Профилактика венозного тромбоэмболизма в практике колопроктолога: исторические аспекты и современная реальность

1. McLeod RS, Geerts WH, Sniderman KW et al. Canadian Colorectal Surgery DVT Prophylaxis Trial investigators. Subcutaneous heparin versus low-molecular-weight heparin as thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal surgery: results of the canadian colorectal DVT prophylaxis trial: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Surg 2001; 233 (3): 438–44.
2. Wiseman DN, Harrison J. A retrospective review of the use of thromboprophylaxis in patients who subsequently developed a venous thromboembolism after discharge from hospital. N Z Med J 2010; 123 (1309): 37–49.
3. Zaghiyan KN, Sax HC, Miraflor E et al. Cedars-Sinai DVT Study Group. Timing of Chemical Thromboprophylaxis and Deep Vein Thrombosis in Major Colorectal Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Surg 2016; 264 (4): 632–9. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001856
4. Yun JL, Li XY. Prevalence of pulmonary embolism at autopsy among elderly patients in a Chinese general hospital. J Geriatr Cardiol 2016; 13 (11): 894–8. DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.11.003
5. Horlander KT, Mannino DM, Leeper KV. Pulmonary embolism mortality in the United States, 1979–1998: an analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163 (14): 1711–7.
6. Lindblad B, Eriksson A, Bergqvist D. Autopsy-verified pulmonary embolism in a surgical department: analysis of the period from 1951 to 1988. Br J Surg 1991; 78 (7): 849–52.
7. Stein P D, Henry J W. Prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism among patients in a general hospital and at autopsy. Chest 1995; 108 (4): 978–81.
8. White RH, Zhou H, Romano PS. Incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after different elective or urgent surgical procedures. Thromb Haemost 2003; 90 (3): 446–55.
9. Sandler DA, Martin JF. Autopsy proven pulmonary embolism in hospital patients: are we detecting enough deep vein thrombosis? J R Soc Med 1989; 82 (4): 203–5.
10. Dismuke SE, Wagner EH. Pulmonary embolism as a cause of death. The changing mortality in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1986; 255 (15): 2039–42.
11. Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E et al. Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5 (3): 632–4.
12. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (6): 809–15.
13. Fleming FJ, Kim MJ, Salloum RM et al. How much do we need to worry about venous thromboembolism after hospital discharge? A study of colorectal surgery patients using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53 (10): 1355–60.
14. Geerts WH, Heit JA, Clagett GP et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest 2001; 119 (Suppl. 1): 132S–175S.
15. Bustos Merlo AB, Arcelus Martínez JI, Turiño Luque JD et al.; miembros del grupo RIETE. Form of presentation, natural history and course of postoperative venous thromboembolism in patients operated on for pelvic and abdominal cancer. Analysis of the RIETE registry. Cir Esp 2017; 95 (6): 328–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2017.05.006
16. Moghadamyeghaneh Z, Hanna MH, Carmichael JC et al. A nationwide analysis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in colon and rectal surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2014; 18 (12): 2169–77. DOI: 10.1007/s11605-014-2647-5
17. Stratton MA, Anderson FA, Bussey HI et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: adherence to the 1995 American College of Chest Physicians consensus guidelines for surgical patients. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (3): 334–40.
18. Litter J. Thromboembolism; its prophylaxis and medical treatment; recent advances. Med Clin North Am 1952; 36 (5): 1309–21.
19. Lewis CE Jr, Antoine J, Mueller C et al. Elastic compression in the prevention of venous stasis. A critical reevaluation. Am J Surg 1976; 132 (6): 739–43.
20. Arcelus JI, Caprini JA, Hoffman KN et al. Modifications of plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor and endothelin-1 induced by a reverse Trendelenburg position: influence of elastic compression-preliminary results. J Vasc Surg 1995; 22 (5): 568–72.
