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Диффузное аксональное повреждение головного мозга
Диффузное аксональное повреждение головного мозга
Лихтерман Л.Б. Диффузное аксональное повреждение головного мозга. Consilium Medicum. Неврология и Ревматология (Прил.). 2016; 1: 44–51.
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Аннотация
На основании опыта ФГАУ «НИИ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н.Бурденко» Минздрава России рассмотрены клинические аспекты диффузного аксонального повреждения (ДАП) головного мозга. Подробно представлена неврологическая симптоматика ДАП с выделением характерного синдрома разобщения коры полушарий мозга и подкорково-стволовых образований. Описаны варианты клинического течения ДАП и выхода из комы. Внимание уделено нейровизуализационной диагностике ДАП с особым акцентом на различные модальности магнитно-резонансной томографии, позволяющие четко определять микроповреждения различных структур мозга, в том числе нервных проводников. Представлены принципы лечения, а также прогноз и исходы ДАП.
Ключевые слова: черепно-мозговая травма, диффузное аксональное повреждение, магнитно-резонансная томография, вегетативное состояние, симптомы разобщения.
Key words: traumatic brain injury, diffuse axonal injury, magnetic resonance imaging, vegetative state, dissociation symptoms.
Ключевые слова: черепно-мозговая травма, диффузное аксональное повреждение, магнитно-резонансная томография, вегетативное состояние, симптомы разобщения.
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Key words: traumatic brain injury, diffuse axonal injury, magnetic resonance imaging, vegetative state, dissociation symptoms.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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26. Gennarelii TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH et al. Diffuse axonal injury arid traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol 1982; 12: 564–74.
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36. Levin HS, Handel SF, Goldman AM et al. Magnetic resonance imaging after Diffuse non-missile head injury. Acta Neurol 1985; 42: 963–8.
37. Liu AY, Maldjian JA, Bagley LJ et al. Traumatic brain injury: diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20 (9): 1636–41.
38. Lobato RD, Cordobes F, Rivas JJ et al. Outcome from severe head injury related to the type of intracranial lesion, A computerised tomography study. J Neurosurg 1983; 59: 762–74.
39. Meaney DF, Smith DH, Shreiber DI et al. Biomechanical analysis of experimental diffuse axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12 (4): 689–94.
40. Mittl RL, Grossman RI, Hiehle JF et al. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21 (5): 808–9.
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2. Zakharova N.E., Kornienko V.N. Pronin I.N., Potapov A.A. Neirovizualizatsionnye tekhnologii v izuchenii i diagnostike posledstvii i oslozhnenii cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Rekonstruktivnaia i minimal'no invazivnaia khirurgiia posledstvii cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. M., 2012; s. 55–117. [in Russian]
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4. Kornienko V.N., Vasin N.Ia., Kuz'menko V.A. Komp'iuternaia tomografiia v diagnoze cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. M.: Meditsina, 1987. [in Russian]
5. Kornienko V.N., Likhterman L.B., Kuz'menko V.A., Turkin A.M. Komp'iuternaia tomografiia. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 472–94. [in Russian]
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9. Likhterman L.B., Potapov A.A. Klassifikatsiia cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 47–123. [in Russian]
10. Potapov A.A., Likhterman L.B., Kasumova S.Iu. Diffuznoe aksonal'noe povrezhdenie golovnogo mozga. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 2. M., 2001; s. 426–50. [in Russian]
11. Potapov A.A., Konovalov A.N., Kornienko V.N. i dr. Cherepno-mozgovaia travma: fundamental'nye problemy i klinicheskie resheniia. V kn.: Sovremennye tekhnologii i klinicheskie issledovaniia v neirokhirurgii. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova. T. 1. M., 2012; s. 159–264. [in Russian]
12. Potapov A.A., Likhterman L.B., Kasumova S.Iu. i dr. Diffuznye aksonal'nye povrezhdeniia golovnogo mozga. Vopr. neirokhirurgii. 1990; 2: 3–7. [in Russian]
13. Adams JH et al. Diffuse axonal injury in head- injuries caused by a fall. Lancet 1984; 22 (29): 1420–1.
14. Adams JH, Gracham DI, Gennarelli TA. Head injury in man and experimental animals: neuropathology. Actaneurochirurgica 1983; 32 (Suppl.): 15–30.
