1. American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2018. Diabetes Care 2018; 41 (Suppl. 1): S13-S27.
2. International diabetes federation: IDF diabetes atlas. 8th edition, 2017.
3. Standards of specialized diabetes care. Ed. by II Dedov, MV Shestakova, AY Mayorov. 19. 8th ed. 2017; 20 (1S): 1–121.
4. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Ekoe JM, Goldenberg R, Katz P. Screening for Diabetes in Adults. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42 (Suppl. 1): S16-S19.
5. NICE 2017 Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk nice.org.uk/guidance/ph38.
6. Dedov I, Shestakova M, Galstyan G et al. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the 20.
adult population of Russia (NATION study). Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 115: 90–5.
7. Симонова Г.И., Мустафина С.В., Печенкина Е.А. Распространенность метаболического синдрома в Сибири: популяционное исследование в г. Новосибирске. Бюл. СО РАМН. 2011; 31 (5): 100–6.
[Simonova G.I., Mustafina S.V., Pechenkina E.A. Rasprostranennost' metabolicheskogo sindroma v Sibiri: populiatsionnoe issledovanie v g. Novosibirske. Biul. SO RAMN. 2011; 31 (5): 100–6 (in Russian).]
8. Tabak AG, Herder C, Rathmann W et al. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet 2012; 379: 2279–90.
9. Furtado de Souza C, Gross JL, Gerchman F, Piglet CB. Pre-diabetes: diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of chronic complications. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2012; 56.
10. Gerstein HC, Santaguida P, Raina P et al. Annual incidence and relative risk of diabetes in people with various categories of dysglycemia: a systematic overview and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 78 (3): 305–12.
11. Zhang x, Gregg EW, Williamson DF et al. A1C level and future risk of diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (7): 1665–73.
12. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393–403.
13. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343–50.
14. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S et al. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1) Diabetologia 2006; 49: 289–97.
15. Saito T, Watanabe M, Nishida J et al. Lifestyle modification and prevention of type 2 diabetes in overweight Japanese with impaired fasting glucose levels: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171 (15): 1352–60.
16. Glechner A, Keuchel L, Affengruber L et al. Effects of lifestyle changes on adults with prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes 2018; 12 (5): 393–408.
17. Galaviz KI, Weber MB, Straus A et al. Global Diabetes Prevention Interventions: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of the Real-World Impact on Incidence, Weight, and Glucose. Diabetes Care 2018; 41 (7): 1526–34.
18. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J et al. Cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and diabetes incidence after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance in the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 23-year follow-up study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2: 474–80.
19. Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF et al.; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2009; 374:1677–86.
20. Nathan DM, Barrett-Connor E, Crandall JP et al. Long-term effects of lifestyle intervention or metformin on diabetes development and microvascular complications over 15-year follow-up: the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3: 866–75.
21. Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2102–7.
22. Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D. Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 278–88.
23. Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Tuomainen T-P et al. Intake of fruit, berries, and vegetables and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99: 328–33.
24. Chen M, Sun Q, Giovannucci E et al. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. BMC Med 2014; 12: 215.
25. Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S et al. Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2018; 392 (10161): 2288–97.
26. Mozaffarian D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review. Circulation 2016; 133: 187–225.
27. Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet 2014; 383: 1999–2007.
28. Sigal RJ, Alberga AS, Goldfield GS et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on percentage body fat and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adolescents: the healthy eating aerobic and resistance training in youth randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 1006–14.
29. Thorp AA, Kingwell BA, Sethi P et al. Alternating bouts of sitting and standing attenuate postprandial glucose responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 4 (6): 2053–61.
30. Iqbal Hydrie MZ, Basit A, Shera AS, Hussain A. Effect of intervention in subjects with high risk of diabetes mellitus in pakistan. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012: 867604.
31. ANSM. Metformine et risque d’acidose lactique en cas d’insuffisance rénale – Point d’Information. Janvier 2018. https://ansm.sante.fr/S-informer/Points-d-information-Points-d-information/Metformine-et-risque-d-acidose-lactique-en-cas-d-insuffisance-renale-Point-d-Information
32. Mulla K, Bradbury K. Metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency. Endocrine Abstracts (2018) 59 P092.