21. Agu O, Hamilton G, Baker D. Graduated compression stockings in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Br J Surg 1999; 86 (8): 992–1004.
22. Allan A, Williams JT, Bolton JP, Le Quesne LP. The use of graduated compression stockings in the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Br J Surg 1983; 70 (3): 172–4.
23. Kakkos SK, Daskalopoulou SS, Daskalopoulos ME et al. Review on the value of graduated elastic compression stockings after deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2006; 96 (4): 441–5.
24. Amaragiri SV, Lees TA. Elastic compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (3): CD001484.
25. Allwood MJ. The effect of an increased local pressure gradient on blood flow in the foot. Clin Sci (Lond) 1957; 16 (2): 231–9.
26. Chen AH, Frangos SG, Kilaru S, Sumpio BE. Intermittent pneumatic compression devices–physiological mechanisms of action. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2001; 21 (5): 383–92.
27. Comerota AJ Chouhan V Harada RN et al. The fibrinolytic effects of intermittent pneumatic compression: mechanism of enhanced fibrinolysis Ann Surg 1997; 226 (3): 306–13.
28. Morris RJ, Woodcock JP. Evidence-based compression: prevention of stasis and deep vein thrombosis. Ann Surg 2004; 239 (2): 162–71.
29. Salzman EW, McManama GP, Shapiro AH et al. Effect of optimization of hemodynamics on fibrinolytic activity and antithrombotic efficacy of external pneumatic calf compression. Ann Surg 1987; 206 (5): 636–41.
30. Proctor MC, Greenfield LJ, Wakefield TW, Zajkowski PJ. A clinical comparison of pneumatic compression devices: the basis for selection J Vasc Surg 2001; 34(3): 459–63.
31. Urbankova J, Quiroz R, Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Intermittent pneumatic compression and deep vein thrombosis prevention. A meta-analysis in postoperative patients. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94 (6): 1181–85.
32. Kakkos SK, Caprini JA, Geroulakos G et al. Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism in high-risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 4: CD005258.
33. Wille-Jørgensen P, Rasmussen MS, Andersen BR, Borly L. Heparins and mechanical methods for thromboprophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 1: CD001217.
34. Weitz JI. Low-molecular-weight heparins. N Engl J Med 1997; 337 (10): 688–98.
35. White RH, Ginsberg JS. Low-molecular-weight heparins: are they all the same? Br J Haematol 2003; 121 (1): 12–20.
36. International Multicentre Trial. Prevention of fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism by low doses of heparin. An international multicentre trial. Lancet 1975; 2 (7924): 45–51.
37. Bergqvist D et al. ENOXACAN Study Group. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis in elective cancer surgery: a double-blind randomized multicentre trial with venographic assessment. Br J Surg. 1997; 84 (8): 1099–103.
38. Etchells E, McLeod RS, Geerts W et al. Economic analysis of low-dose heparin vs the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after colorectal surgery. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159 (11): 1221–8.
39. Mismetti P, Laporte S, Darmon JY et al. Meta-analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgery. Br J Surg 2001; 88 (7): 913–30.
40. Falkon L, Saenz-Campos D, Antonijoan R et al. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a new low molecular weight heparin (RO-11). A three way cross-over study in healthy volunteers. Thromb Res 1995; 78: 77–86.
41. Borrell M, Antonijoan RM, Ortin R et al. Pharmacokinetic profiles of two LMWH: Bemiparin 3,500 IU and Enoxaparin 4,000 IU after subcutaneous administration in healthy volunteers. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86 (Suppl.): CD3578.
42. Falkon L, Bayes M, Frontera G et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new low molecular mass heparin (RO-11) in healthy volunteers – a dose-finding study within the therapeutical range. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77: 133–6.
43. Collignon F, Frydman A, Caplain H et al. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles of three low molecular mass heparins – dalteparin, enoxaparin, nadroparin – administered subcutaneously in heathy volunteers (doses for prevention of thromboembolism). Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 630–40.