15. Adams JH, Gracham DI, Murray LS, Scott G. Diffuse axonal injury due to non-missile head injury in human: an analysis of 45 cases. Ann Neurol 1982; 12 (6): 557–63.
16 Adams JH, Mitchell DE, Graham DI, Doyle D. Diffuse brain, damage of immediate impact type. Its relationship to primary brainstem damage in head injury. Brain 1977; 100: 469–502.
17. Aldman B, Thorngren L, Ljung C. Patterns of deformation in brain models under rotational motion, Proceedings of a workshop on headand neck injury criteria, U.S. Department of transportation. National High way traffic safety administration. Washington, 1981; p. 163–8.
18. Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L et al. Diffuse cerebral swelling following head, injuries in children: the syndrome of «malignant brain edems». J Neurosurg 1981; 54: 170–8.
19. Cecil KM, Hills EC, Sandel ME et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detection of axonal injury in the splenium of the corpus callosum of brain-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1998; 88 (5): 795–801.
20. Clark JM. Distribution of microglial clusters in the brain after head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974; 37: 463–74.
21. Erb DE, Povlishock JT. Axonal damage in severe traumatic brain injury: an experimental study in cat. Acta Neuropathol 1988; 76 (4): 347–58.
22. Gennarelii TA. Head injury in man and experimental animals: clinical aspects. Actaneurochirurgica 1983; 32 (Suppl.): 1–13.
23. Gennarelii TA. Cerebral Concussion and Diffuse Brain Injuries. Head Injury. Baltimor, 1982; p. 83–97.
24. Gennarelii TA, Adams JH, Graham DI. Diffuse axonal injury, A new conceptual approach to an old problem. In: Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage. Eds. A.Baethmann, K.O.Go, A.Unterberd. New York, London: Plenum Press, 1986; p. 17–28.
25. Gennarelii TA, Ommaya AK, Thibault LE. Comparison of linear and rotational acceleration in experimental cerebral concussion. 15-st Stapp car crash conf., Proc. SAE. New York, 1971; p. 797–803.
26. Gennarelii TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH et al. Diffuse axonal injury arid traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol 1982; 12: 564–74.
27. Gennarelii ТА. Mechanisms of brain injury. J Emerg Med 1993; 11 (Suppl. 1): 5–11.
28. Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet 1943; 2: 438–41.
29. Imajo T, Challener RC, Roesmann U. Diffuse-axonal injury by assault. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1987: 8 (3): 217–9.
30. Jellinger K. Pathology and pathogenesis apalicsyndrom following closed head injuries. In: Theapalic syndrome. Eds. G.D.Ore et al. Berlin: Springer, 1977; p. 128–42.
31. Jennett B. The vegetative state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
32. Jennett B, Plum F. Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. Lancet, 1972; i: 734–7.
33. Kuzma BB, Goodman JM. Improved identification of axonal shear injuries with gradient echo MR technique. Surg Neurol 2000; 53 (4): 400–2.
34. Lang DA, Teasdale GM, Macpherson P, Lawrence A. Diffuse brain swelling after head injury: more often malignant in adults than children? J Neurosurg 1994; 80 (4): 675–80.
35. Lee TT, Galarza M, Villanueva PA. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is not associated with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998; 140 (l): 41–6.
36. Levin HS, Handel SF, Goldman AM et al. Magnetic resonance imaging after Diffuse non-missile head injury. Acta Neurol 1985; 42: 963–8.
37. Liu AY, Maldjian JA, Bagley LJ et al. Traumatic brain injury: diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20 (9): 1636–41.
