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Современная классификация и диагностика легочной гипертензии
Современная классификация и диагностика легочной гипертензии
Царева Н.А. Современная классификация и диагностика легочной гипертензии. Consilium Medicum. 2017; 19 (3): 66–71.
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Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются современные аспекты диагностики и классификации легочной гипертензии.
Ключевые слова: идиопатическая легочная артериальная гипертензия, хроническая тромбоэмболическая легочная гипертензия, классификация легочной гипертензии, диагностический алгоритм.
Ключевые слова: идиопатическая легочная артериальная гипертензия, хроническая тромбоэмболическая легочная гипертензия, классификация легочной гипертензии, диагностический алгоритм.
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This article deals with the modern aspects of diagnosis and classification of pulmonary hypertension.
Key words: idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hypertension classification, diagnostic algorithm.
Key words: idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hypertension classification, diagnostic algorithm.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Humbert M, Souza R, Galie N et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: bridging the present to the future. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21: 126, 267–70.
2. Galie N, Hoeper M, Torbicki A et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 2493–537.
3. Kovacs G, Avian A, Olschewski A, Olschewski H. Zero reference level for right heart catheterization. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 1586–94.
4. Hoeper MM, Huscher D, Ghofrani HA et al. Elderly patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from the COMPERA registry. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 871–80.
5. Peacock AJ, Murphy NF, McMurray JJV et al. An epidemiological study of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 104–9.
6. Benza RL, Miller DP, Gomberg-Maitland M et al. Predicting survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL). Circulation 2010; 122: 164–72.
7. Humbert M, Sitbon O, Yaici A et al. Survival in incident and prevalent cohort of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 549–55.
8. Trulock E, Edwards L, Taylor D et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twentieth Official Adult Lung and Heart-lung Transplant Report–2003. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: 625.
9. Легочная гипертензия. Под ред. И.Е.Чазовой, Т.В.Мартынюк. М.: Практика, 2015; с. 55–103. / Legochnaia gipertenziia. Pod red. I.E.Chazovoi, T.V.Martyniuk. M.: Praktika, 2015; s. 55–103. [in Russian]
10. Galie N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 1219–63.
11. Vachiery J-L, Gaine S. Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21: 313–20.
12. Simonneau G, Gatzolis G, Adatia I et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62 (Suppl. 25): D35–41.
13. Badesch BD, Champion HC, Gomez-Sanchez MA et al. Diagnosis and assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: S55–S56.
14. Soubrier F, Chung WK, Machado R et al. Genetics and genomics of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62 (Suppl.): D13–D21.
15. Eyries M, Montani D, Girerd B et al. EIF2AK4 mutations cause pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, a recessive form of pulmonary hypertension. Nat Genet 2014; 46: 65–9.
16. D’Alto M, Mahadevan VS. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21: 126, 328–37.
17. Berman EB, Barst RJ. Eisenmenger’s syndrome: current management. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002; 45: 129–38.
18. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1993; 104 (1): 236–50.
19. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1999; 431: 111–9.
20. Lowe BS, Therrien J, Ionescu-Ittu R et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in the congenital heart disease adult population impact on outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 538–46.
21. McGoon MD. The assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2001; 22: 493.
22. Barst RJ, McGoon M, Torbicki A et al. Diagnosis and differential assessment of pulmonary artrerial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43 (Suppl. 12): 40S–47S.
23. McLaughlin VV, McGoon MD. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2006; 114: 1417–31.
24. Nickel N, Golpon H, Greer M et al. The prognostic impact of follow-up assessments in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 589–96.
25. Чазова И.Е., Мартынюк Т.В., Авдеев С.Н. и др. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению легочной гипертензии. Евразийский кардиол. журн. 2014; 4: 4–23. / Chazova I.E., Martyniuk T.V., Avdeev S.N. i dr. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu legochnoi gipertenzii. Evraziiskii kardiol. zhurn. 2014; 4: 4–23. [in Russian]
26. Trip P, Nossent EJ, de Man FS et al. Severely reduced diffusion capacity in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: patient characteristics and treatment responses. Eur Resp J 2013; 42: 1575–85.
