Сахарный диабет после трансплантации печени: патогенез, факторы риска, верификация, влияние на прогноз

1. Davidson J, Wilkinson A, Dantal J et al. New-onset diabetes after transplantation: 2003 International consensus guidelines. Proceedings of an international expert panel meeting. Barcelona, Spain, 19 February 2003. Transplantation. 2003; 75 (Suppl. 10): SS3–24. DOI: 10.1097/01.TP.0000069952.49242.3E
2. Stockmann M, Steinmuller TH, Nolting S, Neuhaus P. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus after orthotopic liver transplantation. Trans Proceed 2002; 34 (5): 1571–2.
3. Wilkinson A, Davidson J, Dotta F et al. Guidelines for the treatment and management of new-onset diabetes after transplantation1. Clin Transpl 2005; 19 (3): 291–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00359.x
4. Sharif A, Hecking M, de Vries APJ et al. Proceedings from an international consensus meeting on posttransplantation diabetes mellitus: recommendations and future directions. Am J Transpl 2014; 14 (9): 1992–2000. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12850
5. Baid S, Cosimi AB, Farrell ML et al. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus in liver transplant recipients: risk factors, temporal relationship with hepatitis C virus allograft hepatitis, and impact on mortality. Transplantation 2001; 72 (6): 1066–72.
6. Lucey MR, Terrault N, Ojo L et al. Long‐Term Management of the Successful Adult Liver Transplant: 2012 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2013; 19: 3–26.
7. Ruiz-Rebollo ML, Sánchez-Antolín G, García-Pajares F et al. Risk of development of the metabolic syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (2): 663–5.
8. Pageaux GP, Faure S, Bouyabrine H et al. Long-term outcomes of liver transplantation: diabetes mellitus. Liver Transpl 2009; 15 (Suppl. 2): 79–82. 
9. Laura De Luca, Rachel Westbrook, Emmanuel A. Tsochatzis Royal Metabolic and cardiovascular complications in the liver transplant recipient. Ann Gastroenterol 2015; 28 (2): 182–92.
10. Laish I, Braun M, Mor E. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence, risk factors, and association with cardiovascular events. Liver Transpl 2011.
11. Laryea M, Watt KD, Molinari M et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence and association with major vascular events. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (8): 1109–14.
12. Bianchi G, Marchesini G, Marzocchi R et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplantation: relation to etiology and immunosuppression. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (11): 1648–54.
13. Cole EH, Johnston O, Rose CL, Gill JS. Impact of acute rejection and new-onset diabetes on longterm transplant graft and patient survival. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 814–21.
14. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK et al. Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post-liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant 2010; 10 (6): 1420–7.
15. John PR, Thuluvath PJ. Outcome of liver transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Hepatology 2001; 34 (5): 889–95.
16. Kato T. Glucose intolerance, as пeflected by hemoglobin A1c level, is associated with the incidence and severity of transplant coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiology 2004; 43 (6): 1034
17. Veldt BJ, Poterucha JJ, Watt KD et al. Insulin resistance, serum adipokines and risk of fibrosis progression in patients transplanted for hepatitis C. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (6); 1406–13.
18. Hanouneh IA, Feldstein AE, McCullough AJ et al. The significance of metabolic syndrome in the setting of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (9): 1287–93.
19. Moon JI, Barbeito R, Faradji RN et al. Negative impact of new-onset diabetes mellitus on patient and graft survival after liver transplantation: long-term follow up. Transplantation 2006; 82 (12): 1625–8.
20. Скляник И.А., Шамхалова М.Ш., Шестакова М.В. Посттрансплантационный сахарный диабет. Обзор литературы. Сахарный диабет. 2015; 18 (2): 20–31. / Sklianik I.A., Shamkhalova M.Sh., Shestakova M.V. Posttransplantatsionnyi sakharnyi diabet. Obzor literatury. Sakharnyi diabet. 2015; 18 (2): 20–31. [in Russian]
21. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом.  Под ред. И.И.Дедова, М.В.Шестаковой, А.Ю.Майорова. Вып. 8. М.: УП ПРИНТ, 2017. / Algoritmy spetsializirovannoi meditsinskoi pomoshchi bol'nym sakharnym diabetom.  Pod red. I.I.Dedova, M.V.Shestakovoi, A.Iu.Maiorova. Vyp. 8. M.: UP PRINT, 2017. [in Russian]
22. Общероссийская общественная организация трансплантологов «Российское трансплантологическое общество». Трансплантация сердца. Национальные клинические рекомендации, 2013 год. / Obshcherossiiskaia obshchestvennaia organizatsiia transplantologov “Rossiiskoe transplantologicheskoe obshchestvo”. Transplantatsiia serdtsa. Natsional'nye klinicheskie rekomendatsii, 2013 god.  [in Russian]
23. Bayer N, Philip T, Cochetti P et al. Association of metabolic syndrome with development of new onset diabetes after transplantation. Transplantation 2010; 90: 861–6.
