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Статины и печень: взгляд гастроэнтеролога
Статины и печень: взгляд гастроэнтеролога
Казюлин А.Н. Статины и печень: взгляд гастроэнтеролога. Consilium Medicum. 2017; 19 (10): 89–95. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_19.10.89-95
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Аннотация
Во всем мире миллионы людей нуждаются в приеме статинов, и значительная часть больных принимают эти препараты. Объективная информация о любых нежелательных явлениях, вызванных приемом статинов, чрезвычайно важна, поскольку новость даже о небольшой частоте случаев гепатотоксичности приводит к отмене или временному прекращению приема этих жизненно важных препаратов у значительного числа больных, что сопровождается повышением риска острых сердечно-сосудистых событий. Наличие дозозависимого эффекта делает препаратом выбора статин, обладающий наиболее выраженным гиполипидемическим действием, что позволит назначать его в меньшей дозе. С другой стороны, преимущество имеет препарат, подвергающийся минимальному метаболизму в системе цитохрома Р450, что предотвратит перегрузку данной системы, нарушение метаболизма лекарственных средств и развитие токсического (лекарственного) гепатита. Данные эффекты полностью присущи розувастатину, отличающемуся низкой частотой нежелательных лекарственных реакций при наибольшей для данного класса препаратов гиполипидемической активности.
Ключевые слова: статины, гепатотоксичность, безопасность применения, розувастатин.
Key words: statins, hepatotoxicity, safety application, rosuvastatin.
Ключевые слова: статины, гепатотоксичность, безопасность применения, розувастатин.
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Key words: statins, hepatotoxicity, safety application, rosuvastatin.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Drapkina O.M., Fadeeva M.V. Statiny i pechen'. Korotko o glavnom. RMZh. 2014; 6: 428. [in Russian]
3. Gordon DJ. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989; 79: 8–15.
4. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). NIH Publication 2001; 5 (1): 3670.
5. Gubergrits N.B., Lareva N.V., Klochkov A.E. Statiny v gepatologii. Dobro ili zlo? M.: 2014. [in Russian]
6. Dale KM, White CM, Henyan NN et al. Impact of statin dosing intensity on transaminase and creatine kinase. Am J Med 2007; 120: 706–12.
7. Silivonchik N.N. Statiny i pechen': bezopasnost'. Med. novosti. 2011; 8: 24–30. [in Russian]
8. Bays H. Statin safety: an overview and assessment of the data – 2005. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 6C–26C.
9. Cohen LH, Anania FA, Chalasani N. National Lipid Association Statin Safety Task Forse Liver Expert Panel. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97 (Suppl.): 77C–81C.
10. Bhardwaj SS, Chalasani N. Lipid-lowering agents that cause drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Clin Liver Dis 2007; 11: 597–613.
11. Calderon RM, Cubeddu LX, Goldberg RB, Schiff ER. Statins in the treatment of dyslipidemia in the presence of elevated liver aminotransferase levels: a therapeutic dilemma. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85: 349–56.
12. Dujovne CA. Side effects of statins: hepatitis versus “transaminitis”-myositis versus “CPKitis”. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 1411–3.
13. Rossana M, Calderon MD, Luigi X et al. Statins in the treatment of dyslipidemia in the presence of elevated liver aminotransferase levels: a therapeutic dilemma. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85 (4): 349–56.
14. Drapkina O.M., Dubolazova Iu.V. Statiny i pechen': tupik ili novye gorizonty? Rus. med. zhurn. 2009; 17 (4): 210–5. [in Russian]
15. Maev I.V., Polunina T.E. Lekarstva i pechen'. Farmateka. 2013; 2: 80–8. [in Russian]
16. Kaziulin A.N., Pereiaslova E.V. Lekarstvennaia gepatotoksichnost' v klinicheskoi praktike. Med. sovet. 2012; 9: 37–45. [in Russian]
17. Polunina T.E., Maev I.V., Polunina E.V. Gepatologiia dlia prakticheskogo vracha. Rukovodstvo dlia vrachei. M.: Avtorskaia akademiia; Tovarishchestvo nauchnykh izdanii KMK, 2009. [in Russian]
18. Alegret M, Silvestre JS. Pleotropic eff ects of statins and related pharmacological experimental approaches. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2006; 28 (9): 627–56.
19. Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M, Backman JT. Drug interactions with lipid-lowering drugs: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 80: 565–81.
20. Lee W. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 474–85.
21. Alla V, Abraham J, Siddiqui J et al. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by statins. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40 (8): 757–61.
22. Grimbert S, Pessayre D, Degott C, Benhamou JP. Acute hepatitis induced by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, lovastatin. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39 (9): 2032–3.
23. Hartleb M, Rymarczyk G, Januszewski K. Acute cholestatic hepatitis associated with pravastatin. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94 (5): 1388–90.
24. Jimenez-Alonso J, Osorio JM, Gutierrez-Cabello F et al. Atorvastatin-induced cholestatic hepatitis in a young woman with systemic lupus erythematosus. Grupo Lupus Virgen de las Nieves. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159 (15): 1811–2.
25. Ballare M, Campanini M, Catania E et al. Acute cholestatic hepatitis during simvastatin administration. Recenti Prog Med 1991; 82 (4): 233–5.
26. Thavendiranathan P, Bagai A, Brookhart MA, Choudhry NK. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases with statin therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2307–13.
27. Marz W, Wollschlager H, Klein G et al. Safety of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin versus simvastatin in a coronary heart disease population (the
TARGET TANGIBLE Trial). Am J Cardiology 1999; 84 (1): 7–13.
28. McAfee AT, Ming EE, Seeger JD et al. The comparative safety of rosuvastatin: a retrospective matched cohort study in over 48,000 initiators of statin therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety 2006; 15 (7): 444–53.
29. Kashani A, Phillips CO, Foody JM et al. Risks associated with statin therapy: a systematic overview of randomized clinical trials. Circulation 2006; 114 (25): 2788–97.
30. Naci H, Brugts J, Ades T. Comparative Tolerability and Harms of Individual Statins. A Study-Level Network Meta-Analysis of 246 955 Participants From 135 Randomized, Controlled Trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013; 6: 390–9.
31. Zhang X, Mao S, Luo G et al. Effects of simvastatin on apolipoprotein M in vivo and in vitro. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10: 112.
32. Drapkina O.M., Ashikhmin Ia.I., Ivashkin V.T. Statiny i pechen': druz'ia ili vragi? Kriticheskii obzor. Serdtse: zhurn. dlia praktikuiushchikh vrachei. 2011; 10, 1 (57): 38–42. [in Russian]
33. Brown WV. Safety of statins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19 (6): 558–62.
34. Lazebnik L.B., Zvenigorodskaia L.A. Metabolicheskii sindrom i organy pishchevareniia. M.: Anakharsis, 2009. [in Russian]
35. Kromer A, Moosmann B. Statin-induced liver injury involves crosstalk between cholesterol and selenoprotein biosynthetic pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75 (6): 1421–9.
36. Kostapanos MS, Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS. Rosuvastatin-associated adverse effects and drug-drug interactions in the clinical setting of dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010; 10 (1): 11–28.
37. Browning JD. Statins and hepatic steatosis: perspectives from the Dallas Heart Study. Hepatology 2006; 44: 466–71.
38. Nikitin I.G. Skriningovaia programma po vyiavleniiu rasprostranennosti nealkogol'noi zhirovoi bolezni pecheni (NAZhBP) i opredeleniiu faktorov riska razvitiia zabolevaniia. http://www.internist.ru/articles/ochrana/ochrana_224.html [in Russian]
39. Argo CK, Loria P, Caldwell SH, Lonardo A. Statins in liver disease: a molehill, an iceberg, or neither? Hepatology 2008; 48: 662–9.
40. Riley P, Sudarshi D, Johal M et al. Weight loss, dietary advice and statin therapy in non – alcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62 (3): 374–81.
