Первичный гиперальдостеронизм: диагностика и лечение. Новый взгляд на проблему. По материалам Проекта клинических рекомендаций Российской ассоциации эндокринологов по диагностике и лечению первичного гиперальдостеронизма

1. Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1243–8.
2. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al. ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), 2013.
3. Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F et al. The Management of Primary Aldosteronism Case Detection Diagnosis and Treatment An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101 (5): 1889–916.
4. Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C et al. An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Patients with Primary Aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93 (9): 3266–81.
5. Conn JW. Presidential address. I. Painting background. II. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome. J lab Clin Med 1955; 45: 3–17.
6. Conn JW, Cohen EL, Rovner DR, Nesbit RM. Normokalemic Primary Aldosteronism. A Detectable Cause of Curable “Essential” Hypertension. Jama 1965; 193: 200–6.
7. Conn JW. The Evolution of Primary Aldosteronism 1954–1967. Acedemic Press Inc.
8. Kaplan NM. Hypokalemia in the hypertensive patient, with observations on the incidence of primary aldosteronism. Ann Intern Med 1967; 66: 1079–90.
9. Fishman LM, Kuchel O, Liddle GW et al. Incidence of primary aldosteronism uncomplicated “essential” hypertension. A prospective study with elevated aldosterone secretion and suppressed plasma renin activity used as diagnostic criteria. Jama 1968; 205: 497–502.
10. Berglund G, Andersson O, Wilhelmsen L. Prevalence of primary and secondary hypertension: studies in a random population sample. Br Med J 1976; 2: 554–6.
11. Tucker RM, Labarthe DR. Frequency of surgical treatment for hypertension in adults at the Mayo Clinic from 1973 through 1975. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 52: 549–5.
12. Streeten DH, Tomycz N, Anderson GH. Reliability of screening methods for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Am J Med 1979; 67: 403–13.
13. Sinclair AM, Isles CG, Brown I et al. Secondary hypertension in a blood pressure clinic. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1289–93.
14. Andersen GS, Toftdahl DB, Lund JO et al. The incidence rate of phaeochromocytoma and Conn’s syndrome in Denmark, 1977–1981. J Hum Hypertens 1988; 2: 187–9.
15. Grim CE, Weinberger MH, Higgins JT, Kramer NJ. Diagnosis of secondary forms of hypertension. A comprehensive protocol. Jama 1977; 237: 1331–5.
16. Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ et al. High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21: 315–8.
17. Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C et al. Primary hyperaldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile, and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1863–7.
18. Lim PO, Dow E, Brennan G et al. High prevalence of primary aldosteronism in the Tayside hypertension clinic population. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 311–5.
19. Loh KC, Koay ES, Khaw MC et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2854–9.
20. Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clinic Endocrinol Metabo 2004; 89: 1045–50.
21. Mosso L, Carvajal C, Gonzalez A et al. Primary aldosteronism and hypertensive disease. Hypertension 2003; 42: 161–5.
22. Schwartz GL, Turner ST. Screening for primary aldosteronism in essential hypertension: diagnostic accuracy of the ratio of plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 386–94.
23. Hannemann A, Bidlingmaier M, Friedrich N et al. Screening for primary aldosteronism in hypertensive subjects: results from two German epidemiological studies. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167: 7–15.
24. Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1.125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2293–300.
25. Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1243–8.
26. Stowasser M, Sharman J, Leano R et al. Evidence for abnormal left ventricular structure and function in normotensive individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Clin Endocrinol and Metab 2005; 90: 5070–6.
27. Rossi GP, Cesari M, Cuspidi C et al. Long-term control of arterial hypertension and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy with treatment of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2013; 62: 62–9.
28. Reincke M, Fischer E, Gerum S et al. German Conn’s Registry-Else Kroner-Fresenius-Hyperaldosteronism R. Observational study mortality in treated primary aldosteronism. The German Conn's Registry. Hypertension 2012; 60 (3): 618–24.
29. Lin YH, Lin LY, Chen A et al. Adrenalectomy improves increased carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in patients with aldosterone producing adenoma. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221: 154–9.
30. Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after ‘nonselective’ screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 2149–57.
31. Catena C, Colussi G, Lapenna R et al. Long-term cardiac effects of adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2007; 50: 911–8.
32. Wu VC, Kuo CC, Wang SM et al. Primary aldosteronism: changes in cystatin C-based kidney filtration, proteinuria, and renal duplex indices with treatment. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 1778–86.