44. Eriksson BI, Soderberg K, Widlund L et al. A comparative study of three low-molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UH) in healthy volunteers. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 398–401.
45. Moreno Gonzalez E, Fontcuberta J, De La Llama F. Prophylaxis of thromboembolic disease with RO-11 (ROVI), during abdominal surgery. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43: 744–7.
46. Balibrea JL, Altimiras J, Larruzea I et al. Optimal dosing of bemiparin as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in surgery for cancer: an audit of practice. Int J Surg 2007; 5 (2): 114–9.
47. Kakkar W, Balibrea JL, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Prandoni P. Extended prophylaxis with bemiparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after abdominal or pelvic surgery for cancer: the CANBE-SURE randomized study. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8 (6): 1223–9.
48. Кудыкин М.Н. Низкомолекулярный гепарин Цибор® – современный опыт применения в хирургической клинической практике. Стационарозамещающие технологии: амбулаторная хирургия. 2015; 3–4: 35–41. / Kudykin M.N. Nizkomolekuliarnyi geparin Tsibor® – sovremennyi opyt primeneniia v khirurgicheskoi klinicheskoi praktike. Statsionarozameshchaiushchie tekhnologii: ambulatornaia khirurgiia. 2015; 3–4: 35–41. [in Russian]
49. Ciccone MM, Cortese F, Corbo F et al. Bemiparin, an effective and safe low molecular weight heparin: a review. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 62 (1): 32–7.
50. Российские клинические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике венозных тромбоэмболических осложнений. Флебология. 2010; 4 (1): 2–37. / Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii. Flebologiia. 2010; 4 (1): 2–37. [in Russian]
51. Профилактика венозных тромбоэмболических осложнений в травматологии и ортопедии. Российские клинические рекомендации. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2012; 63 (Прил. 1): 2–24. / Profilaktika venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii v travmatologii i ortopedii. Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Travmatologiia i ortopediia Rossii. 2012; 63 (Pril. 1): 2–24. [in Russian]
52. Российские клинические рекомендации по профилактике и лечению венозных тромбоэмболических осложнений у онкологических больных. М.: Планида, 2012. / Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii po profilaktike i lecheniiu venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii u onkologicheskikh bol'nykh. M.: Planida, 2012. [in Russian]
53. Профилактика венозных тромбоэмболических осложнений в акушерстве и гинекологии. Клинические рекомендации. Акушерство и гинекология. 2014; 10 (Прил.): 1–18. / Profilaktika venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii v akusherstve i ginekologii. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2014; 10 (Pril.): 1–18. [in Russian]
54. American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis. ACCP Guidelines. 9th ed Northbrook, IL: American College of Chest Physicians, 2012; s240–2.
55. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2014; 48. Advance Access published. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu283
56. Rogers SO Jr, Kilaru RK, Hosokawa P et al. Multivariable predictors of postoperative venous thromboembolic events after general and vascular surgery: results from the patient safety in surgery study. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 204 (6): 1211–21.
57. Сaprini JA. Thrombosis risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care. Dis Mon 2005; 51 (2–3): 70–8.
58. Caprini JA, Arcelus JI, Hasty JH et al. Clinical assessment of venous thromboembolic risk in surgical patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 1991; 17 (Suppl. 3): 304–12.
59. Catheline JM, Capelluto E, Gaillard JL et al. Thromboembolism prophylaxis and incidence of thromboembolic complications after laparoscopic surgery. Int J Surg Investig 2000; 2 (1): 41–7.
60. Agnelli G, Bolis G, Capussotti L et al. A clinical outcome-based prospective study on venous thromboembolism after cancer surgery: the @RISTOS project. Ann Surg 2006; 243 (1): 89–95.
61. Alcalay A, Wun T, Khatri V et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with colorectal cancer: incidence and effect on survival. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (7): 1112–8.