33. AD/PD 2017: International Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Abstract 312.

________________________________________________

1. American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2018. Diabetes Care 2018; 41 (Suppl. 1): S13-S27.
2. International diabetes federation: IDF diabetes atlas. 8th edition, 2017.
3. Standards of specialized diabetes care. Ed. by II Dedov, MV Shestakova, AY Mayorov. 19. 8th ed. 2017; 20 (1S): 1–121.
4. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Ekoe JM, Goldenberg R, Katz P. Screening for Diabetes in Adults. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42 (Suppl. 1): S16-S19.
5. NICE 2017 Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk nice.org.uk/guidance/ph38.
6. Dedov I, Shestakova M, Galstyan G et al. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the 20.
adult population of Russia (NATION study). Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 115: 90–5.
7. Simonova G.I., Mustafina S.V., Pechenkina E.A. Rasprostranennost' metabolicheskogo sindroma v Sibiri: populiatsionnoe issledovanie v g. Novosibirske. Biul. SO RAMN. 2011; 31 (5): 100–6 (in Russian).
8. Tabak AG, Herder C, Rathmann W et al. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet 2012; 379: 2279–90.
9. Furtado de Souza C, Gross JL, Gerchman F, Piglet CB. Pre-diabetes: diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of chronic complications. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2012; 56.
10. Gerstein HC, Santaguida P, Raina P et al. Annual incidence and relative risk of diabetes in people with various categories of dysglycemia: a systematic overview and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 78 (3): 305–12.
11. Zhang x, Gregg EW, Williamson DF et al. A1C level and future risk of diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (7): 1665–73.
12. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393–403.
13. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343–50.
14. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S et al. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1) Diabetologia 2006; 49: 289–97.
15. Saito T, Watanabe M, Nishida J et al. Lifestyle modification and prevention of type 2 diabetes in overweight Japanese with impaired fasting glucose levels: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171 (15): 1352–60.
16. Glechner A, Keuchel L, Affengruber L et al. Effects of lifestyle changes on adults with prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes 2018; 12 (5): 393–408.
17. Galaviz KI, Weber MB, Straus A et al. Global Diabetes Prevention Interventions: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of the Real-World Impact on Incidence, Weight, and Glucose. Diabetes Care 2018; 41 (7): 1526–34.
18. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J et al. Cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and diabetes incidence after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance in the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 23-year follow-up study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2: 474–80.
19. Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF et al.; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2009; 374:1677–86.
20. Nathan DM, Barrett-Connor E, Crandall JP et al. Long-term effects of lifestyle intervention or metformin on diabetes development and microvascular complications over 15-year follow-up: the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3: 866–75.
21. Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2102–7.
22. Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D. Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 278–88.
23. Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Tuomainen T-P et al. Intake of fruit, berries, and vegetables and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99: 328–33.
24. Chen M, Sun Q, Giovannucci E et al. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. BMC Med 2014; 12: 215.
25. Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S et al. Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2018; 392 (10161): 2288–97.
26. Mozaffarian D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review. Circulation 2016; 133: 187–225.
27. Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet 2014; 383: 1999–2007.
28. Sigal RJ, Alberga AS, Goldfield GS et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on percentage body fat and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adolescents: the healthy eating aerobic and resistance training in youth randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 1006–14.
29. Thorp AA, Kingwell BA, Sethi P et al. Alternating bouts of sitting and standing attenuate postprandial glucose responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 4 (6): 2053–61.
30. Iqbal Hydrie MZ, Basit A, Shera AS, Hussain A. Effect of intervention in subjects with high risk of diabetes mellitus in pakistan. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012: 867604.
31. ANSM. Metformine et risque d’acidose lactique en cas d’insuffisance rénale – Point d’Information. Janvier 2018. https://ansm.sante.fr/S-informer/Points-d-information-Points-d-information/Metformine-et-risque-d-acidose-lactique-en-cas-d-insuffisance-renale-Point-d-Information
32. Mulla K, Bradbury K. Metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency. Endocrine Abstracts (2018) 59 P092.
33. AD/PD 2017: International Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Abstract 312.