27. Galie N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Respir J 2015; 46 (4): 903–75.
28. Чазова И.Е., Авдеев С.Н., Царева Н.А. и др. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению легочной гипертонии. Терапевт. архив. 2014; 9: 4–23. / Chazova I.E., Avdeev S.N., Tsareva N.A. i dr. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu legochnoi gipertonii. Terapevt. arkhiv. 2014; 9: 4–23. [in Russian]
29. Naeije R, Vachiery JL, Yerly P, Vanderpool R. The transpulmonary pressure gradient for the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease. Eur Respir J 2013; 41: 217–23.
30. Chaouat A, Bugnet AS, Kadaoui N et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 189–94.
31. Sajkov D, McEvoy RD, Cowie RJ et al. Felodipine improves pulmonary hemodynamics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1993; 103: 1354–61.
32. Salvaterra CG, Rubin LJ. Investigation and management of pulmonary hypertension in obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1414–7.
33. Shen Y, Wan C, Tian P et al. CT-base pulmonary artery measurement in the detection of pulmonary hypertension: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93: e256.
34. Castaner E, Alguersuari A, Andreu M et al. Imaging findings in pulmonary vasculitis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2012; 33: 567–79.
35. Fisher MR, Forfia PR, Chamera E et al. Accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in the hemodynamic assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 615–21.
36. Mukerjee D, St George D, Knight C et al. Echocardiography and pulmonary function as screening tests for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 2004; 43: 461–6.
37. Мартынюк Т.В., Наконечников С.Н., Чазова И.Е. На пути оптимизации подходов к лечению хронической тромбоэмболической легочной гипертензии. Сonsilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (5): 53–8. / Martyniuk T.V., Nakonechnikov S.N., Chazova I.E. Na puti optimizatsii podkhodov k lecheniiu khronicheskoi tromboembolicheskoi legochnoi gipertenzii. Sonsilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (5): 53–8. [in Russian]
38. Tunariu N, Gibbs SJR, Win Z et al. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive than multidetector CTPA in detecting chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease as a treatable cause of pulmonary hypertension. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 680–4.
39. Oudiz RJ, Barst RJ, Hansen JE et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and six-minute walk correlations in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 123–6.
40. Ross RM. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 1451.
2. Galie N, Hoeper M, Torbicki A et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 2493–537.
3. Kovacs G, Avian A, Olschewski A, Olschewski H. Zero reference level for right heart catheterization. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 1586–94.
4. Hoeper MM, Huscher D, Ghofrani HA et al. Elderly patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from the COMPERA registry. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 871–80.
5. Peacock AJ, Murphy NF, McMurray JJV et al. An epidemiological study of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 104–9.
6. Benza RL, Miller DP, Gomberg-Maitland M et al. Predicting survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL). Circulation 2010; 122: 164–72.
7. Humbert M, Sitbon O, Yaici A et al. Survival in incident and prevalent cohort of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 549–55.
8. Trulock E, Edwards L, Taylor D et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twentieth Official Adult Lung and Heart-lung Transplant Report–2003. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: 625.
9. Legochnaia gipertenziia. Pod red. I.E.Chazovoi, T.V.Martyniuk. M.: Praktika, 2015; s. 55–103. [in Russian]
10. Galie N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 1219–63.
11. Vachiery J-L, Gaine S. Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21: 313–20.
12. Simonneau G, Gatzolis G, Adatia I et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62 (Suppl. 25): D35–41.
13. Badesch BD, Champion HC, Gomez-Sanchez MA et al. Diagnosis and assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: S55–S56.
14. Soubrier F, Chung WK, Machado R et al. Genetics and genomics of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62 (Suppl.): D13–D21.