38. Lobato RD, Cordobes F, Rivas JJ et al. Outcome from severe head injury related to the type of intracranial lesion, A computerised tomography study. J Neurosurg 1983; 59: 762–74.
39. Meaney DF, Smith DH, Shreiber DI et al. Biomechanical analysis of experimental diffuse axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12 (4): 689–94.
40. Mittl RL, Grossman RI, Hiehle JF et al. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21 (5): 808–9.
41. Nakazawa C, Kobayashi S, Yokota H et al. A clinical study of diffuse axonal injury. In: Book of Abstracts. Eds. R.Bhatia, S.Bhatia. New Delhi, 1989; p. 257.
42. Ong L, Selladurai BM, Dhillon MK et al. The prognostic value of the Glasgow Coma Scale, hypoxia and computerised tomography in outcome prediction of pediatric head injury. Pediatr Neurosurg 1996; 24 (6): 285–91.
43. Parizel PM, Ozsarlak, van Goethem JW et al. Imaging findings in diffuse axonal injury after closed head trauma. Eur Radiol 1998; 8 (6): 960–5.
44. Posner JB, Saper CB, Schiff ND, Plum F. Plum and Posner’s diagnosis of stupor and coma. 4-th edition, Oxford University Press, 2007.
45. Povlishock JT. Traumatically induced axonal damages without concomitant in focally related neuronal somata and dendrites. Acta Neuropathol 1986; 70 (1): 53–9.
46. Povlishock JT, Becker DP, Cheng CLY et al. Axonal change in minor head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42: 225–42.
47. Sahuquillo-Barris J, Lamarcav-Ciuro J, Vilalta-Castan J et al. Acute subdural hematoma arid diffuse axonal injury after severe head trauma. J Neurosurg 1988; 68: 894–900.
48. Shimura Т, Nakazawa S, Kobayashi S et al. Clinicopathological studies of diffuse axonal injury (five autopsy cases). No Shinkei – Geca 1988; 16 (5): 647–53.
49. Slazinski T, Johnson MC. Severe diffuse axonal injury in adults and children. J Neurosci Nurs 1994; 26 (3): 151–4.
50. Smith DH, Nonaka M, Miller R et al. Immediate coma following inertial brain injury dependent on axonal damage in the brainstem. J Neurosurg 2000; 93 (2): 315–22.
51. Wang H, Duan G, Zhang J, Zhou D. Clinical studies on diffuse axonal injury in patients with severe closed head injury. Chin Med J (Engl) 1998; 111 (1): 59–62.
2. Захарова Н.Е., Корниенко В.Н. Пронин И.Н., Потапов А.А. Нейровизуализационные технологии в изучении и диагностике последствий и осложнений черепно-мозговой травмы. В кн.: Реконструктивная и минимально инвазивная хирургия последствий черепно-мозговой травмы. М., 2012; с. 55–117. / Zakharova N.E., Kornienko V.N. Pronin I.N., Potapov A.A. Neirovizualizatsionnye tekhnologii v izuchenii i diagnostike posledstvii i oslozhnenii cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Rekonstruktivnaia i minimal'no invazivnaia khirurgiia posledstvii cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. M., 2012; s. 55–117. [in Russian]
3. Касумова С.Ю. Патологическая анатомия черепно-мозговой травмы. В кн.: Клиническое руководство по черепно-мозговой травме. Под ред. А.Н.Коновалова, Л.Б.Лихтермана, А.А.Потапова. Т. 1. М.: Антидор, 1998; с. 169–225. / Kasumova S.Iu. Patologicheskaia anatomiia cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 169–225. [in Russian]
4. Корниенко В.Н., Васин Н.Я., Кузьменко В.А. Компьютерная томография в диагнозе черепно-мозговой травмы. М.: Медицина, 1987. / Kornienko V.N., Vasin N.Ia., Kuz'menko V.A. Komp'iuternaia tomografiia v diagnoze cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. M.: Meditsina, 1987. [in Russian]