24. Porrini E, Silva I, Ibernon M et al. The natural history of prediabetes and new onset diabetes after transplantation. Proceedings of the ERA-EDTA 50th Congress; 2013; May 18–21; Istanbul, Turkey. p. Abstract T002.
25. Kuo HT, Sampaio MS, Ye X et al. Risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus in adult liver transplant recipients, an analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database. Transplantation 2010; 89 (9): 1134–40.
26. Porrini E, Delgado P, Alvarez A et al. The combined effect of pre-transplant triglyceride levels and the type of calcineurin inhibitor in predicting the risk of new onset diabetes after renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 23: 1436–41.
27. Hornum M, Jørgensen KA, Hansen JM et al. New-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation in Denmark. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 709–16. 
28. Vincenti F, Friman S, Scheuermann E et al. Results of an international, randomized trial comparing glucose metabolism disorders and outcome with cyclosporine versus tacrolimus. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 1506–14.
29. Wissing K, Kuypers, D, Abramowicz, D et al. Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporin A improves glucose metabolism in patients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation: Interim analysis of a prospective and randomized study. Presented at the 16th ESOT Congress; September 8–11, 2013; Vienna, Austria. p. Abstract 231475.
30. Pham PCT, Pham PMT, Pham SV et al. Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2 (2): 366–73. DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02960906 
31. Van Laecke S, Van Biesen W, Verbeke F et al. Posttransplantation hypomagnesemia and its relation with immunosuppression as predictors of new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (9): 2140–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02752.x
32. Augusto JF, Subra JF, Duveau A et al. Relation between pretransplant magnesemia and the risk of new onset diabetes after transplantation within the first year of kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2014; 97 (11): 1155–60.
33. Bloom RD, Lake JR. Emerging issues in hepatitis C virus-positive liver and kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2006; 6 (10): 2232–7.
34. Bigam DL, Pennington JJ, Carpentier A et al. Hepatitis C-related cirrhosis: a predictor of diabetes after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2000; 32: 87–90. 
35. Trail KC, McCashland TM, Larsen JL et al. Morbidity in patients with posttransplant diabetes mellitus following orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1996; 2: 276–83. 
36. Tueche SG. Diabetes mellitus after liver transplant new etiologic clues and cornerstones for understanding. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 1466–8. 
37. Chan JC, Cockram CS, Critchley JA. Drug-induced disorders of glucose metabolism. Mechanisms and management. Drug Saf 1996; 15: 135–57.
38. Yates CJ, Cohney SJ. Prediction and diagnosis of post transplant diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2015; 11 (3): 170–4.
39. Valderhaug TG, Hjelmesaeth J, Hartmann A et al. The association of early post-transplant glucose levels with long-term mortality. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 1341–9.
40. Sharif A, Moore RH, Baboolal K. The use of oral glucose tolerance tests to risk stratify for new-onset diabetes after transplantation: An underdiagnosed phenomenon. Transplantation 2006; 82: 1667–72.
41. Lane JT, Dagogo-Jack S. Approach to the patient with new-onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96 (11): 3289–97.
42. Valderhaug TG, Jenssen T, Hartmann A et al. Fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in the screening for diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2009; 88: 429–34.
43. Armstrong KA, Prins JB, Beller EM et al. Should an oral glucose tolerance test be performed routinely in all renal transplant recipients? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 100–8.
44. Hecking M, Werzowa J, Haidinger M et al. New-onset diabetes after transplantation: Development, prevention, treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28: 550–66. PubMed: 23328712.