62. Clarke-Pearson DL, Dodge RK, Synan I et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: patients at high risk to fail intermittent pneumatic compression. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101 (1): 157–63.
63. Spyropoulos AC, Hussein M, Lin J, Battleman D. Rates of venous thromboembolism occurrence in medical patients among the insured population. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102 (5): 951–7.
64. Bahl V, Hu HM, Henke PK et al. A validation study of a retrospective venous thromboembolism risk scoring method. Ann Surg 2010; 251 (2): 344–50.
65. Gangireddy C, Rectenwald JR, Upchurch GR et al. Risk factors and clinical impact of postoperative symptomatic venous thromboembolism J Vasc Surg 2007; 4 (52): 335–41.
66. Falanga A, Zacharski L. Deep vein thrombosis in cancer: the scale of the problem and approaches to management. Ann Oncol 2005; 16 (5): 696–701.
67. Kakkar AK, Levine M, Pinedo HM et al. Venous thrombosis in cancer patients: insights from the FRONTLINE survey. Oncologist 2003; 8 (4): 381–8.
68. Лобастов К.В., Баринов В.Е., Счастливцев И.В., Лаберко Л.А. Шкала Caprini как инструмент для индивидуальной стратификации риска развития послеоперационных венозных тромбоэмболий в группе высокого риска. Хирургия. Журн. им. Н.И.Пирогова. 2014; 12: 16–23. / Lobastov K.V., Barinov V.E., Schastlivtsev I.V., Laberko L.A. Shkala Caprini kak instrument dlia individual'noi stratifikatsii riska razvitiia posleoperatsionnykh venoznykh tromboembolii v gruppe vysokogo riska. Khirurgiia. Zhurn. im. N.I.Pirogova. 2014; 12: 16–23. [in Russian]
69. Pannucci CJ, Bailey SH, Dreszer G et al. Validation of the Caprini risk assessment model in plastic and reconstructive surgery patients. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 212 (1): 105–12.
70. Lowinger JS, Maxwell DJ. Heparins for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis – safety issues. Aust Prescr 2009; 32: 108–12.
71. Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Falanga A et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline: recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25 (34): 5490–505.
72. Farge D, Bounameaux H, Brenner B et al. International clinical practice guidelines including guidance for direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17 (10): e452-e466. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30369-2

________________________________________________

1. McLeod RS, Geerts WH, Sniderman KW et al. Canadian Colorectal Surgery DVT Prophylaxis Trial investigators. Subcutaneous heparin versus low-molecular-weight heparin as thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal surgery: results of the canadian colorectal DVT prophylaxis trial: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Surg 2001; 233 (3): 438–44.
2. Wiseman DN, Harrison J. A retrospective review of the use of thromboprophylaxis in patients who subsequently developed a venous thromboembolism after discharge from hospital. N Z Med J 2010; 123 (1309): 37–49.
3. Zaghiyan KN, Sax HC, Miraflor E et al. Cedars-Sinai DVT Study Group. Timing of Chemical Thromboprophylaxis and Deep Vein Thrombosis in Major Colorectal Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Surg 2016; 264 (4): 632–9. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001856
4. Yun JL, Li XY. Prevalence of pulmonary embolism at autopsy among elderly patients in a Chinese general hospital. J Geriatr Cardiol 2016; 13 (11): 894–8. DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.11.003
5. Horlander KT, Mannino DM, Leeper KV. Pulmonary embolism mortality in the United States, 1979–1998: an analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163 (14): 1711–7.
6. Lindblad B, Eriksson A, Bergqvist D. Autopsy-verified pulmonary embolism in a surgical department: analysis of the period from 1951 to 1988. Br J Surg 1991; 78 (7): 849–52.
7. Stein P D, Henry J W. Prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism among patients in a general hospital and at autopsy. Chest 1995; 108 (4): 978–81.
8. White RH, Zhou H, Romano PS. Incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after different elective or urgent surgical procedures. Thromb Haemost 2003; 90 (3): 446–55.