5. Корниенко В.Н., Лихтерман Л.Б., Кузьменко В.А., Туркин A.M. Компьютерная томография. В кн.: Клиническое руководство по черепно-мозговой травме. Под ред. А.Н.Коновалова, Л.Б.Лихтермана, А.А.Потапова. Т. 1. М.: Антидор, 1998; с. 472–94. / Kornienko V.N., Likhterman L.B., Kuz'menko V.A., Turkin A.M. Komp'iuternaia tomografiia. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 472–94. [in Russian]
6. Корниенко В.Н., Туркин A.M., Лихтерман Л.Б. Магнитно-резонансная томография в диагностике черепно-мозговой травмы. В кн.: Клиническое руководство по черепно-мозговой травме. Под ред. А.Н.Коновалова, Л.Б.Лихтермана, А.А.Потапова. Т. 1. М.: Антидор, 1998; с. 510–33. / Kornienko V.N., Turkin A.M., Likhterman L.B. Magnitno-rezonansnaia tomografiia v diagnostike cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 510–33. [in Russian]
7. Лихтерман Л.Б. Неврология черепно-мозговой травмы. В кн.: Клиническое руководство по черепно-мозговой травме. Под ред. А.Н.Коновалова, Л.Б.Лихтермана, А.А.Потапова. Т. 1. М.: Антидор, 1998; с. 230–68. / Likhterman L.B. Nevrologiia cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 230–68. [in Russian]
8. Лихтерман Л.Б., Корниенко В.Н., Потапов А.А. и др. Черепно-мозговая травма: прогноз течения и исходов. М.: Книга ЛТД, 1993. / Likhterman L.B., Kornienko V.N., Potapov A.A. i dr. Cherepno-mozgovaia travma: prognoz techeniia i iskhodov. M.: Kniga LTD, 1993. [in Russian]
9. Лихтерман Л.Б., Потапов А.А. Классификация черепно-мозговой травмы. В кн.: Клиническое руководство по черепно-мозговой травме. Под ред. А.Н.Коновалова, Л.Б.Лихтермана, А.А.Потапова. Т. 1. М.: Антидор, 1998; с. 47–123. / Likhterman L.B., Potapov A.A. Klassifikatsiia cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 47–123. [in Russian]
10. Потапов А.А., Лихтерман Л.Б., Касумова С.Ю. Диффузное аксональное повреждение головного мозга. В кн.: Клиническое руководство по черепно-мозговой травме. Под ред. А.Н.Коновалова, Л.Б.Лихтермана, А.А.Потапова. Т. 2. М., 2001;
с. 426–50. / Potapov A.A., Likhterman L.B., Kasumova S.Iu. Diffuznoe aksonal'noe povrezhdenie golovnogo mozga. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 2. M., 2001; s. 426–50. [in Russian]
11. Потапов А.А., Коновалов А.Н., Корниенко В.Н. и др. Черепно-мозговая травма: фундаментальные проблемы и клинические решения. В кн.: Современные технологии и клинические исследования в нейрохирургии. Под ред. А.Н.Коновалова. Т. 1. М., 2012; с. 159–264. / Potapov A.A., Konovalov A.N., Kornienko V.N. i dr. Cherepno-mozgovaia travma: fundamental'nye problemy i klinicheskie resheniia. V kn.: Sovremennye tekhnologii i klinicheskie issledovaniia v neirokhirurgii. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova. T. 1. M., 2012; s. 159–264. [in Russian]
12. Потапов А.А., Лихтерман Л.Б., Касумова С.Ю. и др. Диффузные аксональные повреждения головного мозга. Вопр. нейрохирургии. 1990; 2: 3–7. / Potapov A.A., Likhterman L.B., Kasumova S.Iu. i dr. Diffuznye aksonal'nye povrezhdeniia golovnogo mozga. Vopr. neirokhirurgii. 1990; 2: 3–7. [in Russian]
13. Adams JH et al. Diffuse axonal injury in head- injuries caused by a fall. Lancet 1984; 22 (29): 1420–1.
14. Adams JH, Gracham DI, Gennarelli TA. Head injury in man and experimental animals: neuropathology. Actaneurochirurgica 1983; 32 (Suppl.): 15–30.