45. Hecking M, Kainz A, Werzowa J et al. Glucose metabolism after renal transplantation. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2763–71. PubMed: 23656979.
46. Caillard S, Eprinchard L, Perrin P et al. Incidence and risk factors of glucose metabolism disorders in kidney transplant recipients: Role of systematics screening by oral glucose tolerance test. Transplantation 2011; 91: 757–64.
47. Valderhaug TG, Hjelmesaeth J, Jenssen T et al. Early posttransplantation hyperglycemia in kidney transplant recipients is associated with overall longterm graft losses. Transplantation 2012; 94: 714–20.
48. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2013. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 (Suppl. 1): S11–S66.
49. Sharif A, Baboolal K. Diagnostic application of the A assay in renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 383–5. PubMed: 20133482.
50. Shabir S, Jham S, Harper L et al. Validity of glycated haemoglobin to diagnose new onset diabetes after transplantation. Transplant Int 2013; 26: 315–21.
51. Werzowa J, Hecking M, Haidinger M et al. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15: 27. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0601-x
52. Perito ER, Lustig RH, Rosenthal P. Prediabetes in Pediatric Recipients of Liver Transplant: Mechanism and Risk Factors. J Pediatr 2017; 182: 223–31. e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.070. Epub 2016 Dec 29.
53. Bergrem HA, Valderhaug TG, Hartmann A et al. Undiagnosed diabetes in kidney transplant candidates: A case-finding strategy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 616–22. PubMed: 20133490.
54. Tietge UJ, Selberg O, Kreter A et al. Alterations in glucose metabolism associated with liver cirrhosis persist in the clinically stable long-term course after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10 (8): 1030–40.
55. Бондарь И.А., Климонтов В.В., Мигуськина Е.И. и др. Трансплантация печени по поводу первичного билиарного цирроза у больного сахарным диабетом. Cахарный диабет. 2011; 3: 113–5. / Bondar' I.A., Klimontov V.V., Migus'kina E.I. i dr. Transplantatsiia pecheni po povodu pervichnogo biliarnogo tsirroza u bol'nogo sakharnym diabetom. Cakharnyi diabet. 2011; 3: 113–5. [in Russian]
56. Sharif A, Baboolal K. Risk factors for new onset diabetes after transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6: 415–23.
57. Hampton T. Diabetes drugs tied to fractures in women. JAMA 2007; 297: 1645–7.
58. Pham PT, Pham PC, Lipshutz GE et al. New Onset diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplantation. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2007; 36: 873–90.
59. Valantine H, Rickenbaker P, Kemna M et al. Metabolic abnormalities characteristic of dysmetabolic syndrome predict the development of transplant coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 103: 2144–52.
60. Bodziak KA, Hricik DE. New-onset diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplantation. Transplant Int2009; 22: 519–30.
61. Hjelmesaeth J, Hartmann A, Leivestad T et al. The impact of early-diagnosed new-onset post-transplantation diabetes mellitus on survival and major cardiac events. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 588–95.
62. Готье С.В., Хомяков С.М., Арзуманов С.В. Трансплантация печени. Национальные клинические рекомендации. (Утверждены решением Координационного Совета общероссийской общественной организации трансплантологов «Российское трансплантологическое общество».) М., 2013. http://transpl.ru/images/cms/
/data/pdf/nacional_nye_klinicheskie_rekomendacii_po_transplantacii_pecheni.pdf / Got'e S.V., Khomiakov S.M., Arzumanov S.V. Transplantatsiia pecheni. Natsional'nye klinicheskie rekomendatsii. (Utverzhdeny resheniem Koordinatsionnogo Soveta obshcherossiiskoi obshchestvennoi organizatsii transplantologov “Rossiiskoe transplantologicheskoe obshchestvo”.) M., 2013. http://transpl.ru/images/cms//data/pdf/ nacional_nye_klinicheskie_rekomendacii_po_transplantacii_pecheni.pdf [in Russian]
63. Готье С.В., Мойсюк Я.Г. Трансплантология. Фармакотерапия без ошибок. М., 2014. / Got'e S.V., Moisiuk Ia.G. Transplantologiia. Farmakoterapiia bez oshibok. M., 2014. [in Russian]
64. Государственный реестр лекарственных средств: grls.rosminzdrav.ru / Gosudarstvennyi reestr lekarstvennykh sredstv: grls.rosminzdrav.ru [in Russian]
65. Johnston O, Rose CL, Webster AC, Gill JS. Sirolimus is associated with new-onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 1411–8.

