 81.
22. Liebeskind DS, Sanossian N, Yong WH et al. CT and early vessel signs reflect clot composition in acute stroke. Stroke 2011; 42: 1237–43.
23. Natsional'nye rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu fibrilliatsii predserdii, 2012. [in Russian]
24. Vertkin A.L., Skotnikov A.S., Algiian E.A., Khovasova N.O. Taktika vedeniia patsientov s mertsatel'noi aritmiei na ambulatornom etape vrachom-terapevtom. Zemskii vrach. 2013; 2 (19): 11–5. [in Russian]
25. Stakhovskaia L.V., Meshkova K.S., Gudkova V.V. Primenenie novykh oral'nykh antikoaguliantov v profilaktike kardioembolicheskogo insul'ta u patsientov s fibrilliatsiei predserdii: ot rekomendatsii k real'noi praktike. Lechebnoe delo. 2015; 3: 50–8. [in Russian]
26. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014; 45 (7): 2160–236.
27. Atrial-Fibrilation-Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1449–57.
28. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014.
29. Scheitz JF, Seiffge DJ, Tütüncü S et al. Dose-related effects of statins on symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and outcome after thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2014; 45: 509–14.
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Авторы
В.В.Гудкова*1, Л.В.Губский1, И.Л.Губский1, Г.В.Панов2, Н.Н.Волкова2, А.К.Никогосова1, Т.А.Логунова3, А.Г.Гуцалюк2, В.П.Подерина2, Е.И.Кимельфельд1, Е.В.Усанова1
1 ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1;
2 ГБУ Госпиталь для ветеранов войн №3 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 129336, Россия, Москва, ул. Стартовая, д. 4;
3 ГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1
*gudkova.valentina@gmail.com
1 N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997,Russian Federation, Moscow, ul.Ostrovitianova, d. 1;
2 Hospital for War Veterans of the Department of Health of Moscow. 129336, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Startovaia, d. 4;
3 Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1
*gudkova.valentina@gmail.com
1 ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1;
2 ГБУ Госпиталь для ветеранов войн №3 Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 129336, Россия, Москва, ул. Стартовая, д. 4;
3 ГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1
*gudkova.valentina@gmail.com
________________________________________________
1 N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997,Russian Federation, Moscow, ul.Ostrovitianova, d. 1;
2 Hospital for War Veterans of the Department of Health of Moscow. 129336, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Startovaia, d. 4;
3 Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1
*gudkova.valentina@gmail.com
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