15. Adams JH, Gracham DI, Murray LS, Scott G. Diffuse axonal injury due to non-missile head injury in human: an analysis of 45 cases. Ann Neurol 1982; 12 (6): 557–63.
16 Adams JH, Mitchell DE, Graham DI, Doyle D. Diffuse brain, damage of immediate impact type. Its relationship to primary brainstem damage in head injury. Brain 1977; 100: 469–502.
17. Aldman B, Thorngren L, Ljung C. Patterns of deformation in brain models under rotational motion, Proceedings of a workshop on headand neck injury criteria, U.S. Department of transportation. National High way traffic safety administration. Washington, 1981; p. 163–8.
18. Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L et al. Diffuse cerebral swelling following head, injuries in children: the syndrome of «malignant brain edems». J Neurosurg 1981; 54: 170–8.
19. Cecil KM, Hills EC, Sandel ME et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detection of axonal injury in the splenium of the corpus callosum of brain-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1998; 88 (5): 795–801.
20. Clark JM. Distribution of microglial clusters in the brain after head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974; 37: 463–74.
21. Erb DE, Povlishock JT. Axonal damage in severe traumatic brain injury: an experimental study in cat. Acta Neuropathol 1988; 76 (4): 347–58.
22. Gennarelii TA. Head injury in man and experimental animals: clinical aspects. Actaneurochirurgica 1983; 32 (Suppl.): 1–13.
23. Gennarelii TA. Cerebral Concussion and Diffuse Brain Injuries. Head Injury. Baltimor, 1982; p. 83–97.
24. Gennarelii TA, Adams JH, Graham DI. Diffuse axonal injury, A new conceptual approach to an old problem. In: Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage. Eds. A.Baethmann, K.O.Go, A.Unterberd. New York, London: Plenum Press, 1986; p. 17–28.
25. Gennarelii TA, Ommaya AK, Thibault LE. Comparison of linear and rotational acceleration in experimental cerebral concussion. 15-st Stapp car crash conf., Proc. SAE. New York, 1971; p. 797–803.
26. Gennarelii TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH et al. Diffuse axonal injury arid traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol 1982; 12: 564–74.
27. Gennarelii ТА. Mechanisms of brain injury. J Emerg Med 1993; 11 (Suppl. 1): 5–11.
28. Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet 1943; 2: 438–41.
29. Imajo T, Challener RC, Roesmann U. Diffuse-axonal injury by assault. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1987: 8 (3): 217–9.
30. Jellinger K. Pathology and pathogenesis apalicsyndrom following closed head injuries. In: Theapalic syndrome. Eds. G.D.Ore et al. Berlin: Springer, 1977; p. 128–42.
31. Jennett B. The vegetative state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
32. Jennett B, Plum F. Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. Lancet, 1972; i: 734–7.
33. Kuzma BB, Goodman JM. Improved identification of axonal shear injuries with gradient echo MR technique. Surg Neurol 2000; 53 (4): 400–2.
34. Lang DA, Teasdale GM, Macpherson P, Lawrence A. Diffuse brain swelling after head injury: more often malignant in adults than children? J Neurosurg 1994; 80 (4): 675–80.
35. Lee TT, Galarza M, Villanueva PA. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is not associated with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998; 140 (l): 41–6.
36. Levin HS, Handel SF, Goldman AM et al. Magnetic resonance imaging after Diffuse non-missile head injury. Acta Neurol 1985; 42: 963–8.
37. Liu AY, Maldjian JA, Bagley LJ et al. Traumatic brain injury: diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20 (9): 1636–41.
38. Lobato RD, Cordobes F, Rivas JJ et al. Outcome from severe head injury related to the type of intracranial lesion, A computerised tomography study. J Neurosurg 1983; 59: 762–74.
39. Meaney DF, Smith DH, Shreiber DI et al. Biomechanical analysis of experimental diffuse axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12 (4): 689–94.