________________________________________________

1. Davidson J, Wilkinson A, Dantal J et al. New-onset diabetes after transplantation: 2003 International consensus guidelines. Proceedings of an international expert panel meeting. Barcelona, Spain, 19 February 2003. Transplantation. 2003; 75 (Suppl. 10): SS3–24. DOI: 10.1097/01.TP.0000069952.49242.3E
2. Stockmann M, Steinmuller TH, Nolting S, Neuhaus P. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus after orthotopic liver transplantation. Trans Proceed 2002; 34 (5): 1571–2.
3. Wilkinson A, Davidson J, Dotta F et al. Guidelines for the treatment and management of new-onset diabetes after transplantation1. Clin Transpl 2005; 19 (3): 291–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00359.x
4. Sharif A, Hecking M, de Vries APJ et al. Proceedings from an international consensus meeting on posttransplantation diabetes mellitus: recommendations and future directions. Am J Transpl 2014; 14 (9): 1992–2000. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12850
5. Baid S, Cosimi AB, Farrell ML et al. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus in liver transplant recipients: risk factors, temporal relationship with hepatitis C virus allograft hepatitis, and impact on mortality. Transplantation 2001; 72 (6): 1066–72.
6. Lucey MR, Terrault N, Ojo L et al. Long‐Term Management of the Successful Adult Liver Transplant: 2012 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2013; 19: 3–26.
7. Ruiz-Rebollo ML, Sánchez-Antolín G, García-Pajares F et al. Risk of development of the metabolic syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (2): 663–5.
8. Pageaux GP, Faure S, Bouyabrine H et al. Long-term outcomes of liver transplantation: diabetes mellitus. Liver Transpl 2009; 15 (Suppl. 2): 79–82. 
9. Laura De Luca, Rachel Westbrook, Emmanuel A. Tsochatzis Royal Metabolic and cardiovascular complications in the liver transplant recipient. Ann Gastroenterol 2015; 28 (2): 182–92.
10. Laish I, Braun M, Mor E. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence, risk factors, and association with cardiovascular events. Liver Transpl 2011.
11. Laryea M, Watt KD, Molinari M et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplant recipients: prevalence and association with major vascular events. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (8): 1109–14.
12. Bianchi G, Marchesini G, Marzocchi R et al. Metabolic syndrome in liver transplantation: relation to etiology and immunosuppression. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (11): 1648–54.
13. Cole EH, Johnston O, Rose CL, Gill JS. Impact of acute rejection and new-onset diabetes on longterm transplant graft and patient survival. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 814–21.
14. Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK et al. Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post-liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant 2010; 10 (6): 1420–7.
15. John PR, Thuluvath PJ. Outcome of liver transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Hepatology 2001; 34 (5): 889–95.
16. Kato T. Glucose intolerance, as пeflected by hemoglobin A1c level, is associated with the incidence and severity of transplant coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiology 2004; 43 (6): 1034
17. Veldt BJ, Poterucha JJ, Watt KD et al. Insulin resistance, serum adipokines and risk of fibrosis progression in patients transplanted for hepatitis C. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (6); 1406–13.
18. Hanouneh IA, Feldstein AE, McCullough AJ et al. The significance of metabolic syndrome in the setting of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (9): 1287–93.
19. Moon JI, Barbeito R, Faradji RN et al. Negative impact of new-onset diabetes mellitus on patient and graft survival after liver transplantation: long-term follow up. Transplantation 2006; 82 (12): 1625–8.
20. Sklianik I.A., Shamkhalova M.Sh., Shestakova M.V. Posttransplantatsionnyi sakharnyi diabet. Obzor literatury. Sakharnyi diabet. 2015; 18 (2): 20–31. [in Russian]
21. Algoritmy spetsializirovannoi meditsinskoi pomoshchi bol'nym sakharnym diabetom.  Pod red. I.I.Dedova, M.V.Shestakovoi, A.Iu.Maiorova. Vyp. 8. M.: UP PRINT, 2017. [in Russian]
22. Obshcherossiiskaia obshchestvennaia organizatsiia transplantologov “Rossiiskoe transplantologicheskoe obshchestvo”. Transplantatsiia serdtsa. Natsional'nye klinicheskie rekomendatsii, 2013 god.  [in Russian]
23. Bayer N, Philip T, Cochetti P et al. Association of metabolic syndrome with development of new onset diabetes after transplantation. Transplantation 2010; 90: 861–6.
