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Диабетическая нейропатия: особенности современной диагностики и терапии
Диабетическая нейропатия: особенности современной диагностики и терапии
Пилипович А.А. Диабетическая нейропатия: особенности современной диагностики и терапии. Неврология и Ревматология (Прил. к журн. Consilium Medicum). 2019; 1: 49–55. DOI: 10.26442/2414357X.2019.1.190367
DOI: 10.26442/2414357X.2019.1.190367
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DOI: 10.26442/2414357X.2019.1.190367
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
На сегодняшний день сахарным диабетом (СД) в мире страдают более 450 млн человек. У большинства этих пациентов развиваются неврологические осложнения. Самое частое из них – диабетическая полинейропатия (ДПН), она встречается более чем у 1/2 больных СД, до 1/3 пациентов с диабетом страдают от хронических болей. ДПН создает массу проблем для врачей и пациентов, многие осложнения связаны с повышенной смертностью. Значительную роль тут до сих пор играет поздняя диагностика заболевания, когда пациенты уже имеют тяжелые осложнения вроде язвы стопы, несмотря на то, что, согласно всем международным рекомендациям, диагностика ДПН должна осуществляться на максимально ранних сроках. Борьба с ДПН включает профилактику, т.е. контроль факторов риска, прежде всего гипергликемии, дислипидемии, гипертонии, и максимально раннее начало терапии с учетом сопутствующих заболеваний, таких как депрессия, тревога, нарушения сна и пр.
Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет, осложнения сахарного диабета, диабетическая нейропатия, таргетная терапия, тиоктовая кислота.
Key words: diabetes mellitus, complications of diabetes mellitus, diabetic neuropathy, target therapy, thioctic acid.
Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет, осложнения сахарного диабета, диабетическая нейропатия, таргетная терапия, тиоктовая кислота.
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Key words: diabetes mellitus, complications of diabetes mellitus, diabetic neuropathy, target therapy, thioctic acid.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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3. Zeng L, Alongkronrusmee D, van Rijn RM. An integrated perspective on diabetic, alcoholic, and drug-induced neuropathy, etiology, and treatment in the US. J Pain Researc 2017; 10: 219–28.
4. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dickenson AH. Mechanisms and management of diabetic painful distal symmetrical polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2456–65.
5. Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross E.R et al. Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 2220–4.
6. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (10):
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7. Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL et al. Diabetic Neuropathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (1): 136–54.
8. Unal-Cevik I, Sarioglu-Ay S, Evcik D. A comparison of the DN4 and LANSS questionnaires in the assessment of neuropathic pain: validity and reliability of the Turkish version of DN4. J Pain 2010; 11 (11): 1129–35.
9. Krause SJ, Backonja MM. Development of a neuropathic pain questionnaire. Clin J Pain 2003; 19 (5): 306–14.
10. Bennett M. The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain 2001; 92 (1–2): 147–57.
11. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ et al. Toronto Diabetic Neuropathy Expert Group. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2285–93.
12. Azmi S, Petropoulos IN, Ferdousi M et al. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic somatic and autonomic neuropathy. F1000Res 2019; 8. PII: F1000 Faculty Rev-186.
13. Martin CL, Waberski BH, Pop-Busui R et al. Vibration perception threshold as a measure of distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes: results from the DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (12): 2635–41.
14. Tan LS. The clinical use of the 10g monofilament and its limitations: a review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 90 (1): 1–7.
15. Dyck PJ, Overland CJ, Low PA et al. Signs and symptoms versus nerve conduction studies to diagnose diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: Cl vs. NPhys trial. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42 (2): 157–64.
16. Rajabally YA, Stettner M, Kieseier BC et al. CIDP and other inflammatory neuropathies in diabetes – diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13 (10): 599–611.
17. Malik RA. Wherefore Art Thou, O Treatment for Diabetic Neuropathy? Int Rev Neurobiol 2016; 127: 287–317.
18. Asghar O, Petropoulos IN, Alam U et al. Corneal confocal microscopy detects neuropathy in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (9): 2643–6.
19. Løseth S, Stålberg EV, Lindal S et al. Small and large fiber neuropathy in those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a 5-year follow-up study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2016; 21 (1): 15–21.