33. Трошина ЕА, Бельцевич ДГ, Молашенко НВ. Диагностика и дифференциальная диагностика первичного гиперальдостеронизма. Клин. медицина. 2009; 5: 15–20. / Troshina EA, Bel'tsevich DG, Molashenko NV. Diagnostika i differentsial'naia diagnostika pervichnogo giperal'dosteronizma. Klin. meditsina. 2009; 5: 15–20. [in Russian]
34. Montori VM, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB et al. Validity of the aldosterone-renin ratio used to screen for primary aldosteronism. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 877–882.
35. Stowasser M, Ahmed AH, Pimenta E et al. Factors affecting the aldosterone/renin ratio. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44: 170–6.
36. Montori VM, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB et al. Validity of the aldosterone-renin ratio used to screen for primary aldosteronism. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 877–82.
37. Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C et al. Primary hyperaldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile, and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1863–7.
38. Mosso L, Carvajal C, González A et al. Primary aldosteronism and hypertensive disease. Hypertension 2003; 42 (2): 161–5.
39. Gallay BJ, Ahmad S, Xu L et al. Screening for primary aldosteronism without discontinuing hypertensive medications: plasma aldosterone-renin ratio. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37: 699–705.
40. Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC et al. The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 72–8.
41. Solar M, Malirova E, Ballon M et al. Confirmatory testing in primary aldosteronism: extensive medication switching is not needed in all patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166: 679–86.
42. Young WF. Primary aldosteronism: renaissance of a syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 2007; 66: 607–18.
43. Young WF. Conventional imaging in adrenocortical carcinoma: update and perspectives. Horm canc 2011; 2: 341–7.
44. Nwariaku FE, Miller BS, Auchus R et al. Primary hyperaldosteronism: effect of adrenal vein sampling on surgical outcome. Arch Surg 2006; 141: 497–502.
45. Sawka AM, Young WF, Thompson GB et al. Primary aldosteronism: factors associated with normalization of blood pressure after surgery. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 258–61.
46. Meyer A, Brabant G, Behrend M. Long-term follow-up after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism. World J Surg 2005; 29: 155–9.
47. Weinberger MH, Grim CE, Hollifield JW et al. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis, localization, and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 386–95.
48. Baer L, Sommers SC, Krakoff LR et al. Pseudoprimary aldosteronism. An entity distinct from true primary aldosteronism. Circ Res 1970; 27: 203–20.
49. Priestley JT, Ferris DO, ReMine WH, Woolner LB. Primary aldosteronism: surgical management and pathologic findings. Mayo Clin Proc 1968; 43: 761–75.
50. Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery 2004; 136: 1227–35.
51. Doppman JL, Gill JR. Hyperaldosteronism: sampling the adrenal veins. Radiology 1996; 198: 309–12.
52. Vonend O, Ockenfels N, Gao X et al. Adrenal venous sampling: evaluation of the German Conn’s registry. Hypertension 2011; 57: 990–5.
53. Mengozzi G, Rossato D, Bertello C et al. Rapid cortisol assay during adrenal vein sampling in patients with primary aldosteronism. Clin Chem 2007; 53: 1968–71.
54. Auchus RJ, Michaelis C, Wians FH et al. Rapid cortisol assays improve the success rate of adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 318–21.
55. Reardon MA, Angle JF, Abi-Jaoudeh N et al. Intraprocedural cortisol levels in the evaluation of proper catheter placement in adrenal venous sampling. J Vascular Interv Radiol 2011; 22: 1575–80.
56. Rossi GP. Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40: 313–32.
57. Betz MJ, Degenhart C, Fischer E et al. Adrenal vein sampling using rapid cortisol assays in primary aldosteronism is useful in centers with low success rates. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165: 301–6.
58. Viste K, Grytaas MA, Jorstad MD et al. Efficacy of adrenal venous sampling is increased by point of care cortisol analysis. Endocr Connect 2013; 2: 236–42.
59. Riester A, Fischer E, Degenhart C et al. Age below 40 or a recently proposed clinical prediction score cannot bypass adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: E1035–9.
60. Lim V, Guo Q, Grant CS et al. Accuracy of adrenal imaging and adrenal venous sampling in predicting surgical cure of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: 2712–19.
61. Rossi GP, Barisa M, Allolio B et al. The Adrenal Vein Sampling International Study (AVIS) for identifying the major subtypes of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 1606–14.
62. Stowaser M et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2001; 2; 156–69.
63. Rossi GP, Auchus RJ, Brown M et al. An expert consensus statement on use of adrenal vein sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2014; 63: 151–60.
64. Webb R, Mathur A, Chang R et al. What is the best criterion for the interpretation of adrenal vein sample results in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism? Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19: 1881–6.
