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Пролонгированный режим: контрацептивные и неконтрацептивные преимущества
Пролонгированный режим: контрацептивные и неконтрацептивные преимущества
Карахалис Л.Ю. Пролонгированный режим: контрацептивные и неконтрацептивные преимущества. Consilium Medicum. 2017; 19 (6): 54–56. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_19.6.54-56
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Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются пролонгированные режимы контрацепции, имеющие неоспоримые преимущества перед традиционными формами оральной контрацепции: снижая число менструаций, сокращают риск распространенных менструальных симптомов, частоту эндометриоза или тяжелой дисменореи, предотвращая эндогенную продукцию эстрадиола и в то же время обеспечивая высокоэффективную, безопасную контрацепцию и быструю ее обратимость. В данной статье взгляд фокусируется на долгосрочном использовании левоноргестрелсодержащего комбинированного гормонального контрацептива. Свойства левоноргестрела повышают безопасность и переносимость гормональной контрацепции.
Ключевые слова: гормональная контрацепция, пролонгированный режим.
Key words: hormonal contraception, prolonged regime.
Ключевые слова: гормональная контрацепция, пролонгированный режим.
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Key words: hormonal contraception, prolonged regime.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Schlaff WD, Lynch AM, Hughes HD et al. Manipulation of the pill-free interval in oral contraceptive pill users: the effects on follicular suppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 943–51.
2. Sulak PJ, Scow RD, Preece C et al. Hormone withdrawal symptoms in oral contraceptive users. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 261–6.
3. Coffee A, Kuehl TK, Willis SA, Sulak PJ. Oral contraceptives and premenstrualsymptoms: comparisonof a 21/7 and extendedregimen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1311–9.
4. Vandever MA, Kuehl TJ, Sulak PJ et al. Evaluation ofpituitary–ovarian axis suppression withthree oral contraceptive regimens. Contraception 2008; 77 (3): 162–70.
5. Edelman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT et al. Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 3: CD004695.
6. Yonkers KA, Brown C, Pearlstein TB et al. Efficacy of a new low dose oral contraceptive with drospirenone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 492–501.
7. Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV et al. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinylestradiol: phase 3 studyresults. Contraception 2006; 74 (6): 439–45.
8. Davis AR, Kroll R, Soltes B et al. Return to menses after continuous use of a low-dose oral contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 3S.
9. Den Tonkelaar I, Oddens BJ. Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use. Contraception 1999; 59: 357–62.
10. Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D et al. Women’s and providers’ attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004; 70: 359–63.
11. Glasier AF, Smith KB, van der Spuy ZM et al. Amenorrhea associated with contraception – an international study on acceptability. Contraception 2003; 67: 1–8.
12. Sulak PJ, Cressman BE, Waldrop E et al. Extending the duration of active oral contraceptive pills to manage hormone withdrawal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 179–83.
13. Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Ortiz M, Shull BL. Acceptance of altering the standard 21-day/7-day oral contraceptive regimen to delay menses and reduce hormone withdrawal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 1142–9.
14. Shakespeare J, Neve E, Hodder K. Is norethisterone a lifestyle drug? Results of database analysis. BMJ 2000; 320: 291.
15. Anderson FD, Hait H the Seasonale-301 Study Group. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. Contraception 2003; 68: 89–96.
16. Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 653–61.
17. Аrcher DF, Kovalevsky G, Ballagh S, Grubb GS. Effect on ovarian activity of a continuous-use regimen of oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. Fertil Steril 2005; 84 (Suppl.): S24.
18. Sullivan H, Furniss H, Spona J, Elstein M. Effect of 21-day and 24-day oral contraceptive regimens containing gestodene (60 microg) and ethinyl estradiol (15 microg) on ovarian activity. Fertil Steril 1999; 72 (1): 115–20.
19. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W et al. Shorter pill-freeinterval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception 1996; 54 (2): 71–7.
20. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL et al, editors. Contraceptive Technology, 19th revisededition. New York NY: Ardent Media, 2007; p. 747–56.
21. Shrader SP, Dickerson LM. Extended- and Continuous-Cycle Oral Contraceptives. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28 (8): 1033–40.
22. Walker AM. Newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1998; 57 (3): 169–81.
23. Hennessy S, Berlin JA, Kinman JL et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism from oral contraceptives containing gestodene and desogestrel versus levonorgestrel: a meta-analysis and formal sensitivity analysis. Contraception 2001; 64 (2): 125–33.
24. Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001; 323 (7305): 131–4.
25. Jick S, Hernandez. Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel case-control study using United States claims data. BMJ 2011; 342: d2151.
26. Parkin, Sharples, Hernandez, Jick. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or levonorgestrel: nested case-control study based on UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ 2011; 342: d2139.
27. Lidegaard O. Maturitas 2013; 74: 1–2.
28. Vinogradova Y et al. BMJ 2015; 350: h2135.
29. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin. No. 73: Use of hormonal contraception in women withcoexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107 (6): 1453–72.
30. Department of Reproductive Health, World Health Organization. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 4th ed. 2009. http://www.who. int/reproductivehealth /publications/family_planning/9789241563888/en/index.html
31. Kaunitz A. Hormonal Contraception in Women of Older Reproductive Age. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1262–70.
32. Sidney S, Siscovick DS, Petitti DB et al. Myocardial infarction and use of low-dose oral contraceptives: a pooled analysis of 2 US studies. Circulation 1998; 98: 1058–63.
33. Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Siscovick DS et al. Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women: a pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke 1998; 29: 2277–84.
34. Cardoso F, Polonia J, Santos A et al. Low-dose oral contraceptives and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997; 59: 237–43.
35. Petitti DB. Clinical practice. Combinationestrogen-progestin oral contraceptives [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2004; 350 (1): 92]. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (15): 1443–50.
36. Gold R. Rekindling efforts to prevent unplanned pregnancy: A matter of “equity and common sense”. Guttmacher Policy Rev 2006; 9: 2–6.
37. Davis SR, Bitzer J, Giraldi A et al. Change to either a nonandrogenic or androgenic progestin-containing oral contraceptive preparation s associated with improved sexual function in women with oral contraceptive-associated sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2013; 10 (12): 3069–79.
38. Nappi RE, Davis SR, Parke S et al. Effects of Estradiol Valerate/Dienogest Compared with Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel on Libido. Endocr Rev; 32 (03_MeetingAbstracts): P1–315.
39. Munro MG, Critchley HO, Broder MS et al. FIGO classification system (PALM COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 113: 3–13.
40. Krishnan S, Kiley J. The lowest-dose, extended-cycle combined oral contraceptive pill with continuous ethinyl estradiol in the United States: a review of the literature on ethinyl estradiol 20 mg/levonorgestrel 100 mg + ethinyl estradiol 10 mg. Int J Women’s Health 2010; 2: 235–9.
2. Sulak PJ, Scow RD, Preece C et al. Hormone withdrawal symptoms in oral contraceptive users. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 261–6.
3. Coffee A, Kuehl TK, Willis SA, Sulak PJ. Oral contraceptives and premenstrualsymptoms: comparisonof a 21/7 and extendedregimen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1311–9.
4. Vandever MA, Kuehl TJ, Sulak PJ et al. Evaluation ofpituitary–ovarian axis suppression withthree oral contraceptive regimens. Contraception 2008; 77 (3): 162–70.
5. Edelman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT et al. Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 3: CD004695.
6. Yonkers KA, Brown C, Pearlstein TB et al. Efficacy of a new low dose oral contraceptive with drospirenone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 492–501.
7. Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV et al. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinylestradiol: phase 3 studyresults. Contraception 2006; 74 (6): 439–45.
8. Davis AR, Kroll R, Soltes B et al. Return to menses after continuous use of a low-dose oral contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 3S.
9. Den Tonkelaar I, Oddens BJ. Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use. Contraception 1999; 59: 357–62.
10. Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D et al. Women’s and providers’ attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004; 70: 359–63.
11. Glasier AF, Smith KB, van der Spuy ZM et al. Amenorrhea associated with contraception – an international study on acceptability. Contraception 2003; 67: 1–8.
12. Sulak PJ, Cressman BE, Waldrop E et al. Extending the duration of active oral contraceptive pills to manage hormone withdrawal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 179–83.
13. Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Ortiz M, Shull BL. Acceptance of altering the standard 21-day/7-day oral contraceptive regimen to delay menses and reduce hormone withdrawal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 1142–9.
14. Shakespeare J, Neve E, Hodder K. Is norethisterone a lifestyle drug? Results of database analysis. BMJ 2000; 320: 291.