20. Smith AG, Russell J, Feldman EL et al. Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (6): 1294–9.
21. Lauria G, Cornblath DR, Johansson O et al. EFNS guidelines on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Neurol 2005; 12 (10): 747–58.
22. Hertz P, Bril V, Orszag A et al. Reproducibility of in vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a novel screening test for early diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 2011; 28 (10): 1253–60.
23. Edwards K, Pritchard N, Vagenas D et al. Utility of corneal confocal microscopy for assessing mild diabetic neuropathy: baseline findings of the LANDMark study. Clin Exp Optom 2012; 95: 348–54.
24. Perkins BA, Lovblom LE, Bril V et al. Corneal confocal microscopy for identification of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: a pooled multinational consortium study. Diabetologia 2018; 61 (8): 1856–61.
25. Petropoulos IN, Alam U, Fadavi H et al. Rapid automated diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with in vivo corneal confocal microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55 (4): 2071–8.
26. Pritchard N, Edwards K, Dehghani C et al. Longitudinal assessment of neuropathy in type 1 diabetes using novel ophthalmic markers (LANDMark): study design and baseline characteristics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104 (2): 248–56.
27. Azmi S, Ferdousi M, Petropoulos IN et al. Corneal Confocal Microscopy Identifies Small-Fiber Neuropathy in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance Who Develop Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (8): 1502–8.
28. Pritchard N, Edwards K, Russell AW et al. Corneal confocal microscopy predicts 4-year incident peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (4): 671–5.
29. Azmi S, Ferdousi M, Petropoulos IN et al. Corneal confocal microscopy shows an improvement in small-fiber neuropathy in subjects with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with multiple daily injection. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (1): e3–4.
30. Lewis EJH, Perkins BA, Lovblom LE et al. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on neuropathy in type 1 diabetes: A 12-month pilot trial. Neurology 2017; 88 (24): 2294–301.
31. Lee CC, Perkins BA, Kayaniyil S et al. Peripheral Neuropathy and Nerve Dysfunction in Individuals at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: The PROMISE Cohort. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (5): 793–800.
32. Ang L, Jaiswal M, Martin C et al. Glucose control and diabetic neuropathy: lessons from recent large clinical trials. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14 (9): 528.
33. Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA et al. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 376 (9739): 419–30.
34. Callaghan BC, Little AA, Feldman EL et al. Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 6: CD007543.
35. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy.
N Engl J Med 2005; 352 (4): 341–50.
36. Ziegler D, Landgraf R, Lobmann R et al. Painful and painless neuropathies are distinct and largely undiagnosed entities in subjects participating in an educational initiative
(PROTECT study). Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 139: 147–54.
37. Davidson EP, Coppey LJ, Shevalye H et al. Vascular and Neural Complications in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Improvement by Sacubitril/Valsartan Greater Than Valsartan Alone. Diabetes 2018; 67 (8): 1616–26.
38. Boulton A, Kemple P, Ametov A, Ziegler D. Поиск патогенетической терапии диабетической дистальной симметричной полиневропатии. Нервно-мышечные болезни. 2013; 3: 8–15. / Boulton A, Kemple P, Ametov A, Ziegler D. Poisk patogeneticheskoi terapii diabeticheskoi distal'noi simmetrichnoi polinevropatii. Nervno-myshechnye bolezni. 2013; 3: 8–15.
39. Goto Y, Hotta N, Shigeta Y et al. Effects of an aldose reductase inhibitor, epalrestat, on diabetic neuropathy. Clinical benefit and indication for the drug assessed from the results of a placebocontrolled double-blind study. Biomed Pharmacother 1995; 49: 269–77.
40. Hotta N, Akanuma Y, Kawamori R et al. Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the 3-year, multicenter, comparative Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Diabetes Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1538–44.
41. Bril V, Hirose T, Tomioka S, Buchanan R. Ranirestat for the management of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1256–60.
42. Mijnhout GS, Kollen BJ, Alkhalaf A et al. Alpha-lipoic acid for symptomatic peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012: 456279.
43. Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a metaanalysis. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 114–21.
44. Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A et al. Oral treatment with alphalipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2365–70.
45. Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 2054–60.