9. Sandler DA, Martin JF. Autopsy proven pulmonary embolism in hospital patients: are we detecting enough deep vein thrombosis? J R Soc Med 1989; 82 (4): 203–5.
10. Dismuke SE, Wagner EH. Pulmonary embolism as a cause of death. The changing mortality in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1986; 255 (15): 2039–42.
11. Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E et al. Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5 (3): 632–4.
12. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (6): 809–15.
13. Fleming FJ, Kim MJ, Salloum RM et al. How much do we need to worry about venous thromboembolism after hospital discharge? A study of colorectal surgery patients using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53 (10): 1355–60.
14. Geerts WH, Heit JA, Clagett GP et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest 2001; 119 (Suppl. 1): 132S–175S.
15. Bustos Merlo AB, Arcelus Martínez JI, Turiño Luque JD et al.; miembros del grupo RIETE. Form of presentation, natural history and course of postoperative venous thromboembolism in patients operated on for pelvic and abdominal cancer. Analysis of the RIETE registry. Cir Esp 2017; 95 (6): 328–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2017.05.006
16. Moghadamyeghaneh Z, Hanna MH, Carmichael JC et al. A nationwide analysis of postoperative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in colon and rectal surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2014; 18 (12): 2169–77. DOI: 10.1007/s11605-014-2647-5
17. Stratton MA, Anderson FA, Bussey HI et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: adherence to the 1995 American College of Chest Physicians consensus guidelines for surgical patients. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (3): 334–40.
18. Litter J. Thromboembolism; its prophylaxis and medical treatment; recent advances. Med Clin North Am 1952; 36 (5): 1309–21.
19. Lewis CE Jr, Antoine J, Mueller C et al. Elastic compression in the prevention of venous stasis. A critical reevaluation. Am J Surg 1976; 132 (6): 739–43.
20. Arcelus JI, Caprini JA, Hoffman KN et al. Modifications of plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor and endothelin-1 induced by a reverse Trendelenburg position: influence of elastic compression-preliminary results. J Vasc Surg 1995; 22 (5): 568–72.
21. Agu O, Hamilton G, Baker D. Graduated compression stockings in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Br J Surg 1999; 86 (8): 992–1004.
22. Allan A, Williams JT, Bolton JP, Le Quesne LP. The use of graduated compression stockings in the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Br J Surg 1983; 70 (3): 172–4.
23. Kakkos SK, Daskalopoulou SS, Daskalopoulos ME et al. Review on the value of graduated elastic compression stockings after deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2006; 96 (4): 441–5.
24. Amaragiri SV, Lees TA. Elastic compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (3): CD001484.
25. Allwood MJ. The effect of an increased local pressure gradient on blood flow in the foot. Clin Sci (Lond) 1957; 16 (2): 231–9.
26. Chen AH, Frangos SG, Kilaru S, Sumpio BE. Intermittent pneumatic compression devices–physiological mechanisms of action. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2001; 21 (5): 383–92.
27. Comerota AJ Chouhan V Harada RN et al. The fibrinolytic effects of intermittent pneumatic compression: mechanism of enhanced fibrinolysis Ann Surg 1997; 226 (3): 306–13.
28. Morris RJ, Woodcock JP. Evidence-based compression: prevention of stasis and deep vein thrombosis. Ann Surg 2004; 239 (2): 162–71.
29. Salzman EW, McManama GP, Shapiro AH et al. Effect of optimization of hemodynamics on fibrinolytic activity and antithrombotic efficacy of external pneumatic calf compression. Ann Surg 1987; 206 (5): 636–41.
30. Proctor MC, Greenfield LJ, Wakefield TW, Zajkowski PJ. A clinical comparison of pneumatic compression devices: the basis for selection J Vasc Surg 2001; 34(3): 459–63.