15. Eyries M, Montani D, Girerd B et al. EIF2AK4 mutations cause pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, a recessive form of pulmonary hypertension. Nat Genet 2014; 46: 65–9.
16. D’Alto M, Mahadevan VS. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21: 126, 328–37.
17. Berman EB, Barst RJ. Eisenmenger’s syndrome: current management. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002; 45: 129–38.
18. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1993; 104 (1): 236–50.
19. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1999; 431: 111–9.
20. Lowe BS, Therrien J, Ionescu-Ittu R et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in the congenital heart disease adult population impact on outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 538–46.
21. McGoon MD. The assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2001; 22: 493.
22. Barst RJ, McGoon M, Torbicki A et al. Diagnosis and differential assessment of pulmonary artrerial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43 (Suppl. 12): 40S–47S.
23. McLaughlin VV, McGoon MD. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2006; 114: 1417–31.
24. Nickel N, Golpon H, Greer M et al. The prognostic impact of follow-up assessments in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 589–96.
25. Chazova I.E., Martyniuk T.V., Avdeev S.N. i dr. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu legochnoi gipertenzii. Evraziiskii kardiol. zhurn. 2014; 4: 4–23. [in Russian]
26. Trip P, Nossent EJ, de Man FS et al. Severely reduced diffusion capacity in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: patient characteristics and treatment responses. Eur Resp J 2013; 42: 1575–85.
27. Galie N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Respir J 2015; 46 (4): 903–75.
28. Chazova I.E., Avdeev S.N., Tsareva N.A. i dr. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu legochnoi gipertonii. Terapevt. arkhiv. 2014; 9: 4–23. [in Russian]
29. Naeije R, Vachiery JL, Yerly P, Vanderpool R. The transpulmonary pressure gradient for the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease. Eur Respir J 2013; 41: 217–23.
30. Chaouat A, Bugnet AS, Kadaoui N et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 189–94.
31. Sajkov D, McEvoy RD, Cowie RJ et al. Felodipine improves pulmonary hemodynamics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1993; 103: 1354–61.
32. Salvaterra CG, Rubin LJ. Investigation and management of pulmonary hypertension in obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1414–7.
33. Shen Y, Wan C, Tian P et al. CT-base pulmonary artery measurement in the detection of pulmonary hypertension: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93: e256.
34. Castaner E, Alguersuari A, Andreu M et al. Imaging findings in pulmonary vasculitis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2012; 33: 567–79.
35. Fisher MR, Forfia PR, Chamera E et al. Accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in the hemodynamic assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 615–21.
36. Mukerjee D, St George D, Knight C et al. Echocardiography and pulmonary function as screening tests for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 2004; 43: 461–6.
37. Martyniuk T.V., Nakonechnikov S.N., Chazova I.E. Na puti optimizatsii podkhodov k lecheniiu khronicheskoi tromboembolicheskoi legochnoi gipertenzii. Sonsilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (5): 53–8. [in Russian]
38. Tunariu N, Gibbs SJR, Win Z et al. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive than multidetector CTPA in detecting chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease as a treatable cause of pulmonary hypertension. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 680–4.
39. Oudiz RJ, Barst RJ, Hansen JE et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and six-minute walk correlations in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 123–6.
40. Ross RM. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 1451.
2. Galie N, Hoeper M, Torbicki A et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 2493–537.
3. Kovacs G, Avian A, Olschewski A, Olschewski H. Zero reference level for right heart catheterization. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 1586–94.
4. Hoeper MM, Huscher D, Ghofrani HA et al. Elderly patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from the COMPERA registry. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 871–80.
5. Peacock AJ, Murphy NF, McMurray JJV et al. An epidemiological study of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 104–9.
6. Benza RL, Miller DP, Gomberg-Maitland M et al. Predicting survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL). Circulation 2010; 122: 164–72.
7. Humbert M, Sitbon O, Yaici A et al. Survival in incident and prevalent cohort of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 549–55.