46. Данилов А.Б., Пилипович А.А. Тиоктовая кислота: современная терапия диабетической невропатии. Эффективная фармакотерапия. Эндокринология. 2017; 2. / Danilov A.B., Pilipovich A.A. Tioktovaia kislota: sovremennaia terapiia diabeticheskoi nevropatii. Effektivnaia farmakoterapiia. Endokrinologiia. 2017; 2. [in Russian]
47. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the anti-oxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia 1995; 38: 1425–33.
48. Reljanovic M, Reichel G, Rett K et al. Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid): a two year multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (ALADIN II). Alpha Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Free Radical Research 1999; 31: 171–9.
49. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a 7-month multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). ALADIN III Study Group. Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1296–301.
50. Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F et al. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients. A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN Study). Deutsche Kardiale Autonome Neuropathie. Diabetes Care 1997; 20 (3): 369–73.
51. Ametov AS, Barinov A, Dyck PJ et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid: the SYDNEY trial. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 770–6.
52. Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A et al. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2365–70.
53. Pirart J Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4,400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973. Diabete Metab 1977; 3: 97.
54. Machicao F, Muresanu DF, Hundsberger H et al. Pleiotropic neuroprotective and metabolic effects of Actovegin's mode of action. J Neurol Sci 2012.
55. Ziegler D, Movsesyan L, Mankovsky B et al.Treatment of symptomatic polyneuropathy with actovegin in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1479–84.
56. Stracke H, Gaus W, Achenbach U et al. Benfotiamine in diabetic polyneuropathy (BENDIP): results of a randomised, double blind, placebocontrolled clinical study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2008; 116: 600–5.
57. Haupt E, Ledermann H, Köpcke W. Benfotiamine in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy – a three-week randomized, controlled pilot study (BEDIP study). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 43: 71–7.
58. Fraser DA, Diep LM, Hovden IA et al. The effects of long-term oral benfotiamine supplementation on peripheral nerve function and inflammatory markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: a 24-month, double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1095–97.
59. Ekberg K, Johansson BL. Effect of C-peptide on diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Exp Diabetes Res 2008: 457912.
60. Ekberg K, Brismar T, Johansson BL et al. C-peptide replacement therapy and sensory nerve function in type 1 diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 71–6.
61. Malik RA, Tomlinson DR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: are there credible mechanisms for beneficial effects in diabetic neuropathy? Int Rev Neurobiol 2002; 50: 415–30.
62. Ruggenenti P, Lauria G, Iliev IP et al. Effects of manidipine and delapril in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the delapril and manidipine for nephroprotection in diabetes (DEMAND) randomized clinical trial. Hypertension 2011; 58 (5): 776–83.
63. Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG. Statin use before diabetes diagnosis and risk of microvascular disease: a nationwide nested matched study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;
2 (11): 894–900.
64. Davis TM, Yeap BB, Davis WA et al. Lipid-lowering therapy and peripheral sensory neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2008; 51 (4):
562–6.
65. Nassaji M, Ghorbani R, Saboori Shkofte H. Previous Atorvastatin Treatment and Risk of Diabetic Foot Infection in Adult Patients: A Case-control Study. Wounds 2017; 29 (7): 196–201.
66. Rajamani K, Colman PG, Li LP et al. Effect of fenofibrate on amputation events in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (FIELD study): a prespecified analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373 (9677): 1780–8.
67. Fox JD, Baquerizo-Nole KL, Macquhae F et al. Statins may be associated with six-week diabetic foot ulcer healing. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24 (2): 454–7.
68. Miyata T, Yamada N, Miyachi Y. Efficacy by ulcer type and safety of lipoPGE1 for Japanese patients with diabetic foot ulcers. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17: 805–16.
69. Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes: an acute, iatrogenic complication of diabetes. Brain 2015; 138 (Pt 1): 43–52.
70. Benbouzid M, Gavériaux-Ruff C, Yalcin I et al. Delta-opioid receptors are critical for tricyclic antidepressant treatment of neuropathic allodynia. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63 (6): 633–6.
71. Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D et al. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 7: CD008242.
72. Hossain SM, Hussain SM, Ekram AR. Duloxetine in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review. Clin J Pain 2016; 32 (11): 1005–10.
73. Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 1: CD007115.
74. Lesser H, Sharma U, LaMoreaux L et al. Pregabalin relieves symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2004; 63 (11): 2104–10.