15. Anderson FD, Hait H the Seasonale-301 Study Group. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. Contraception 2003; 68: 89–96.
16. Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 653–61.
17. Аrcher DF, Kovalevsky G, Ballagh S, Grubb GS. Effect on ovarian activity of a continuous-use regimen of oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. Fertil Steril 2005; 84 (Suppl.): S24.
18. Sullivan H, Furniss H, Spona J, Elstein M. Effect of 21-day and 24-day oral contraceptive regimens containing gestodene (60 microg) and ethinyl estradiol (15 microg) on ovarian activity. Fertil Steril 1999; 72 (1): 115–20.
19. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W et al. Shorter pill-freeinterval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception 1996; 54 (2): 71–7.
20. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL et al, editors. Contraceptive Technology, 19th revisededition. New York NY: Ardent Media, 2007; p. 747–56.
21. Shrader SP, Dickerson LM. Extended- and Continuous-Cycle Oral Contraceptives. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28 (8): 1033–40.
22. Walker AM. Newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1998; 57 (3): 169–81.
23. Hennessy S, Berlin JA, Kinman JL et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism from oral contraceptives containing gestodene and desogestrel versus levonorgestrel: a meta-analysis and formal sensitivity analysis. Contraception 2001; 64 (2): 125–33.
24. Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001; 323 (7305): 131–4.
25. Jick S, Hernandez. Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel case-control study using United States claims data. BMJ 2011; 342: d2151.
26. Parkin, Sharples, Hernandez, Jick. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or levonorgestrel: nested case-control study based on UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ 2011; 342: d2139.
27. Lidegaard O. Maturitas 2013; 74: 1–2.
28. Vinogradova Y et al. BMJ 2015; 350: h2135.
29. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin. No. 73: Use of hormonal contraception in women withcoexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107 (6): 1453–72.
30. Department of Reproductive Health, World Health Organization. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 4th ed. 2009. http://www.who. int/reproductivehealth /publications/family_planning/9789241563888/en/index.html
31. Kaunitz A. Hormonal Contraception in Women of Older Reproductive Age. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1262–70.
32. Sidney S, Siscovick DS, Petitti DB et al. Myocardial infarction and use of low-dose oral contraceptives: a pooled analysis of 2 US studies. Circulation 1998; 98: 1058–63.
33. Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Siscovick DS et al. Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women: a pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke 1998; 29: 2277–84.
34. Cardoso F, Polonia J, Santos A et al. Low-dose oral contraceptives and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997; 59: 237–43.
35. Petitti DB. Clinical practice. Combinationestrogen-progestin oral contraceptives [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2004; 350 (1): 92]. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (15): 1443–50.
36. Gold R. Rekindling efforts to prevent unplanned pregnancy: A matter of “equity and common sense”. Guttmacher Policy Rev 2006; 9: 2–6.
37. Davis SR, Bitzer J, Giraldi A et al. Change to either a nonandrogenic or androgenic progestin-containing oral contraceptive preparation s associated with improved sexual function in women with oral contraceptive-associated sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2013; 10 (12): 3069–79.
38. Nappi RE, Davis SR, Parke S et al. Effects of Estradiol Valerate/Dienogest Compared with Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel on Libido. Endocr Rev; 32 (03_MeetingAbstracts): P1–315.
39. Munro MG, Critchley HO, Broder MS et al. FIGO classification system (PALM COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 113: 3–13.
40. Krishnan S, Kiley J. The lowest-dose, extended-cycle combined oral contraceptive pill with continuous ethinyl estradiol in the United States: a review of the literature on ethinyl estradiol 20 mg/levonorgestrel 100 mg + ethinyl estradiol 10 mg. Int J Women’s Health 2010; 2: 235–9.
2. Sulak PJ, Scow RD, Preece C et al. Hormone withdrawal symptoms in oral contraceptive users. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 261–6.
3. Coffee A, Kuehl TK, Willis SA, Sulak PJ. Oral contraceptives and premenstrualsymptoms: comparisonof a 21/7 and extendedregimen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1311–9.
4. Vandever MA, Kuehl TJ, Sulak PJ et al. Evaluation ofpituitary–ovarian axis suppression withthree oral contraceptive regimens. Contraception 2008; 77 (3): 162–70.
5. Edelman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT et al. Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 3: CD004695.
6. Yonkers KA, Brown C, Pearlstein TB et al. Efficacy of a new low dose oral contraceptive with drospirenone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 492–501.
7. Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV et al. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinylestradiol: phase 3 studyresults. Contraception 2006; 74 (6): 439–45.
8. Davis AR, Kroll R, Soltes B et al. Return to menses after continuous use of a low-dose oral contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 3S.
9. Den Tonkelaar I, Oddens BJ. Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use. Contraception 1999; 59: 357–62.
10. Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D et al. Women’s and providers’ attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004; 70: 359–63.
11. Glasier AF, Smith KB, van der Spuy ZM et al. Amenorrhea associated with contraception – an international study on acceptability. Contraception 2003; 67: 1–8.
12. Sulak PJ, Cressman BE, Waldrop E et al. Extending the duration of active oral contraceptive pills to manage hormone withdrawal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 179–83.
13. Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Ortiz M, Shull BL. Acceptance of altering the standard 21-day/7-day oral contraceptive regimen to delay menses and reduce hormone withdrawal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 1142–9.
14. Shakespeare J, Neve E, Hodder K. Is norethisterone a lifestyle drug? Results of database analysis. BMJ 2000; 320: 291.
15. Anderson FD, Hait H the Seasonale-301 Study Group. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. Contraception 2003; 68: 89–96.
16. Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 653–61.
17. Аrcher DF, Kovalevsky G, Ballagh S, Grubb GS. Effect on ovarian activity of a continuous-use regimen of oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. Fertil Steril 2005; 84 (Suppl.): S24.
18. Sullivan H, Furniss H, Spona J, Elstein M. Effect of 21-day and 24-day oral contraceptive regimens containing gestodene (60 microg) and ethinyl estradiol (15 microg) on ovarian activity. Fertil Steril 1999; 72 (1): 115–20.
19. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W et al. Shorter pill-freeinterval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception 1996; 54 (2): 71–7.
20. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL et al, editors. Contraceptive Technology, 19th revisededition. New York NY: Ardent Media, 2007; p. 747–56.
21. Shrader SP, Dickerson LM. Extended- and Continuous-Cycle Oral Contraceptives. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28 (8): 1033–40.
22. Walker AM. Newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1998; 57 (3): 169–81.
23. Hennessy S, Berlin JA, Kinman JL et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism from oral contraceptives containing gestodene and desogestrel versus levonorgestrel: a meta-analysis and formal sensitivity analysis. Contraception 2001; 64 (2): 125–33.
24. Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001; 323 (7305): 131–4.
25. Jick S, Hernandez. Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel case-control study using United States claims data. BMJ 2011; 342: d2151.
26. Parkin, Sharples, Hernandez, Jick. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or levonorgestrel: nested case-control study based on UK General Practice Research Database. BMJ 2011; 342: d2139.
27. Lidegaard O. Maturitas 2013; 74: 1–2.
28. Vinogradova Y et al. BMJ 2015; 350: h2135.
29. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin. No. 73: Use of hormonal contraception in women withcoexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107 (6): 1453–72.
30. Department of Reproductive Health, World Health Organization. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 4th ed. 2009. http://www.who. int/reproductivehealth /publications/family_planning/9789241563888/en/index.html
31. Kaunitz A. Hormonal Contraception in Women of Older Reproductive Age. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1262–70.
32. Sidney S, Siscovick DS, Petitti DB et al. Myocardial infarction and use of low-dose oral contraceptives: a pooled analysis of 2 US studies. Circulation 1998; 98: 1058–63.
33. Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Siscovick DS et al. Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women: a pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke 1998; 29: 2277–84.
34. Cardoso F, Polonia J, Santos A et al. Low-dose oral contraceptives and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997; 59: 237–43.
35. Petitti DB. Clinical practice. Combinationestrogen-progestin oral contraceptives [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2004; 350 (1): 92]. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (15): 1443–50.
36. Gold R. Rekindling efforts to prevent unplanned pregnancy: A matter of “equity and common sense”. Guttmacher Policy Rev 2006; 9: 2–6.
37. Davis SR, Bitzer J, Giraldi A et al. Change to either a nonandrogenic or androgenic progestin-containing oral contraceptive preparation s associated with improved sexual function in women with oral contraceptive-associated sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2013; 10 (12): 3069–79.
38. Nappi RE, Davis SR, Parke S et al. Effects of Estradiol Valerate/Dienogest Compared with Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel on Libido. Endocr Rev; 32 (03_MeetingAbstracts): P1–315.
39. Munro MG, Critchley HO, Broder MS et al. FIGO classification system (PALM COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 113: 3–13.
40. Krishnan S, Kiley J. The lowest-dose, extended-cycle combined oral contraceptive pill with continuous ethinyl estradiol in the United States: a review of the literature on ethinyl estradiol 20 mg/levonorgestrel 100 mg + ethinyl estradiol 10 mg. Int J Women’s Health 2010; 2: 235–9.
________________________________________________
2. Sulak PJ, Scow RD, Preece C et al. Hormone withdrawal symptoms in oral contraceptive users. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 261–6.
3. Coffee A, Kuehl TK, Willis SA, Sulak PJ. Oral contraceptives and premenstrualsymptoms: comparisonof a 21/7 and extendedregimen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1311–9.
4. Vandever MA, Kuehl TJ, Sulak PJ et al. Evaluation ofpituitary–ovarian axis suppression withthree oral contraceptive regimens. Contraception 2008; 77 (3): 162–70.
5. Edelman AB, Gallo MF, Jensen JT et al. Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 3: CD004695.
6. Yonkers KA, Brown C, Pearlstein TB et al. Efficacy of a new low dose oral contraceptive with drospirenone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 492–501.
7. Archer DF, Jensen JT, Johnson JV et al. Evaluation of a continuous regimen of levonorgestrel/ethinylestradiol: phase 3 studyresults. Contraception 2006; 74 (6): 439–45.
8. Davis AR, Kroll R, Soltes B et al. Return to menses after continuous use of a low-dose oral contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 3S.
9. Den Tonkelaar I, Oddens BJ. Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use. Contraception 1999; 59: 357–62.
10. Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D et al. Women’s and providers’ attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004; 70: 359–63.
11. Glasier AF, Smith KB, van der Spuy ZM et al. Amenorrhea associated with contraception – an international study on acceptability. Contraception 2003; 67: 1–8.
12. Sulak PJ, Cressman BE, Waldrop E et al. Extending the duration of active oral contraceptive pills to manage hormone withdrawal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 179–83.
13. Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Ortiz M, Shull BL. Acceptance of altering the standard 21-day/7-day oral contraceptive regimen to delay menses and reduce hormone withdrawal symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 1142–9.
14. Shakespeare J, Neve E, Hodder K. Is norethisterone a lifestyle drug? Results of database analysis. BMJ 2000; 320: 291.
15. Anderson FD, Hait H the Seasonale-301 Study Group. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. Contraception 2003; 68: 89–96.
16. Miller L, Hughes JP. Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 653–61.
17. Аrcher DF, Kovalevsky G, Ballagh S, Grubb GS. Effect on ovarian activity of a continuous-use regimen of oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. Fertil Steril 2005; 84 (Suppl.): S24.
18. Sullivan H, Furniss H, Spona J, Elstein M. Effect of 21-day and 24-day oral contraceptive regimens containing gestodene (60 microg) and ethinyl estradiol (15 microg) on ovarian activity. Fertil Steril 1999; 72 (1): 115–20.
19. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W et al. Shorter pill-freeinterval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. Contraception 1996; 54 (2): 71–7.
20. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL et al, editors. Contraceptive Technology, 19th revisededition. New York NY: Ardent Media, 2007; p. 747–56.
21. Shrader SP, Dickerson LM. Extended- and Continuous-Cycle Oral Contraceptives. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28 (8): 1033–40.
22. Walker AM. Newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1998; 57 (3): 169–81.
23. Hennessy S, Berlin JA, Kinman JL et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism from oral contraceptives containing gestodene and desogestrel versus levonorgestrel: a meta-analysis and formal sensitivity analysis. Contraception 2001; 64 (2): 125–33.
24. Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001; 323 (7305): 131–4.
25. Jick S, Hernandez. Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel case-control study using United States claims data. BMJ 2011; 342: d2151.
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Авторы
Л.Ю.Карахалис
ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России. 350063, Россия, Краснодар, ул. Седина, д. 4
lomela@mail.ru
Kuban State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 350063, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, ul. Sedina, d. 4
lomela@mail.ru
ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России. 350063, Россия, Краснодар, ул. Седина, д. 4
lomela@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Kuban State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 350063, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, ul. Sedina, d. 4
lomela@mail.ru
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