40. Mittl RL, Grossman RI, Hiehle JF et al. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21 (5): 808–9.
41. Nakazawa C, Kobayashi S, Yokota H et al. A clinical study of diffuse axonal injury. In: Book of Abstracts. Eds. R.Bhatia, S.Bhatia. New Delhi, 1989; p. 257.
42. Ong L, Selladurai BM, Dhillon MK et al. The prognostic value of the Glasgow Coma Scale, hypoxia and computerised tomography in outcome prediction of pediatric head injury. Pediatr Neurosurg 1996; 24 (6): 285–91.
43. Parizel PM, Ozsarlak, van Goethem JW et al. Imaging findings in diffuse axonal injury after closed head trauma. Eur Radiol 1998; 8 (6): 960–5.
44. Posner JB, Saper CB, Schiff ND, Plum F. Plum and Posner’s diagnosis of stupor and coma. 4-th edition, Oxford University Press, 2007.
45. Povlishock JT. Traumatically induced axonal damages without concomitant in focally related neuronal somata and dendrites. Acta Neuropathol 1986; 70 (1): 53–9.
46. Povlishock JT, Becker DP, Cheng CLY et al. Axonal change in minor head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42: 225–42.
47. Sahuquillo-Barris J, Lamarcav-Ciuro J, Vilalta-Castan J et al. Acute subdural hematoma arid diffuse axonal injury after severe head trauma. J Neurosurg 1988; 68: 894–900.
48. Shimura Т, Nakazawa S, Kobayashi S et al. Clinicopathological studies of diffuse axonal injury (five autopsy cases). No Shinkei – Geca 1988; 16 (5): 647–53.
49. Slazinski T, Johnson MC. Severe diffuse axonal injury in adults and children. J Neurosci Nurs 1994; 26 (3): 151–4.
50. Smith DH, Nonaka M, Miller R et al. Immediate coma following inertial brain injury dependent on axonal damage in the brainstem. J Neurosurg 2000; 93 (2): 315–22.
51. Wang H, Duan G, Zhang J, Zhou D. Clinical studies on diffuse axonal injury in patients with severe closed head injury. Chin Med J (Engl) 1998; 111 (1): 59–62.
________________________________________________
2. Zakharova N.E., Kornienko V.N. Pronin I.N., Potapov A.A. Neirovizualizatsionnye tekhnologii v izuchenii i diagnostike posledstvii i oslozhnenii cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Rekonstruktivnaia i minimal'no invazivnaia khirurgiia posledstvii cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. M., 2012; s. 55–117. [in Russian]
3. Kasumova S.Iu. Patologicheskaia anatomiia cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 169–225. [in Russian]
4. Kornienko V.N., Vasin N.Ia., Kuz'menko V.A. Komp'iuternaia tomografiia v diagnoze cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. M.: Meditsina, 1987. [in Russian]
5. Kornienko V.N., Likhterman L.B., Kuz'menko V.A., Turkin A.M. Komp'iuternaia tomografiia. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 472–94. [in Russian]
6. Kornienko V.N., Turkin A.M., Likhterman L.B. Magnitno-rezonansnaia tomografiia v diagnostike cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 510–33. [in Russian]
7. Likhterman L.B. Nevrologiia cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 230–68. [in Russian]
8. Likhterman L.B., Kornienko V.N., Potapov A.A. i dr. Cherepno-mozgovaia travma: prognoz techeniia i iskhodov. M.: Kniga LTD, 1993. [in Russian]
9. Likhterman L.B., Potapov A.A. Klassifikatsiia cherepno-mozgovoi travmy. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 1. M.: Antidor, 1998; s. 47–123. [in Russian]
10. Potapov A.A., Likhterman L.B., Kasumova S.Iu. Diffuznoe aksonal'noe povrezhdenie golovnogo mozga. V kn.: Klinicheskoe rukovodstvo po cherepno-mozgovoi travme. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova, L.B.Likhtermana, A.A.Potapova. T. 2. M., 2001; s. 426–50. [in Russian]
11. Potapov A.A., Konovalov A.N., Kornienko V.N. i dr. Cherepno-mozgovaia travma: fundamental'nye problemy i klinicheskie resheniia. V kn.: Sovremennye tekhnologii i klinicheskie issledovaniia v neirokhirurgii. Pod red. A.N.Konovalova. T. 1. M., 2012; s. 159–264. [in Russian]
12. Potapov A.A., Likhterman L.B., Kasumova S.Iu. i dr. Diffuznye aksonal'nye povrezhdeniia golovnogo mozga. Vopr. neirokhirurgii. 1990; 2: 3–7. [in Russian]