41. Hyogo H, Tazuma S, Arihiro K et al. Efficacy of atorvastatin for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with dyslipidemia. Metabolism 2008; 57 (12): 1711–8.
42. Ekstedt M, Franzen LE, Mathiesen UL et al. Statins in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronically elevated liver enzymes: a histopathological follow-up study. J Hepatol 2007; 47 (1): 135–41.
43. Kiderman A, Ben-Dov IZ, Glikberg F, Ackerman Z. Declining frequency of liver enzyme abnormalities with statins: experience from general practice in Jerusalem. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20 (10): 1002–5.
44. Antonopoulos S, Mikros S, Mylonopoulou M et al. Rosuvastatin as a novel treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in hyperlipidemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2006; 184: 233–4.
45. Nakahara T, Hyogo H, Kimura Y et al. Efficacy of rosuvastatin for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with dyslipidemia: an open-label, pilot study. Hepatol Res 2012; 42: 1065–72.
46. Henderson LM, Patel S, Giordano TP. Statin therapy and serum transaminases among a cohort of HCV-infected veterans. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55 (1): 190–5.
47. El-Serag HB, Johnson ML, Hachem C, Morgana RO. Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort of patients with diabetes. Gastroenterology 2009; 136 (5): 1601–8.
48. McKenney JM, Davidson MH, Jacobson TA et al. Final conclusions and recommendations of the National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 89C–94C.
49. Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R et al. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study http://www. ncbi. nlm.nih. gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_Abstract&term=%22Waters+D%22%5BAuthor%5D. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1220–6.
50. Hey-Hadavi JH, Kuntze E, Luo D et al. Tolerability of atorvastatin in a population aged > or =65 years: a retrospective pooled analysis of results from fifty randomized clinical trials. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006; 4: 112–22.
51. Diagnostika i korrektsiia narushenii lipidnogo obmena s tsel'iu profilaktiki i lecheniia ateroskleroza. Rossiiskie rekomendatsii VI peresmotr. Rossiiskoe kardiologicheskoe obshchestvo. Natsional'noe obshchestvo po izucheniiu ateroskleroza (NOA). Rossiiskoe obshchestvo kardiosomaticheskoi reabilitatsii i vtorichnoi profilaktiki (RosOKR). M., 2017. [in Russian]
52. Olsson AG, McTaggart F, Raza A. Rosuvastatin: a highly effective new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2003; 20: 303–28.
53. McTaggart F, Buckett L, Davidson R et al. Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of rosuvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87 (Suppl.): 28B–32B.
54. Brewer HBJr. Benefit-Risk Assessment of Rosuvastatin 10 to 40 Milligrams. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92 (Suppl.): 23K–29K.
55. Kostapanos MS, Rizos CV, Elisaf ME. Benefit-Risk Assessment of Rosuvastatin in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases. Drug Saf 2014; 37: 481–500.
56. Michalets EL. Clinically significant cytochrome P-450 drug interactions-author’s reply. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 892–3.
57. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL et al. The effect of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 59: 51–6.
58. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL et al. Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 73: 322–9.
59. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL et al. Lack of effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55: 94–9.
60. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL et al. The effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 58: 527–31.
61. Martin PD, Kemp J, Dane AL et al. No effect of rosuvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42: 1352–7.
62. Martin PD, Dane AL, Schneck DW, Warwick MJ. An open-label, randomized, three-way crossover trial of the effects of coadministration of rosuvastatin and fenofibrate on the pharmacokinetic properties of rosuvastatin and fenofibric acid in healthy male volunteers. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 459–71.
63. Data on file. Astra Zeneca LP, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK; 1998–2003.
64. Food and Drug Administration. CRESTOR briefing document for endocrinologic and metabolic drugs advisory committee meeting of December 15, 2009 http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/Endocr nologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM193833.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2013.
65. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (21): 2195–207.
66. Fellström BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE et al for the AURORA Study Group. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1395–407.
67. Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V et al for the CORONA Group. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2248–61.
68. Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Franzosi M et al on behalf of the GISSI-HF investigators. Rationale and design of the GISSI heart failure trial: a large trial to assess the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin in symptomatic congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6: 635–41.
69. GISSI-HF Investigators. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 1231–9.
70. Kasliwal R, Wilton LV, Cornelius V et al. Safety profile of rosuvastatin. Results of a prescription-event monitoring study of 11,680 patients. Drug Saf 2007; 30: 157–70.
71. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA et al. for the STELLAR Study Group. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR Trial). Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 152–60.
72. Wlodarczyk J, Sullivan D, Smith M. Comparison of Benefits and Risks of Rosuvastatin Versus Atorvastatin from a Meta-Analysis of Head-to-Head Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 1654–62.
73. Karlson BW, Palmer MK, Nicholls SJ et al. Doses of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and simvastatin that induce equal reductions in LDL-C and non-HDL-C: Results from the VOYAGER meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016; 23 (7): 744–7.
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33. Brown WV. Safety of statins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19 (6): 558–62.
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36. Kostapanos MS, Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS. Rosuvastatin-associated adverse effects and drug-drug interactions in the clinical setting of dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010; 10 (1): 11–28.
37. Browning JD. Statins and hepatic steatosis: perspectives from the Dallas Heart Study. Hepatology 2006; 44: 466–71.
38. Никитин И.Г. Скрининговая программа по выявлению распространенности неалкогольной жировой болезни печени (НАЖБП) и определению факторов риска развития заболевания. http://www.internist.ru/articles/ochrana/ochrana_224.html / Nikitin I.G. Skriningovaia programma po vyiavleniiu rasprostranennosti nealkogol'noi zhirovoi bolezni pecheni (NAZhBP) i opredeleniiu faktorov riska razvitiia zabolevaniia. http://www.internist.ru/articles/ochrana/ochrana_224.html [in Russian]
39. Argo CK, Loria P, Caldwell SH, Lonardo A. Statins in liver disease: a molehill, an iceberg, or neither? Hepatology 2008; 48: 662–9.
40. Riley P, Sudarshi D, Johal M et al. Weight loss, dietary advice and statin therapy in non – alcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62 (3): 374–81.
41. Hyogo H, Tazuma S, Arihiro K et al. Efficacy of atorvastatin for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with dyslipidemia. Metabolism 2008; 57 (12): 1711–8.
42. Ekstedt M, Franzen LE, Mathiesen UL et al. Statins in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronically elevated liver enzymes: a histopathological follow-up study. J Hepatol 2007; 47 (1): 135–41.
43. Kiderman A, Ben-Dov IZ, Glikberg F, Ackerman Z. Declining frequency of liver enzyme abnormalities with statins: experience from general practice in Jerusalem. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20 (10): 1002–5.
44. Antonopoulos S, Mikros S, Mylonopoulou M et al. Rosuvastatin as a novel treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in hyperlipidemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2006; 184: 233–4.
45. Nakahara T, Hyogo H, Kimura Y et al. Efficacy of rosuvastatin for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with dyslipidemia: an open-label, pilot study. Hepatol Res 2012; 42: 1065–72.
46. Henderson LM, Patel S, Giordano TP. Statin therapy and serum transaminases among a cohort of HCV-infected veterans. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55 (1): 190–5.
47. El-Serag HB, Johnson ML, Hachem C, Morgana RO. Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a large cohort of patients with diabetes. Gastroenterology 2009; 136 (5): 1601–8.
48. McKenney JM, Davidson MH, Jacobson TA et al. Final conclusions and recommendations of the National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 89C–94C.
49. Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R et al. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study http://www. ncbi. nlm.nih. gov/entrez/query.fcgi? db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_Abstract&term=%22Waters+D%22%5BAuthor%5D. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1220–6.