75. Rosenstock J, Tuchman M, LaMoreaux L et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2004; 110 (3): 628–38.
76. Arezzo JC, Rosenstock J, LaMoreaux L et al. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin 600 mg/d for treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BMC Neurol 2008; 8: 33.
77. Snedecor SJ, Sudharshan L, Cappelleri JC et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological therapies for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Pract 2014; 14 (2): 167–84.
78. Iqbal Z, Azmi S, Yadav R et al. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Pharmacotherapy. Clin Ther 2018; 40 (6): 828–49.
79. Javed S, Alam U, Malik RA. Mirogabalin and emerging therapies for diabetic neuropathy.
J Pain Res 2018; 11: 1559–66.
80. Vadivelu N, Kai A, Maslin B et al. Tapentadol extended release in the management of peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11: 95–105.
81. Bouhassira D, Wilhelm S, Schacht A et al. Neuropathic pain phenotyping as a predictor of treatment response in painful diabetic neuropathy: data from the randomized, double-blind, COMBO-DN study. Pain 2014; 155 (10): 2171–9.
82. Agrawal RP, Goswami J, Jain S et al. Management of diabetic neuropathy by sodium valproate and glyceryl trinitrate spray: a prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83 (3): 371–8.
83. Vollert J, Maier C, Attal N et al. Stratifying patients with peripheral neuropathic pain based on sensory profiles: algorithm and sample size recommendations. Pain 2017; 158 (8): 1446–55.
84. Demant DT, Lund K, Vollert J et al. The effect of oxcarbazepine in peripheral neuropathic pain depends on pain phenotype: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phenotype-stratified study. Pain 2014; 155 (11): 2263–73.
85. Marshall AG, Lee-Kubli C, Azmi S et al. Spinal Disinhibition in Experimental and Clinical Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes 2017; 66 (5): 1380–90.
2. Xu Z, Zhang P, Long L et al. Diabetes mellitus in classical trigeminal neuralgia: a predisposing factor for its development. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 151: 70–2.
3. Zeng L, Alongkronrusmee D, van Rijn RM. An integrated perspective on diabetic, alcoholic, and drug-induced neuropathy, etiology, and treatment in the US. J Pain Researc 2017; 10: 219–28.
4. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dickenson AH. Mechanisms and management of diabetic painful distal symmetrical polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2456–65.
5. Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross E.R et al. Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 2220–4.
6. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (10):
2285–93.
7. Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL et al. Diabetic Neuropathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (1): 136–54.
8. Unal-Cevik I, Sarioglu-Ay S, Evcik D. A comparison of the DN4 and LANSS questionnaires in the assessment of neuropathic pain: validity and reliability of the Turkish version of DN4. J Pain 2010; 11 (11): 1129–35.
9. Krause SJ, Backonja MM. Development of a neuropathic pain questionnaire. Clin J Pain 2003; 19 (5): 306–14.
10. Bennett M. The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain 2001; 92 (1–2): 147–57.
11. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ et al. Toronto Diabetic Neuropathy Expert Group. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2285–93.
12. Azmi S, Petropoulos IN, Ferdousi M et al. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic somatic and autonomic neuropathy. F1000Res 2019; 8. PII: F1000 Faculty Rev-186.
13. Martin CL, Waberski BH, Pop-Busui R et al. Vibration perception threshold as a measure of distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes: results from the DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (12): 2635–41.
14. Tan LS. The clinical use of the 10g monofilament and its limitations: a review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 90 (1): 1–7.
15. Dyck PJ, Overland CJ, Low PA et al. Signs and symptoms versus nerve conduction studies to diagnose diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: Cl vs. NPhys trial. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42 (2): 157–64.
16. Rajabally YA, Stettner M, Kieseier BC et al. CIDP and other inflammatory neuropathies in diabetes – diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13 (10): 599–611.
17. Malik RA. Wherefore Art Thou, O Treatment for Diabetic Neuropathy? Int Rev Neurobiol 2016; 127: 287–317.
18. Asghar O, Petropoulos IN, Alam U et al. Corneal confocal microscopy detects neuropathy in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (9): 2643–6.
19. Løseth S, Stålberg EV, Lindal S et al. Small and large fiber neuropathy in those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a 5-year follow-up study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2016; 21 (1): 15–21.