13. Adams JH et al. Diffuse axonal injury in head- injuries caused by a fall. Lancet 1984; 22 (29): 1420–1.
14. Adams JH, Gracham DI, Gennarelli TA. Head injury in man and experimental animals: neuropathology. Actaneurochirurgica 1983; 32 (Suppl.): 15–30.
15. Adams JH, Gracham DI, Murray LS, Scott G. Diffuse axonal injury due to non-missile head injury in human: an analysis of 45 cases. Ann Neurol 1982; 12 (6): 557–63.
16 Adams JH, Mitchell DE, Graham DI, Doyle D. Diffuse brain, damage of immediate impact type. Its relationship to primary brainstem damage in head injury. Brain 1977; 100: 469–502.
17. Aldman B, Thorngren L, Ljung C. Patterns of deformation in brain models under rotational motion, Proceedings of a workshop on headand neck injury criteria, U.S. Department of transportation. National High way traffic safety administration. Washington, 1981; p. 163–8.
18. Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L et al. Diffuse cerebral swelling following head, injuries in children: the syndrome of «malignant brain edems». J Neurosurg 1981; 54: 170–8.
19. Cecil KM, Hills EC, Sandel ME et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detection of axonal injury in the splenium of the corpus callosum of brain-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1998; 88 (5): 795–801.
20. Clark JM. Distribution of microglial clusters in the brain after head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974; 37: 463–74.
21. Erb DE, Povlishock JT. Axonal damage in severe traumatic brain injury: an experimental study in cat. Acta Neuropathol 1988; 76 (4): 347–58.
22. Gennarelii TA. Head injury in man and experimental animals: clinical aspects. Actaneurochirurgica 1983; 32 (Suppl.): 1–13.
23. Gennarelii TA. Cerebral Concussion and Diffuse Brain Injuries. Head Injury. Baltimor, 1982; p. 83–97.
24. Gennarelii TA, Adams JH, Graham DI. Diffuse axonal injury, A new conceptual approach to an old problem. In: Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage. Eds. A.Baethmann, K.O.Go, A.Unterberd. New York, London: Plenum Press, 1986; p. 17–28.
25. Gennarelii TA, Ommaya AK, Thibault LE. Comparison of linear and rotational acceleration in experimental cerebral concussion. 15-st Stapp car crash conf., Proc. SAE. New York, 1971; p. 797–803.
26. Gennarelii TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH et al. Diffuse axonal injury arid traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol 1982; 12: 564–74.
27. Gennarelii ТА. Mechanisms of brain injury. J Emerg Med 1993; 11 (Suppl. 1): 5–11.
28. Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet 1943; 2: 438–41.
29. Imajo T, Challener RC, Roesmann U. Diffuse-axonal injury by assault. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1987: 8 (3): 217–9.
30. Jellinger K. Pathology and pathogenesis apalicsyndrom following closed head injuries. In: Theapalic syndrome. Eds. G.D.Ore et al. Berlin: Springer, 1977; p. 128–42.
31. Jennett B. The vegetative state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
32. Jennett B, Plum F. Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. Lancet, 1972; i: 734–7.
33. Kuzma BB, Goodman JM. Improved identification of axonal shear injuries with gradient echo MR technique. Surg Neurol 2000; 53 (4): 400–2.