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51. Диагностика и коррекция нарушений липидного обмена с целью профилактики и лечения атеросклероза. Российские рекомендации VI пересмотр. Российское кардиологическое общество. Национальное общество по изучению атеросклероза (НОА). Российское общество кардиосоматической реабилитации и вторичной профилактики (РосОКР). М., 2017. / Diagnostika i korrektsiia narushenii lipidnogo obmena s tsel'iu profilaktiki i lecheniia ateroskleroza. Rossiiskie rekomendatsii VI peresmotr. Rossiiskoe kardiologicheskoe obshchestvo. Natsional'noe obshchestvo po izucheniiu ateroskleroza (NOA). Rossiiskoe obshchestvo kardiosomaticheskoi reabilitatsii i vtorichnoi profilaktiki (RosOKR). M., 2017. [in Russian]
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53. McTaggart F, Buckett L, Davidson R et al. Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of rosuvastatin, a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87 (Suppl.): 28B–32B.
54. Brewer HBJr. Benefit-Risk Assessment of Rosuvastatin 10 to 40 Milligrams. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92 (Suppl.): 23K–29K.
55. Kostapanos MS, Rizos CV, Elisaf ME. Benefit-Risk Assessment of Rosuvastatin in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases. Drug Saf 2014; 37: 481–500.
56. Michalets EL. Clinically significant cytochrome P-450 drug interactions-author’s reply. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 892–3.
57. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL et al. The effect of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 59: 51–6.
58. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL et al. Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 73: 322–9.
59. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL et al. Lack of effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55: 94–9.
60. Cooper KJ, Martin PD, Dane AL et al. The effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 58: 527–31.
61. Martin PD, Kemp J, Dane AL et al. No effect of rosuvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42: 1352–7.
62. Martin PD, Dane AL, Schneck DW, Warwick MJ. An open-label, randomized, three-way crossover trial of the effects of coadministration of rosuvastatin and fenofibrate on the pharmacokinetic properties of rosuvastatin and fenofibric acid in healthy male volunteers. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 459–71.
63. Data on file. Astra Zeneca LP, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK; 1998–2003.
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65. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (21): 2195–207.
66. Fellström BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE et al for the AURORA Study Group. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1395–407.
67. Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V et al for the CORONA Group. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2248–61.
68. Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Franzosi M et al on behalf of the GISSI-HF investigators. Rationale and design of the GISSI heart failure trial: a large trial to assess the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin in symptomatic congestive heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6: 635–41.
69. GISSI-HF Investigators. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 1231–9.
70. Kasliwal R, Wilton LV, Cornelius V et al. Safety profile of rosuvastatin. Results of a prescription-event monitoring study of 11,680 patients. Drug Saf 2007; 30: 157–70.
71. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA et al. for the STELLAR Study Group. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR Trial). Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 152–60.
72. Wlodarczyk J, Sullivan D, Smith M. Comparison of Benefits and Risks of Rosuvastatin Versus Atorvastatin from a Meta-Analysis of Head-to-Head Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 1654–62.
73. Karlson BW, Palmer MK, Nicholls SJ et al. Doses of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and simvastatin that induce equal reductions in LDL-C and non-HDL-C: Results from the VOYAGER meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016; 23 (7): 744–7.
74. Тарловская И.Е. Генерики и оригинальные препараты: взгляд практического врача. Здоров’я Украiнi. 2011; 2: 34–5. / Tarlovskaia I.E. Generiki i original'nye preparaty: vzgliad prakticheskogo vracha. Zdorov,ia Ukraini. 2011; 2: 34–5. [in Russian]
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Авторы
А.Н.Казюлин
ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И.Евдокимова» Минздрава России. 127473, Россия, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1
alexander.kazyulin@yandex.ru
A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State Medical and Dental University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 127473, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Delegatskaia, d. 20, str. 1
alexander.kazyulin@yandex.ru
ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И.Евдокимова» Минздрава России. 127473, Россия, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1
alexander.kazyulin@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State Medical and Dental University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 127473, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Delegatskaia, d. 20, str. 1
alexander.kazyulin@yandex.ru
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