65. McMahon GT, Dluhy RG. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. Cardiol Rev 2004; 12: 44–8.
66. Mulatero P, Tizzani D, Viola A et al. Prevalence and characteristics of familial hyperaldosteronism: the PATOGEN study (Primary Aldosteronism in TOrino-GENetic forms). Hypertension 2011; 58: 797–803.
67. Dluhy RG, Anderson B, Harlin B et al. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism is associated with severe hypertension in early childhood. J Pediatr 2001; 138: 715–20.
68. Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M et al. A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature 1992; 355: 262–5.
69. Jonsson JR, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ et al. A new genetic test for familial hyperaldosteronism type I aids in the detection of curable hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 207: 565–71.
70. Fardella CE, Pinto M, Mosso L et al. Genetic study of patients with dexamethasone-suppressible aldosteronism without the chimeric CYP11B1/CYP11B2 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4805–7.
71. So A, Duffy DL, Gordon RD et al. Familial hyperaldosteronism type II is linked to the chromosome 7p22 region but also shows predicted heterogeneity. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 1477–84.
72. Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ et al. Clinical and pathological diversity of primary aldosteronism, including a new familial variety. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1991; 18 (5): 283–6.
73. Geller DS, Zhang J, Wisgerhof MV et al. A novel form of human mendelian hypertension featuring nonglucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3117–23.
74. Choi M, Scholl UI, Yue P et al. K channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension. Science 2011; 331: 768–72.
75. Scholl UI, Nelson-Williams C, Yue P et al. Hypertension with or without adrenal hyperplasia due to different inherited mutations in the potassium channel KCNJ5. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 2533–8.
76. Blumenfeld JD, Sealey JE, Schlussel Y et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 877–85.
77. Harris DA, Au-Yong I, Basnyat PS et al. Review of surgical management of aldosterone secreting tumours of the adrenal cortex. Eur J Surg Oncol 2003; 29: 467–74.
78. Rossi E, Regolisti G, Negro A et al. High prevalence of primary aldosteronism using postcaptopril plasma aldosterone to renin ratio as a screening test among Italian hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 896–902.
79. Young WF. Jr. Minireview: primary aldosteronism – changing concepts in diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 2208–13.
80. Lo CY, Tam PC, Kung AW et al. Primary aldosteronism. Results of surgical treatment. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 125–30.
81. Proye CA, Mulliez EA, Carnaille BM et al. Essential hypertension: first reason for persistent hypertension after unilateral adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism? Surg 1998; 124: 1128–33.
82. Wu VC, Kuo CC, Wang SM et al. Primary aldosteronism: changes in cystatin C-based kidney filtration, proteinuria, and renal duplex indices with treatment. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 1778–86.
83. Fourkiotis V, Vonend O, Diederich S et al. Effectiveness of eplerenone or spironolactone treatment in preserving renal function in primary aldosteronism. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168: 75–81.
84. Sawka AM, Young WF, Thompson GB et al. Primary aldosteronism: factors associated with normalization of blood pressure after surgery. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 258–61.
85. Ishidoya S, Ito A, Sakai K et al. Laparoscopic partial versus total adrenalectomy for aldosterone producing adenoma. J Urol 2005; 174 (1): 40–3.
86. Ghose RP, Hall PM, Bravo EL. The classic presenting signs of primary aldosteronism are hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 48: 756.
87. Mattsson C, Young WF. Primary aldosteronism: diagnostic and treatment strategies. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006; 2 (4): 198–208.
88. Fischer E, Hanslik G, Pallauf A et al. Prolonged zona glomerulosa insufficiency causing hyperkalemia in primary aldosteronism after adrenalectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 3965–73.
89. Weinberger MH, Grim CE, Hollifield JW et al. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis, localization, and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 386–95.
90. Baer L, Sommers SC, Krakoff LR et al. Pseudo-primary aldosteronism. An entity distinct from true primary aldosteronism. Circ Res 1970; 27: 203–20.
91. Priestley JT, Ferris DO, ReMine WH, Woolner LB. Primary aldosteronism: surgical management and pathologic findings. Mayo Clin Proc 1968; 43: 761–75.
92. Parthasarathy HK, Menard J, White WB et al. A double-blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 2011; 29 (5): 980–90.
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94. Donald TM. A double-blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 980–90.
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96. Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients ith primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1243–48.

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1. Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1243–8.
2. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al. ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), 2013.
3. Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F et al. The Management of Primary Aldosteronism Case Detection Diagnosis and Treatment An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101 (5): 1889–916.
4. Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C et al. An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Patients with Primary Aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93 (9): 3266–81.
5. Conn JW. Presidential address. I. Painting background. II. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome. J lab Clin Med 1955; 45: 3–17.
6. Conn JW, Cohen EL, Rovner DR, Nesbit RM. Normokalemic Primary Aldosteronism. A Detectable Cause of Curable “Essential” Hypertension. Jama 1965; 193: 200–6.
7. Conn JW. The Evolution of Primary Aldosteronism 1954–1967. Acedemic Press Inc.
8. Kaplan NM. Hypokalemia in the hypertensive patient, with observations on the incidence of primary aldosteronism. Ann Intern Med 1967; 66: 1079–90.
9. Fishman LM, Kuchel O, Liddle GW et al. Incidence of primary aldosteronism uncomplicated “essential” hypertension. A prospective study with elevated aldosterone secretion and suppressed plasma renin activity used as diagnostic criteria. Jama 1968; 205: 497–502.
10. Berglund G, Andersson O, Wilhelmsen L. Prevalence of primary and secondary hypertension: studies in a random population sample. Br Med J 1976; 2: 554–6.
11. Tucker RM, Labarthe DR. Frequency of surgical treatment for hypertension in adults at the Mayo Clinic from 1973 through 1975. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 52: 549–5.
12. Streeten DH, Tomycz N, Anderson GH. Reliability of screening methods for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Am J Med 1979; 67: 403–13.
13. Sinclair AM, Isles CG, Brown I et al. Secondary hypertension in a blood pressure clinic. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1289–93.
14. Andersen GS, Toftdahl DB, Lund JO et al. The incidence rate of phaeochromocytoma and Conn’s syndrome in Denmark, 1977–1981. J Hum Hypertens 1988; 2: 187–9.
15. Grim CE, Weinberger MH, Higgins JT, Kramer NJ. Diagnosis of secondary forms of hypertension. A comprehensive protocol. Jama 1977; 237: 1331–5.
16. Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ et al. High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21: 315–8.
17. Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C et al. Primary hyperaldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile, and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1863–7.
18. Lim PO, Dow E, Brennan G et al. High prevalence of primary aldosteronism in the Tayside hypertension clinic population. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 311–5.
19. Loh KC, Koay ES, Khaw MC et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2854–9.
20. Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clinic Endocrinol Metabo 2004; 89: 1045–50.
21. Mosso L, Carvajal C, Gonzalez A et al. Primary aldosteronism and hypertensive disease. Hypertension 2003; 42: 161–5.
22. Schwartz GL, Turner ST. Screening for primary aldosteronism in essential hypertension: diagnostic accuracy of the ratio of plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 386–94.
23. Hannemann A, Bidlingmaier M, Friedrich N et al. Screening for primary aldosteronism in hypertensive subjects: results from two German epidemiological studies. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167: 7–15.
24. Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1.125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2293–300.
25. Milliez P, Girerd X, Plouin PF et al. Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1243–8.
26. Stowasser M, Sharman J, Leano R et al. Evidence for abnormal left ventricular structure and function in normotensive individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Clin Endocrinol and Metab 2005; 90: 5070–6.
27. Rossi GP, Cesari M, Cuspidi C et al. Long-term control of arterial hypertension and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy with treatment of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2013; 62: 62–9.
28. Reincke M, Fischer E, Gerum S et al. German Conn’s Registry-Else Kroner-Fresenius-Hyperaldosteronism R. Observational study mortality in treated primary aldosteronism. The German Conn's Registry. Hypertension 2012; 60 (3): 618–24.
29. Lin YH, Lin LY, Chen A et al. Adrenalectomy improves increased carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in patients with aldosterone producing adenoma. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221: 154–9.
30. Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after ‘nonselective’ screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 2149–57.
31. Catena C, Colussi G, Lapenna R et al. Long-term cardiac effects of adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2007; 50: 911–8.
32. Wu VC, Kuo CC, Wang SM et al. Primary aldosteronism: changes in cystatin C-based kidney filtration, proteinuria, and renal duplex indices with treatment. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 1778–86.
33. Troshina EA, Bel'tsevich DG, Molashenko NV. Diagnostika i differentsial'naia diagnostika pervichnogo giperal'dosteronizma. Klin. meditsina. 2009; 5: 15–20. [in Russian]
34. Montori VM, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB et al. Validity of the aldosterone-renin ratio used to screen for primary aldosteronism. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 877–882.
35. Stowasser M, Ahmed AH, Pimenta E et al. Factors affecting the aldosterone/renin ratio. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44: 170–6.