34. Lang DA, Teasdale GM, Macpherson P, Lawrence A. Diffuse brain swelling after head injury: more often malignant in adults than children? J Neurosurg 1994; 80 (4): 675–80.
35. Lee TT, Galarza M, Villanueva PA. Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is not associated with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998; 140 (l): 41–6.
36. Levin HS, Handel SF, Goldman AM et al. Magnetic resonance imaging after Diffuse non-missile head injury. Acta Neurol 1985; 42: 963–8.
37. Liu AY, Maldjian JA, Bagley LJ et al. Traumatic brain injury: diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20 (9): 1636–41.
38. Lobato RD, Cordobes F, Rivas JJ et al. Outcome from severe head injury related to the type of intracranial lesion, A computerised tomography study. J Neurosurg 1983; 59: 762–74.
39. Meaney DF, Smith DH, Shreiber DI et al. Biomechanical analysis of experimental diffuse axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 1995; 12 (4): 689–94.
40. Mittl RL, Grossman RI, Hiehle JF et al. Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21 (5): 808–9.
41. Nakazawa C, Kobayashi S, Yokota H et al. A clinical study of diffuse axonal injury. In: Book of Abstracts. Eds. R.Bhatia, S.Bhatia. New Delhi, 1989; p. 257.
42. Ong L, Selladurai BM, Dhillon MK et al. The prognostic value of the Glasgow Coma Scale, hypoxia and computerised tomography in outcome prediction of pediatric head injury. Pediatr Neurosurg 1996; 24 (6): 285–91.
43. Parizel PM, Ozsarlak, van Goethem JW et al. Imaging findings in diffuse axonal injury after closed head trauma. Eur Radiol 1998; 8 (6): 960–5.
44. Posner JB, Saper CB, Schiff ND, Plum F. Plum and Posner’s diagnosis of stupor and coma. 4-th edition, Oxford University Press, 2007.
45. Povlishock JT. Traumatically induced axonal damages without concomitant in focally related neuronal somata and dendrites. Acta Neuropathol 1986; 70 (1): 53–9.
46. Povlishock JT, Becker DP, Cheng CLY et al. Axonal change in minor head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42: 225–42.
47. Sahuquillo-Barris J, Lamarcav-Ciuro J, Vilalta-Castan J et al. Acute subdural hematoma arid diffuse axonal injury after severe head trauma. J Neurosurg 1988; 68: 894–900.
48. Shimura Т, Nakazawa S, Kobayashi S et al. Clinicopathological studies of diffuse axonal injury (five autopsy cases). No Shinkei – Geca 1988; 16 (5): 647–53.
49. Slazinski T, Johnson MC. Severe diffuse axonal injury in adults and children. J Neurosci Nurs 1994; 26 (3): 151–4.
50. Smith DH, Nonaka M, Miller R et al. Immediate coma following inertial brain injury dependent on axonal damage in the brainstem. J Neurosurg 2000; 93 (2): 315–22.
51. Wang H, Duan G, Zhang J, Zhou D. Clinical studies on diffuse axonal injury in patients with severe closed head injury. Chin Med J (Engl) 1998; 111 (1): 59–62.
Авторы
Л.Б.Лихтерман*
ФГАУ НИИ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н.Бурденко Минздрава России. 125047, Россия, Москва, 4-я Тверская-Ямская ул., д. 16.
*elkina@nsi.ru
N.N.Burdenko Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125047, Russian Federation, Moscow, 4-ia Tverskaia-Iamskaia ul., d. 16
*elkina@nsi.ru
ФГАУ НИИ нейрохирургии им. акад. Н.Н.Бурденко Минздрава России. 125047, Россия, Москва, 4-я Тверская-Ямская ул., д. 16.
*elkina@nsi.ru
________________________________________________
N.N.Burdenko Scientific-Research Institute of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125047, Russian Federation, Moscow, 4-ia Tverskaia-Iamskaia ul., d. 16
*elkina@nsi.ru
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