8. Trulock E, Edwards L, Taylor D et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twentieth Official Adult Lung and Heart-lung Transplant Report–2003. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: 625.
9. Легочная гипертензия. Под ред. И.Е.Чазовой, Т.В.Мартынюк. М.: Практика, 2015; с. 55–103. / Legochnaia gipertenziia. Pod red. I.E.Chazovoi, T.V.Martyniuk. M.: Praktika, 2015; s. 55–103. [in Russian]
10. Galie N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 1219–63.
11. Vachiery J-L, Gaine S. Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21: 313–20.
12. Simonneau G, Gatzolis G, Adatia I et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62 (Suppl. 25): D35–41.
13. Badesch BD, Champion HC, Gomez-Sanchez MA et al. Diagnosis and assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: S55–S56.
14. Soubrier F, Chung WK, Machado R et al. Genetics and genomics of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62 (Suppl.): D13–D21.
15. Eyries M, Montani D, Girerd B et al. EIF2AK4 mutations cause pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, a recessive form of pulmonary hypertension. Nat Genet 2014; 46: 65–9.
16. D’Alto M, Mahadevan VS. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21: 126, 328–37.
17. Berman EB, Barst RJ. Eisenmenger’s syndrome: current management. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002; 45: 129–38.
18. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1993; 104 (1): 236–50.
19. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1999; 431: 111–9.
20. Lowe BS, Therrien J, Ionescu-Ittu R et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in the congenital heart disease adult population impact on outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 538–46.
21. McGoon MD. The assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2001; 22: 493.
22. Barst RJ, McGoon M, Torbicki A et al. Diagnosis and differential assessment of pulmonary artrerial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43 (Suppl. 12): 40S–47S.
23. McLaughlin VV, McGoon MD. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2006; 114: 1417–31.
24. Nickel N, Golpon H, Greer M et al. The prognostic impact of follow-up assessments in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 589–96.
25. Чазова И.Е., Мартынюк Т.В., Авдеев С.Н. и др. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению легочной гипертензии. Евразийский кардиол. журн. 2014; 4: 4–23. / Chazova I.E., Martyniuk T.V., Avdeev S.N. i dr. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu legochnoi gipertenzii. Evraziiskii kardiol. zhurn. 2014; 4: 4–23. [in Russian]
26. Trip P, Nossent EJ, de Man FS et al. Severely reduced diffusion capacity in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: patient characteristics and treatment responses. Eur Resp J 2013; 42: 1575–85.
27. Galie N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Respir J 2015; 46 (4): 903–75.
28. Чазова И.Е., Авдеев С.Н., Царева Н.А. и др. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению легочной гипертонии. Терапевт. архив. 2014; 9: 4–23. / Chazova I.E., Avdeev S.N., Tsareva N.A. i dr. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu legochnoi gipertonii. Terapevt. arkhiv. 2014; 9: 4–23. [in Russian]
29. Naeije R, Vachiery JL, Yerly P, Vanderpool R. The transpulmonary pressure gradient for the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease. Eur Respir J 2013; 41: 217–23.
30. Chaouat A, Bugnet AS, Kadaoui N et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 189–94.
31. Sajkov D, McEvoy RD, Cowie RJ et al. Felodipine improves pulmonary hemodynamics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1993; 103: 1354–61.
32. Salvaterra CG, Rubin LJ. Investigation and management of pulmonary hypertension in obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1414–7.
33. Shen Y, Wan C, Tian P et al. CT-base pulmonary artery measurement in the detection of pulmonary hypertension: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93: e256.
34. Castaner E, Alguersuari A, Andreu M et al. Imaging findings in pulmonary vasculitis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2012; 33: 567–79.
35. Fisher MR, Forfia PR, Chamera E et al. Accuracy of Doppler echocardiography in the hemodynamic assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 615–21.