36. Montori VM, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB et al. Validity of the aldosterone-renin ratio used to screen for primary aldosteronism. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 877–82.
37. Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gomez-Sanchez C et al. Primary hyperaldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile, and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1863–7.
38. Mosso L, Carvajal C, González A et al. Primary aldosteronism and hypertensive disease. Hypertension 2003; 42 (2): 161–5.
39. Gallay BJ, Ahmad S, Xu L et al. Screening for primary aldosteronism without discontinuing hypertensive medications: plasma aldosterone-renin ratio. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37: 699–705.
40. Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC et al. The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 72–8.
41. Solar M, Malirova E, Ballon M et al. Confirmatory testing in primary aldosteronism: extensive medication switching is not needed in all patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166: 679–86.
42. Young WF. Primary aldosteronism: renaissance of a syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 2007; 66: 607–18.
43. Young WF. Conventional imaging in adrenocortical carcinoma: update and perspectives. Horm canc 2011; 2: 341–7.
44. Nwariaku FE, Miller BS, Auchus R et al. Primary hyperaldosteronism: effect of adrenal vein sampling on surgical outcome. Arch Surg 2006; 141: 497–502.
45. Sawka AM, Young WF, Thompson GB et al. Primary aldosteronism: factors associated with normalization of blood pressure after surgery. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 258–61.
46. Meyer A, Brabant G, Behrend M. Long-term follow-up after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism. World J Surg 2005; 29: 155–9.
47. Weinberger MH, Grim CE, Hollifield JW et al. Primary aldosteronism: diagnosis, localization, and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 386–95.
48. Baer L, Sommers SC, Krakoff LR et al. Pseudoprimary aldosteronism. An entity distinct from true primary aldosteronism. Circ Res 1970; 27: 203–20.
49. Priestley JT, Ferris DO, ReMine WH, Woolner LB. Primary aldosteronism: surgical management and pathologic findings. Mayo Clin Proc 1968; 43: 761–75.
50. Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery 2004; 136: 1227–35.
51. Doppman JL, Gill JR. Hyperaldosteronism: sampling the adrenal veins. Radiology 1996; 198: 309–12.
52. Vonend O, Ockenfels N, Gao X et al. Adrenal venous sampling: evaluation of the German Conn’s registry. Hypertension 2011; 57: 990–5.
53. Mengozzi G, Rossato D, Bertello C et al. Rapid cortisol assay during adrenal vein sampling in patients with primary aldosteronism. Clin Chem 2007; 53: 1968–71.
54. Auchus RJ, Michaelis C, Wians FH et al. Rapid cortisol assays improve the success rate of adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 318–21.
55. Reardon MA, Angle JF, Abi-Jaoudeh N et al. Intraprocedural cortisol levels in the evaluation of proper catheter placement in adrenal venous sampling. J Vascular Interv Radiol 2011; 22: 1575–80.
56. Rossi GP. Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40: 313–32.
57. Betz MJ, Degenhart C, Fischer E et al. Adrenal vein sampling using rapid cortisol assays in primary aldosteronism is useful in centers with low success rates. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165: 301–6.
58. Viste K, Grytaas MA, Jorstad MD et al. Efficacy of adrenal venous sampling is increased by point of care cortisol analysis. Endocr Connect 2013; 2: 236–42.
59. Riester A, Fischer E, Degenhart C et al. Age below 40 or a recently proposed clinical prediction score cannot bypass adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: E1035–9.
60. Lim V, Guo Q, Grant CS et al. Accuracy of adrenal imaging and adrenal venous sampling in predicting surgical cure of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: 2712–19.
61. Rossi GP, Barisa M, Allolio B et al. The Adrenal Vein Sampling International Study (AVIS) for identifying the major subtypes of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 1606–14.
62. Stowaser M et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2001; 2; 156–69.
63. Rossi GP, Auchus RJ, Brown M et al. An expert consensus statement on use of adrenal vein sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2014; 63: 151–60.
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Г.А.Мельниченко, Н.М.Платонова*, Д.Г.Бельцевич, М.Ю.Юкина, Н.В.Молашенко, Е.А.Трошина

ФГБУ «Эндокринологический научный центр» Минздрава России. 117036, Россия, Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, д. 11
*doc-platonova@inbox.ru

________________________________________________

G.A.Melnichenko, N.M.Platonova*, D.G.Beltsevich, M.Yu.Yukina, N.V.Molashenko, E.A.Troshina

Endocrinology research center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117036, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Dmitria Ul'ianova, d. 11
*doc-platonova@inbox.ru