31. Urbankova J, Quiroz R, Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Intermittent pneumatic compression and deep vein thrombosis prevention. A meta-analysis in postoperative patients. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94 (6): 1181–85.
32. Kakkos SK, Caprini JA, Geroulakos G et al. Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism in high-risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 4: CD005258.
33. Wille-Jørgensen P, Rasmussen MS, Andersen BR, Borly L. Heparins and mechanical methods for thromboprophylaxis in colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 1: CD001217.
34. Weitz JI. Low-molecular-weight heparins. N Engl J Med 1997; 337 (10): 688–98.
35. White RH, Ginsberg JS. Low-molecular-weight heparins: are they all the same? Br J Haematol 2003; 121 (1): 12–20.
36. International Multicentre Trial. Prevention of fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism by low doses of heparin. An international multicentre trial. Lancet 1975; 2 (7924): 45–51.
37. Bergqvist D et al. ENOXACAN Study Group. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis in elective cancer surgery: a double-blind randomized multicentre trial with venographic assessment. Br J Surg. 1997; 84 (8): 1099–103.
38. Etchells E, McLeod RS, Geerts W et al. Economic analysis of low-dose heparin vs the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after colorectal surgery. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159 (11): 1221–8.
39. Mismetti P, Laporte S, Darmon JY et al. Meta-analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgery. Br J Surg 2001; 88 (7): 913–30.
40. Falkon L, Saenz-Campos D, Antonijoan R et al. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a new low molecular weight heparin (RO-11). A three way cross-over study in healthy volunteers. Thromb Res 1995; 78: 77–86.
41. Borrell M, Antonijoan RM, Ortin R et al. Pharmacokinetic profiles of two LMWH: Bemiparin 3,500 IU and Enoxaparin 4,000 IU after subcutaneous administration in healthy volunteers. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86 (Suppl.): CD3578.
42. Falkon L, Bayes M, Frontera G et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new low molecular mass heparin (RO-11) in healthy volunteers – a dose-finding study within the therapeutical range. Thromb Haemost 1997; 77: 133–6.
43. Collignon F, Frydman A, Caplain H et al. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles of three low molecular mass heparins – dalteparin, enoxaparin, nadroparin – administered subcutaneously in heathy volunteers (doses for prevention of thromboembolism). Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 630–40.
44. Eriksson BI, Soderberg K, Widlund L et al. A comparative study of three low-molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UH) in healthy volunteers. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 398–401.
45. Moreno Gonzalez E, Fontcuberta J, De La Llama F. Prophylaxis of thromboembolic disease with RO-11 (ROVI), during abdominal surgery. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43: 744–7.
46. Balibrea JL, Altimiras J, Larruzea I et al. Optimal dosing of bemiparin as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in surgery for cancer: an audit of practice. Int J Surg 2007; 5 (2): 114–9.
47. Kakkar W, Balibrea JL, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Prandoni P. Extended prophylaxis with bemiparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after abdominal or pelvic surgery for cancer: the CANBE-SURE randomized study. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8 (6): 1223–9.
48. Kudykin M.N. Nizkomolekuliarnyi geparin Tsibor® – sovremennyi opyt primeneniia v khirurgicheskoi klinicheskoi praktike. Statsionarozameshchaiushchie tekhnologii: ambulatornaia khirurgiia. 2015; 3–4: 35–41. [in Russian]
49. Ciccone MM, Cortese F, Corbo F et al. Bemiparin, an effective and safe low molecular weight heparin: a review. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 62 (1): 32–7.
50. Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike, lecheniiu i profilaktike venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii. Flebologiia. 2010; 4 (1): 2–37. [in Russian]
51. Profilaktika venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii v travmatologii i ortopedii. Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Travmatologiia i ortopediia Rossii. 2012; 63 (Pril. 1): 2–24. [in Russian]
52. Rossiiskie klinicheskie rekomendatsii po profilaktike i lecheniiu venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii u onkologicheskikh bol'nykh. M.: Planida, 2012. [in Russian]
53. Profilaktika venoznykh tromboembolicheskikh oslozhnenii v akusherstve i ginekologii. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Akusherstvo i ginekologiia. 2014; 10 (Pril.): 1–18. [in Russian]
54. American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis. ACCP Guidelines. 9th ed Northbrook, IL: American College of Chest Physicians, 2012; s240–2.
55. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2014; 48. Advance Access published. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu283
56. Rogers SO Jr, Kilaru RK, Hosokawa P et al. Multivariable predictors of postoperative venous thromboembolic events after general and vascular surgery: results from the patient safety in surgery study. J Am Coll Surg. 2007; 204 (6): 1211–21.
57. Сaprini JA. Thrombosis risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care. Dis Mon 2005; 51 (2–3): 70–8.
58. Caprini JA, Arcelus JI, Hasty JH et al. Clinical assessment of venous thromboembolic risk in surgical patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 1991; 17 (Suppl. 3): 304–12.
59. Catheline JM, Capelluto E, Gaillard JL et al. Thromboembolism prophylaxis and incidence of thromboembolic complications after laparoscopic surgery. Int J Surg Investig 2000; 2 (1): 41–7.
60. Agnelli G, Bolis G, Capussotti L et al. A clinical outcome-based prospective study on venous thromboembolism after cancer surgery: the @RISTOS project. Ann Surg 2006; 243 (1): 89–95.
61. Alcalay A, Wun T, Khatri V et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with colorectal cancer: incidence and effect on survival. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (7): 1112–8.
62. Clarke-Pearson DL, Dodge RK, Synan I et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: patients at high risk to fail intermittent pneumatic compression. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101 (1): 157–63.
63. Spyropoulos AC, Hussein M, Lin J, Battleman D. Rates of venous thromboembolism occurrence in medical patients among the insured population. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102 (5): 951–7.
64. Bahl V, Hu HM, Henke PK et al. A validation study of a retrospective venous thromboembolism risk scoring method. Ann Surg 2010; 251 (2): 344–50.
65. Gangireddy C, Rectenwald JR, Upchurch GR et al. Risk factors and clinical impact of postoperative symptomatic venous thromboembolism J Vasc Surg 2007; 4 (52): 335–41.
66. Falanga A, Zacharski L. Deep vein thrombosis in cancer: the scale of the problem and approaches to management. Ann Oncol 2005; 16 (5): 696–701.
67. Kakkar AK, Levine M, Pinedo HM et al. Venous thrombosis in cancer patients: insights from the FRONTLINE survey. Oncologist 2003; 8 (4): 381–8.
68. Lobastov K.V., Barinov V.E., Schastlivtsev I.V., Laberko L.A. Shkala Caprini kak instrument dlia individual'noi stratifikatsii riska razvitiia posleoperatsionnykh venoznykh tromboembolii v gruppe vysokogo riska. Khirurgiia. Zhurn. im. N.I.Pirogova. 2014; 12: 16–23. [in Russian]
69. Pannucci CJ, Bailey SH, Dreszer G et al. Validation of the Caprini risk assessment model in plastic and reconstructive surgery patients. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 212 (1): 105–12.
70. Lowinger JS, Maxwell DJ. Heparins for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis – safety issues. Aust Prescr 2009; 32: 108–12.
71. Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Falanga A et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline: recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25 (34): 5490–505.
72. Farge D, Bounameaux H, Brenner B et al. International clinical practice guidelines including guidance for direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17 (10): e452-e466. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30369-2

М.Н.Кудыкин

ФГБУ «Приволжский федеральный медицинский исследовательский центр» Минздрава России. 603155, Россия, Нижний Новгород, Верхне-Волжская наб., д. 18
mady5@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

M.N.Kudykin

Volga Region Federal Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 603155, Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Verkhne-Volzhskaia nab., d. 18
mady5@yandex.ru