20. Smith AG, Russell J, Feldman EL et al. Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (6): 1294–9.
21. Lauria G, Cornblath DR, Johansson O et al. EFNS guidelines on the use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Neurol 2005; 12 (10): 747–58.
22. Hertz P, Bril V, Orszag A et al. Reproducibility of in vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a novel screening test for early diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 2011; 28 (10): 1253–60.
23. Edwards K, Pritchard N, Vagenas D et al. Utility of corneal confocal microscopy for assessing mild diabetic neuropathy: baseline findings of the LANDMark study. Clin Exp Optom 2012; 95: 348–54.
24. Perkins BA, Lovblom LE, Bril V et al. Corneal confocal microscopy for identification of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: a pooled multinational consortium study. Diabetologia 2018; 61 (8): 1856–61.
25. Petropoulos IN, Alam U, Fadavi H et al. Rapid automated diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with in vivo corneal confocal microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55 (4): 2071–8.
26. Pritchard N, Edwards K, Dehghani C et al. Longitudinal assessment of neuropathy in type 1 diabetes using novel ophthalmic markers (LANDMark): study design and baseline characteristics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104 (2): 248–56.
27. Azmi S, Ferdousi M, Petropoulos IN et al. Corneal Confocal Microscopy Identifies Small-Fiber Neuropathy in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance Who Develop Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (8): 1502–8.
28. Pritchard N, Edwards K, Russell AW et al. Corneal confocal microscopy predicts 4-year incident peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (4): 671–5.
29. Azmi S, Ferdousi M, Petropoulos IN et al. Corneal confocal microscopy shows an improvement in small-fiber neuropathy in subjects with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with multiple daily injection. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (1): e3–4.
30. Lewis EJH, Perkins BA, Lovblom LE et al. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on neuropathy in type 1 diabetes: A 12-month pilot trial. Neurology 2017; 88 (24): 2294–301.
31. Lee CC, Perkins BA, Kayaniyil S et al. Peripheral Neuropathy and Nerve Dysfunction in Individuals at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: The PROMISE Cohort. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (5): 793–800.
32. Ang L, Jaiswal M, Martin C et al. Glucose control and diabetic neuropathy: lessons from recent large clinical trials. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14 (9): 528.
33. Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA et al. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 376 (9739): 419–30.
34. Callaghan BC, Little AA, Feldman EL et al. Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 6: CD007543.
35. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy.
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36. Ziegler D, Landgraf R, Lobmann R et al. Painful and painless neuropathies are distinct and largely undiagnosed entities in subjects participating in an educational initiative
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37. Davidson EP, Coppey LJ, Shevalye H et al. Vascular and Neural Complications in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Improvement by Sacubitril/Valsartan Greater Than Valsartan Alone. Diabetes 2018; 67 (8): 1616–26.
38. Boulton A, Kemple P, Ametov A, Ziegler D. Поиск патогенетической терапии диабетической дистальной симметричной полиневропатии. Нервно-мышечные болезни. 2013; 3: 8–15. / Boulton A, Kemple P, Ametov A, Ziegler D. Poisk patogeneticheskoi terapii diabeticheskoi distal'noi simmetrichnoi polinevropatii. Nervno-myshechnye bolezni. 2013; 3: 8–15.
39. Goto Y, Hotta N, Shigeta Y et al. Effects of an aldose reductase inhibitor, epalrestat, on diabetic neuropathy. Clinical benefit and indication for the drug assessed from the results of a placebocontrolled double-blind study. Biomed Pharmacother 1995; 49: 269–77.
40. Hotta N, Akanuma Y, Kawamori R et al. Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the 3-year, multicenter, comparative Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Diabetes Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1538–44.
41. Bril V, Hirose T, Tomioka S, Buchanan R. Ranirestat for the management of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1256–60.
42. Mijnhout GS, Kollen BJ, Alkhalaf A et al. Alpha-lipoic acid for symptomatic peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012: 456279.
43. Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a metaanalysis. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 114–21.
44. Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A et al. Oral treatment with alphalipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2365–70.
45. Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 2054–60.
46. Данилов А.Б., Пилипович А.А. Тиоктовая кислота: современная терапия диабетической невропатии. