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Современные подходы к диагностике и лечению легочных васкулитов
Современные подходы к диагностике и лечению легочных васкулитов
Анаев Э.Х. Современные подходы к диагностике и лечению легочных васкулитов. Болезни органов дыхания (Прил. к журн. Consilium Medicum). 2018; c. 53–58. DOI: 10.26442/2619-0079.2018.53-58
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Аннотация
Легочные васкулиты включают в себя разные самостоятельные заболевания, характеризующиеся воспалением сосудов легких, деструкцией и некрозом легочной ткани. В зависимости от размера пораженных сосудов легочные васкулиты подразделяются на васкулиты крупных, средних и мелких сосудов. Наиболее часто поражение легких встречается при васкулитах мелких сосудов, включая ANCA-ассоциированные васкулиты (гранулематоз с полиангиитом, эозинофильный гранулематоз с полиангиитом и микроскопический полиангиит) и легочно-почечный синдром Гудпасчера. Клиническое обследование других систем и органов, вовлеченных в патологический процесс, в том числе кожи и почек, а также выявление аутоантител, позволяет улучшить подходы к ранней диагностике васкулитов. Лечение жизнеугрожающих легочных кровотечений и необратимого повреждения органов, прежде всего почек, требует быстрой диагностики этих состояний. Методы лечения васкулитов, включая биологические, быстро развиваются. Для достижения лучшего контроля заболевания требуется сотрудничество врачей разных специальностей.
Ключевые слова: легочные васкулиты, гранулематоз с полиангиитом, эозинофильный гранулематоз с полиангиитом, микроскопический полиангиит, антинейтрофильные цитоплазматические антитела, ANCA-васкулиты, диагностика, лечение.
Key words: lung vasculitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), ANCA-associated vasculitis, diagnosis, management.
Ключевые слова: легочные васкулиты, гранулематоз с полиангиитом, эозинофильный гранулематоз с полиангиитом, микроскопический полиангиит, антинейтрофильные цитоплазматические антитела, ANCA-васкулиты, диагностика, лечение.
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Key words: lung vasculitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), ANCA-associated vasculitis, diagnosis, management.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Flossmann O, Berden A, de Groot K et al.; European Vasculitis Study Group. Long-term patient survival in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70 (3): 488–94.
2. Yunt ZX, Frankel SK, Brown KK. Diagnosis and management of pulmonary vasculitis. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2012; 6 (6): 375–90.
3. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013; 65 (1): 1–11.
4. Mandl LA, Solomon DH, Smith EL et al. Using antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody testing to diagnose vasculitis: can test-ordering guidelines improve diagnostic accuracy? Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (13): 1509–14.
5. Frankel SK, Sullivan EJ, Brown KK. Vasculitis: Wegener granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, and Takayasu arteritis. Crit Care Clin 2002; 18 (4): 855–79.
6. Swerlick RA, Lawley TJ. Cutaneous vasculitis: its relationship to systemic disease. Med Clin North Am 1989; 73 (5): 1221–35.
7. Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gherardi R. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical aspects, neurologic manifestations, and treatment. Neurol Clin 1997; 15 (4): 865–86.
8. Davies DJ, Moran JE, Niall JF, Ryan GB. Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis with antineutrophil antibody: possible arbovirus aetiology? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285 (6342): 606.
9. Choi HK, Liu S, Merkel PA et al. Diagnostic performance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody tests for idiopathic vasculitides: metaanalysis with a focus on myeloperoxidase antibodies. J Rheumatol 2001; 28 (7): 1584–90.
10. Savige J, Gillis D, Benson E et al. International Consensus Statement on Testing and Reporting of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA). Am J Clin Pathol 1999; 111 (4): 507–13.
11. Finkielman JD, Lee AS, Hummel AM et al.; WGET Research Group. ANCA are detectable in nearly all patients with active severe Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med 2007; 120 (7): 643. e9-14.
12. Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC et al.; European Vasculitis Study Group. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68 (3): 310–17.
13. Cordier JF, Valeyre D, Guillevin L et al. Pulmonary Wegener’s granulomatosis. A clinical and imaging study of 77 cases. Chest 1990; 97: 906–12.
14. Guillevin L, Cohen P, Gayraud M et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine 1999; 78 (1): 26–37.
15. Ananthakrishnan L, Sharma N, Kanne JP. Wegener’s granulomatosis in the chest: high-resolution CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192 (3): 676–82.
16. Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116 (6): 488–98.
17. Anderson G, Coles ET, Crane M et al. Wegener's granuloma. A series of 265 British cases seen between 1975 and 1985. A report by a sub-committee of the British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Q J Med 1992; 83 (302): 427–38.
18. Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, Wolff SM. Wegener’s granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98 (1): 76–85.
19. Travis WD, Hoffman GS, Leavitt RY et al. Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15 (4): 315–33.
20. Mark EJ, Flieder DB, Matsubara O. Treated Wegener’s granulomatosis: distinctive pathological findings in the lung of 20 patients and what they tell us about the natural history of the disease. Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 450–8.
21. Phillip R, Luqmani R. Mortality in systemic vasculitis: a systematic review. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26 (Suppl. 51): S94–104.
22. Lanham J, Elkon K, Pusey C, Hughes G. Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine 1984; 63: 65–81.
23. Katzenstein AL. Diagnostic features and differential diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome in the lung. A review. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114 (5): 767–72.
24. Keogh KA, Specks U. Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical presentation, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med 2003; 115 (4): 284–90.
25. Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42 (3): 421–30.
26. Lhote F, Cohen P, Guillevin L. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lupus 1998; 7 (4): 238–58.
27. Flossmann O. Risks of treatments and long-term outcomes of systemic ANCA-associated vasculitis. Presse Med 2015; 44 (6 Pt 2): e251–257.
28. Luqmani RA. State of the art in the treatment of systemic vasculitides. Front Immunol 2014; 5: 1–9.
29. Langford CA, Talar-Williams C, Sneller MC. Use of methotrexate and glucocorticoids in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Long-term renal outcome in patients with glomerulonephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43 (8): 1836–1840.
30. Harper L, Morgan MD, Walsh M et al.; EUVAS investigators. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis: long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71 (6): 955–60.
31. Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R et al; RAVE-ITN Research Group. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (3): 221–32.
32. Schmitt WH, Hagen EC, Neumann I et al; European Vasculitis Study Group. Treatment of refractory Wegeners granulomatosis with antithymocyte globulin (ATG): an open study in 15 patients. Kidney Int 2004; 65 (4): 1440–48.
33. Haubitz M, de Groot K. Tolerance of mycophenolate mofetil in end-stage renal disease patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Nephrol 2002; 57 (6): 421–4.
34. Smith RM, Jones RB, Guerry MJ et al. Rituximab for remission maintenance in relapsing antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64 (11): 3760–9.
35. Cohen Tervaert JW, Stegeman CA, Kallenberg CG. Novel therapies for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001; 10 (2): 211–7.
36. Langford CA, Sneller MC. Biologic therapies in the vasculitides. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003; 15: 3–10.
37. Jones RB. Rituximab in the treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 128 (3–4): 243–9.
38. de Groot K, Muhler M, Reinhold-Keller E et al. Induction of remission in Wegener’s granulomatosis with low dose methotrexate. J Rheumatol 1998; 25 (3): 492–5.
39. Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T et al; European Vasculitis Study Group. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (3): 211–20.
40. Gaskin G, Pusey C. Plasmapheresis in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. Ther Apher 2001; 5 (3): 176–81.
41. Klemmer PJ, Chalermskulrat W, Reif MS et al. Plasmapheresis therapy for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with small-vessel vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42 (6): 1149–53.
42. Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Hamidou MA et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Azathioprine or methotrexate maintenance for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (26): 2790–803.
43. Metzler C, Fink C, Lamprecht P et al. Maintenance of remission with leflunomide in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43 (3): 315–20.
44. Hiemstra TF, Walsh M, Mahr A et al; European Vasculitis Study Group (EUVAS). Mycophenolate mofetil vs azathioprine for remission maintenance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 304 (21): 2381–8.
45. Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CGM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of relapses of Wegener’s granulomatosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 16–20.
46. Ohtake T, Kobayashi S, Honjou Y et al. Generalized Wegener’s granulomatosis responding to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim monotherapy. Intern Med 2001; 40 (7): 666–70.
2. Yunt ZX, Frankel SK, Brown KK. Diagnosis and management of pulmonary vasculitis. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2012; 6 (6): 375–90.
3. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013; 65 (1): 1–11.
4. Mandl LA, Solomon DH, Smith EL et al. Using antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody testing to diagnose vasculitis: can test-ordering guidelines improve diagnostic accuracy? Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (13): 1509–14.
5. Frankel SK, Sullivan EJ, Brown KK. Vasculitis: Wegener granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, and Takayasu arteritis. Crit Care Clin 2002; 18 (4): 855–79.
6. Swerlick RA, Lawley TJ. Cutaneous vasculitis: its relationship to systemic disease. Med Clin North Am 1989; 73 (5): 1221–35.
7. Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gherardi R. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical aspects, neurologic manifestations, and treatment. Neurol Clin 1997; 15 (4): 865–86.
8. Davies DJ, Moran JE, Niall JF, Ryan GB. Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis with antineutrophil antibody: possible arbovirus aetiology? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285 (6342): 606.
9. Choi HK, Liu S, Merkel PA et al. Diagnostic performance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody tests for idiopathic vasculitides: metaanalysis with a focus on myeloperoxidase antibodies. J Rheumatol 2001; 28 (7): 1584–90.
10. Savige J, Gillis D, Benson E et al. International Consensus Statement on Testing and Reporting of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA). Am J Clin Pathol 1999; 111 (4): 507–13.
11. Finkielman JD, Lee AS, Hummel AM et al.; WGET Research Group. ANCA are detectable in nearly all patients with active severe Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med 2007; 120 (7): 643. e9-14.
12. Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC et al.; European Vasculitis Study Group. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68 (3): 310–17.
13. Cordier JF, Valeyre D, Guillevin L et al. Pulmonary Wegener’s granulomatosis. A clinical and imaging study of 77 cases. Chest 1990; 97: 906–12.
14. Guillevin L, Cohen P, Gayraud M et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine 1999; 78 (1): 26–37.
15. Ananthakrishnan L, Sharma N, Kanne JP. Wegener’s granulomatosis in the chest: high-resolution CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192 (3): 676–82.
16. Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116 (6): 488–98.
17. Anderson G, Coles ET, Crane M et al. Wegener's granuloma. A series of 265 British cases seen between 1975 and 1985. A report by a sub-committee of the British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Q J Med 1992; 83 (302): 427–38.
18. Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, Wolff SM. Wegener’s granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98 (1): 76–85.
19. Travis WD, Hoffman GS, Leavitt RY et al. Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15 (4): 315–33.
20. Mark EJ, Flieder DB, Matsubara O. Treated Wegener’s granulomatosis: distinctive pathological findings in the lung of 20 patients and what they tell us about the natural history of the disease. Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 450–8.
21. Phillip R, Luqmani R. Mortality in systemic vasculitis: a systematic review. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26 (Suppl. 51): S94–104.
22. Lanham J, Elkon K, Pusey C, Hughes G. Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine 1984; 63: 65–81.
23. Katzenstein AL. Diagnostic features and differential diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome in the lung. A review. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114 (5): 767–72.
24. Keogh KA, Specks U. Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical presentation, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med 2003; 115 (4): 284–90.
25. Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42 (3): 421–30.
26. Lhote F, Cohen P, Guillevin L. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lupus 1998; 7 (4): 238–58.
27. Flossmann O. Risks of treatments and long-term outcomes of systemic ANCA-associated vasculitis. Presse Med 2015; 44 (6 Pt 2): e251–257.
28. Luqmani RA. State of the art in the treatment of systemic vasculitides. Front Immunol 2014; 5: 1–9.
29. Langford CA, Talar-Williams C, Sneller MC. Use of methotrexate and glucocorticoids in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Long-term renal outcome in patients with glomerulonephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43 (8): 1836–1840.
30. Harper L, Morgan MD, Walsh M et al.; EUVAS investigators. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis: long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71 (6): 955–60.
31. Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R et al; RAVE-ITN Research Group. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (3): 221–32.
32. Schmitt WH, Hagen EC, Neumann I et al; European Vasculitis Study Group. Treatment of refractory Wegeners granulomatosis with antithymocyte globulin (ATG): an open study in 15 patients. Kidney Int 2004; 65 (4): 1440–48.
33. Haubitz M, de Groot K. Tolerance of mycophenolate mofetil in end-stage renal disease patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Nephrol 2002; 57 (6): 421–4.
34. Smith RM, Jones RB, Guerry MJ et al. Rituximab for remission maintenance in relapsing antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64 (11): 3760–9.
35. Cohen Tervaert JW, Stegeman CA, Kallenberg CG. Novel therapies for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001; 10 (2): 211–7.
36. Langford CA, Sneller MC. Biologic therapies in the vasculitides. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003; 15: 3–10.
37. Jones RB. Rituximab in the treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 128 (3–4): 243–9.
38. de Groot K, Muhler M, Reinhold-Keller E et al. Induction of remission in Wegener’s granulomatosis with low dose methotrexate. J Rheumatol 1998; 25 (3): 492–5.
39. Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T et al; European Vasculitis Study Group. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (3): 211–20.
40. Gaskin G, Pusey C. Plasmapheresis in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. Ther Apher 2001; 5 (3): 176–81.
41. Klemmer PJ, Chalermskulrat W, Reif MS et al. Plasmapheresis therapy for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in patients with small-vessel vasculitis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42 (6): 1149–53.
42. Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Hamidou MA et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Azathioprine or methotrexate maintenance for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (26): 2790–803.
43. Metzler C, Fink C, Lamprecht P et al. Maintenance of remission with leflunomide in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43 (3): 315–20.
44. Hiemstra TF, Walsh M, Mahr A et al; European Vasculitis Study Group (EUVAS). Mycophenolate mofetil vs azathioprine for remission maintenance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 304 (21): 2381–8.
45. Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CGM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of relapses of Wegener’s granulomatosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 16–20.
46. Ohtake T, Kobayashi S, Honjou Y et al. Generalized Wegener’s granulomatosis responding to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim monotherapy. Intern Med 2001; 40 (7): 666–70.
2. Yunt ZX, Frankel SK, Brown KK. Diagnosis and management of pulmonary vasculitis. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2012; 6 (6): 375–90.
3. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013; 65 (1): 1–11.
4. Mandl LA, Solomon DH, Smith EL et al. Using antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody testing to diagnose vasculitis: can test-ordering guidelines improve diagnostic accuracy? Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (13): 1509–14.
5. Frankel SK, Sullivan EJ, Brown KK. Vasculitis: Wegener granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, and Takayasu arteritis. Crit Care Clin 2002; 18 (4): 855–79.
6. Swerlick RA, Lawley TJ. Cutaneous vasculitis: its relationship to systemic disease. Med Clin North Am 1989; 73 (5): 1221–35.
7. Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gherardi R. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical aspects, neurologic manifestations, and treatment. Neurol Clin 1997; 15 (4): 865–86.
8. Davies DJ, Moran JE, Niall JF, Ryan GB. Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis with antineutrophil antibody: possible arbovirus aetiology? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285 (6342): 606.
9. Choi HK, Liu S, Merkel PA et al. Diagnostic performance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody tests for idiopathic vasculitides: metaanalysis with a focus on myeloperoxidase antibodies. J Rheumatol 2001; 28 (7): 1584–90.
10. Savige J, Gillis D, Benson E et al. International Consensus Statement on Testing and Reporting of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA). Am J Clin Pathol 1999; 111 (4): 507–13.
11. Finkielman JD, Lee AS, Hummel AM et al.; WGET Research Group. ANCA are detectable in nearly all patients with active severe Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Med 2007; 120 (7): 643. e9-14.
12. Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC et al.; European Vasculitis Study Group. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68 (3): 310–17.
13. Cordier JF, Valeyre D, Guillevin L et al. Pulmonary Wegener’s granulomatosis. A clinical and imaging study of 77 cases. Chest 1990; 97: 906–12.
14. Guillevin L, Cohen P, Gayraud M et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine 1999; 78 (1): 26–37.
15. Ananthakrishnan L, Sharma N, Kanne JP. Wegener’s granulomatosis in the chest: high-resolution CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192 (3): 676–82.
16. Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY et al. Wegener’s granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116 (6): 488–98.
17. Anderson G, Coles ET, Crane M et al. Wegener's granuloma. A series of 265 British cases seen between 1975 and 1985. A report by a sub-committee of the British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Q J Med 1992; 83 (302): 427–38.
18. Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, Wolff SM. Wegener’s granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98 (1): 76–85.
19. Travis WD, Hoffman GS, Leavitt RY et al. Surgical pathology of the lung in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15 (4): 315–33.
20. Mark EJ, Flieder DB, Matsubara O. Treated Wegener’s granulomatosis: distinctive pathological findings in the lung of 20 patients and what they tell us about the natural history of the disease. Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 450–8.
21. Phillip R, Luqmani R. Mortality in systemic vasculitis: a systematic review. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26 (Suppl. 51): S94–104.
22. Lanham J, Elkon K, Pusey C, Hughes G. Systemic vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia: a clinical approach to the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Medicine 1984; 63: 65–81.
23. Katzenstein AL. Diagnostic features and differential diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome in the lung. A review. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114 (5): 767–72.
24. Keogh KA, Specks U. Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical presentation, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med 2003; 115 (4): 284–90.
25. Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42 (3): 421–30.
26. Lhote F, Cohen P, Guillevin L. Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lupus 1998; 7 (4): 238–58.
27. Flossmann O. Risks of treatments and long-term outcomes of systemic ANCA-associated vasculitis. Presse Med 2015; 44 (6 Pt 2): e251–257.
28. Luqmani RA. State of the art in the treatment of systemic vasculitides. Front Immunol 2014; 5: 1–9.
29. Langford CA, Talar-Williams C, Sneller MC. Use of methotrexate and glucocorticoids in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Long-term renal outcome in patients with glomerulonephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43 (8): 1836–1840.
30. Harper L, Morgan MD, Walsh M et al.; EUVAS investigators. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis: long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71 (6): 955–60.
31. Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R et al; RAVE-ITN Research Group. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (3): 221–32.
32. Schmitt WH, Hagen EC, Neumann I et al; European Vasculitis Study Group. Treatment of refractory Wegeners granulomatosis with antithymocyte globulin (ATG): an open study in 15 patients. Kidney Int 2004; 65 (4): 1440–48.
33. Haubitz M, de Groot K. Tolerance of mycophenolate mofetil in end-stage renal disease patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Nephrol 2002; 57 (6): 421–4.
34. Smith RM, Jones RB, Guerry MJ et al. Rituximab for remission maintenance in relapsing antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64 (11): 3760–9.
35. Cohen Tervaert JW, Stegeman CA, Kallenberg CG. Novel therapies for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001; 10 (2): 211–7.
36. Langford CA, Sneller MC. Biologic therapies in the vasculitides. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003; 15: 3–10.
37. Jones RB. Rituximab in the treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 128 (3–4): 243–9.
38. de Groot K, Muhler M, Reinhold-Keller E et al. Induction of remission in Wegener’s granulomatosis with low dose methotrexate. J Rheumatol 1998; 25 (3): 492–5.
39. Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T et al; European Vasculitis Study Group. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (3): 211–20.
40. Gaskin G, Pusey C. Plasmapheresis in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. Ther Apher 2001; 5 (3): 176–81.
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44. Hiemstra TF, Walsh M, Mahr A et al; European Vasculitis Study Group (EUVAS). Mycophenolate mofetil vs azathioprine for remission maintenance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 304 (21): 2381–8.
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Авторы
Э.Х.Анаев*
ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1
*el_anaev@hotmail.com
N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1
*el_anaev@hotmail.com
ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1
*el_anaev@hotmail.com
________________________________________________
N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1
*el_anaev@hotmail.com
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