24. Porrini E, Silva I, Ibernon M et al. The natural history of prediabetes and new onset diabetes after transplantation. Proceedings of the ERA-EDTA 50th Congress; 2013; May 18–21; Istanbul, Turkey. p. Abstract T002.
25. Kuo HT, Sampaio MS, Ye X et al. Risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus in adult liver transplant recipients, an analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database. Transplantation 2010; 89 (9): 1134–40.
26. Porrini E, Delgado P, Alvarez A et al. The combined effect of pre-transplant triglyceride levels and the type of calcineurin inhibitor in predicting the risk of new onset diabetes after renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 23: 1436–41.
27. Hornum M, Jørgensen KA, Hansen JM et al. New-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation in Denmark. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 709–16. 
28. Vincenti F, Friman S, Scheuermann E et al. Results of an international, randomized trial comparing glucose metabolism disorders and outcome with cyclosporine versus tacrolimus. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 1506–14.
29. Wissing K, Kuypers, D, Abramowicz, D et al. Conversion from tacrolimus to cyclosporin A improves glucose metabolism in patients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation: Interim analysis of a prospective and randomized study. Presented at the 16th ESOT Congress; September 8–11, 2013; Vienna, Austria. p. Abstract 231475.
30. Pham PCT, Pham PMT, Pham SV et al. Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2 (2): 366–73. DOI: 10.2215/cjn.02960906 
31. Van Laecke S, Van Biesen W, Verbeke F et al. Posttransplantation hypomagnesemia and its relation with immunosuppression as predictors of new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Am J Transplant 2009; 9 (9): 2140–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02752.x
32. Augusto JF, Subra JF, Duveau A et al. Relation between pretransplant magnesemia and the risk of new onset diabetes after transplantation within the first year of kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2014; 97 (11): 1155–60.
33. Bloom RD, Lake JR. Emerging issues in hepatitis C virus-positive liver and kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2006; 6 (10): 2232–7.
34. Bigam DL, Pennington JJ, Carpentier A et al. Hepatitis C-related cirrhosis: a predictor of diabetes after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2000; 32: 87–90. 
35. Trail KC, McCashland TM, Larsen JL et al. Morbidity in patients with posttransplant diabetes mellitus following orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg 1996; 2: 276–83. 
36. Tueche SG. Diabetes mellitus after liver transplant new etiologic clues and cornerstones for understanding. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 1466–8. 
37. Chan JC, Cockram CS, Critchley JA. Drug-induced disorders of glucose metabolism. Mechanisms and management. Drug Saf 1996; 15: 135–57.
38. Yates CJ, Cohney SJ. Prediction and diagnosis of post transplant diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2015; 11 (3): 170–4.
39. Valderhaug TG, Hjelmesaeth J, Hartmann A et al. The association of early post-transplant glucose levels with long-term mortality. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 1341–9.
40. Sharif A, Moore RH, Baboolal K. The use of oral glucose tolerance tests to risk stratify for new-onset diabetes after transplantation: An underdiagnosed phenomenon. Transplantation 2006; 82: 1667–72.
41. Lane JT, Dagogo-Jack S. Approach to the patient with new-onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96 (11): 3289–97.
42. Valderhaug TG, Jenssen T, Hartmann A et al. Fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in the screening for diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2009; 88: 429–34.
43. Armstrong KA, Prins JB, Beller EM et al. Should an oral glucose tolerance test be performed routinely in all renal transplant recipients? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 100–8.
44. Hecking M, Werzowa J, Haidinger M et al. New-onset diabetes after transplantation: Development, prevention, treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28: 550–66. PubMed: 23328712.
45. Hecking M, Kainz A, Werzowa J et al. Glucose metabolism after renal transplantation. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2763–71. PubMed: 23656979.
46. Caillard S, Eprinchard L, Perrin P et al. Incidence and risk factors of glucose metabolism disorders in kidney transplant recipients: Role of systematics screening by oral glucose tolerance test. Transplantation 2011; 91: 757–64.
47. Valderhaug TG, Hjelmesaeth J, Jenssen T et al. Early posttransplantation hyperglycemia in kidney transplant recipients is associated with overall longterm graft losses. Transplantation 2012; 94: 714–20.
48. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2013. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 (Suppl. 1): S11–S66.
49. Sharif A, Baboolal K. Diagnostic application of the A assay in renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 383–5. PubMed: 20133482.
50. Shabir S, Jham S, Harper L et al. Validity of glycated haemoglobin to diagnose new onset diabetes after transplantation. Transplant Int 2013; 26: 315–21.
51. Werzowa J, Hecking M, Haidinger M et al. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15: 27. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0601-x
52. Perito ER, Lustig RH, Rosenthal P. Prediabetes in Pediatric Recipients of Liver Transplant: Mechanism and Risk Factors. J Pediatr 2017; 182: 223–31. e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.070. Epub 2016 Dec 29.
53. Bergrem HA, Valderhaug TG, Hartmann A et al. Undiagnosed diabetes in kidney transplant candidates: A case-finding strategy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 616–22. PubMed: 20133490.
54. Tietge UJ, Selberg O, Kreter A et al. Alterations in glucose metabolism associated with liver cirrhosis persist in the clinically stable long-term course after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10 (8): 1030–40.
55. Bondar' I.A., Klimontov V.V., Migus'kina E.I. i dr. Transplantatsiia pecheni po povodu pervichnogo biliarnogo tsirroza u bol'nogo sakharnym diabetom. Cakharnyi diabet. 2011; 3: 113–5. [in Russian]
56. Sharif A, Baboolal K. Risk factors for new onset diabetes after transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6: 415–23.
57. Hampton T. Diabetes drugs tied to fractures in women. JAMA 2007; 297: 1645–7.
58. Pham PT, Pham PC, Lipshutz GE et al. New Onset diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplantation. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2007; 36: 873–90.
59. Valantine H, Rickenbaker P, Kemna M et al. Metabolic abnormalities characteristic of dysmetabolic syndrome predict the development of transplant coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 103: 2144–52.
60. Bodziak KA, Hricik DE. New-onset diabetes mellitus after solid organ transplantation. Transplant Int2009; 22: 519–30.
61. Hjelmesaeth J, Hartmann A, Leivestad T et al. The impact of early-diagnosed new-onset post-transplantation diabetes mellitus on survival and major cardiac events. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 588–95.
62. Got'e S.V., Khomiakov S.M., Arzumanov S.V. Transplantatsiia pecheni. Natsional'nye klinicheskie rekomendatsii. (Utverzhdeny resheniem Koordinatsionnogo Soveta obshcherossiiskoi obshchestvennoi organizatsii transplantologov “Rossiiskoe transplantologicheskoe obshchestvo”.) M., 2013. http://transpl.ru/images/cms//data/pdf/ nacional_nye_klinicheskie_rekomendacii_po_transplantacii_pecheni.pdf [in Russian]
63. Got'e S.V., Moisiuk Ia.G. Transplantologiia. Farmakoterapiia bez oshibok. M., 2014. [in Russian]
64. Gosudarstvennyi reestr lekarstvennykh sredstv: grls.rosminzdrav.ru [in Russian]
65. Johnston O, Rose CL, Webster AC, Gill JS. Sirolimus is associated with new-onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 1411–8.

Е.Д.Космачева, А.Э.Бабич*

ГБУЗ «НИИ–Краевая клиническая больница №1 им. проф. С.В.Очаповского» Минздрава Краснодарского края. 350029, Россия, Краснодар, ул. 1 Мая, д. 16;
ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России. 350063, Россия, Краснодар, ул. Седина, д. 4
*anna-babich1@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

E.D.Kosmacheva, A.E.Babich*

Prof. S.V.Ochapovsky Clinical Hospital №1 of the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Region. 350029, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, ul. 1 Maia, d. 16;
Kuban State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 350063, Russian Federation, Krasnodar, ul. Sedina, d. 4
*anna-babich1@yandex.ru