36. Mukerjee D, St George D, Knight C et al. Echocardiography and pulmonary function as screening tests for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology 2004; 43: 461–6.
37. Мартынюк Т.В., Наконечников С.Н., Чазова И.Е. На пути оптимизации подходов к лечению хронической тромбоэмболической легочной гипертензии. Сonsilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (5): 53–8. / Martyniuk T.V., Nakonechnikov S.N., Chazova I.E. Na puti optimizatsii podkhodov k lecheniiu khronicheskoi tromboembolicheskoi legochnoi gipertenzii. Sonsilium Medicum. 2016; 18 (5): 53–8. [in Russian]
38. Tunariu N, Gibbs SJR, Win Z et al. Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive than multidetector CTPA in detecting chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease as a treatable cause of pulmonary hypertension. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 680–4.
39. Oudiz RJ, Barst RJ, Hansen JE et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and six-minute walk correlations in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 123–6.
40. Ross RM. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 1451.
________________________________________________
2. Galie N, Hoeper M, Torbicki A et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 2493–537.
3. Kovacs G, Avian A, Olschewski A, Olschewski H. Zero reference level for right heart catheterization. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 1586–94.
4. Hoeper MM, Huscher D, Ghofrani HA et al. Elderly patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: results from the COMPERA registry. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 871–80.
5. Peacock AJ, Murphy NF, McMurray JJV et al. An epidemiological study of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 104–9.
6. Benza RL, Miller DP, Gomberg-Maitland M et al. Predicting survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL). Circulation 2010; 122: 164–72.
7. Humbert M, Sitbon O, Yaici A et al. Survival in incident and prevalent cohort of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 549–55.
8. Trulock E, Edwards L, Taylor D et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twentieth Official Adult Lung and Heart-lung Transplant Report–2003. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: 625.
9. Legochnaia gipertenziia. Pod red. I.E.Chazovoi, T.V.Martyniuk. M.: Praktika, 2015; s. 55–103. [in Russian]
10. Galie N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 1219–63.
11. Vachiery J-L, Gaine S. Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21: 313–20.
12. Simonneau G, Gatzolis G, Adatia I et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62 (Suppl. 25): D35–41.
13. Badesch BD, Champion HC, Gomez-Sanchez MA et al. Diagnosis and assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: S55–S56.
14. Soubrier F, Chung WK, Machado R et al. Genetics and genomics of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62 (Suppl.): D13–D21.
15. Eyries M, Montani D, Girerd B et al. EIF2AK4 mutations cause pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, a recessive form of pulmonary hypertension. Nat Genet 2014; 46: 65–9.
16. D’Alto M, Mahadevan VS. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21: 126, 328–37.
17. Berman EB, Barst RJ. Eisenmenger’s syndrome: current management. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002; 45: 129–38.
18. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1993; 104 (1): 236–50.
19. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1999; 431: 111–9.
20. Lowe BS, Therrien J, Ionescu-Ittu R et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in the congenital heart disease adult population impact on outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 538–46.
21. McGoon MD. The assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2001; 22: 493.
22. Barst RJ, McGoon M, Torbicki A et al. Diagnosis and differential assessment of pulmonary artrerial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43 (Suppl. 12): 40S–47S.
23. McLaughlin VV, McGoon MD. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2006; 114: 1417–31.
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Авторы
Н.А.Царева
ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» ФМБА России. 105077, Россия, Москва, ул. 11-я Парковая, д. 32;
ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1
n_tsareva@mail.ru
ФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» ФМБА России. 105077, Россия, Москва, ул. 11-я Парковая, д. 32;
ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1
n_tsareva@mail.ru
________________________________________________
N.A.Tsareva
Research Institute of Pulmonology. 105077, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. 11-ia Parkovaia, d. 32;
N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1
n_tsareva@mail.ru
Research Institute of Pulmonology. 105077, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. 11-ia Parkovaia, d. 32;
N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1
n_tsareva@mail.ru
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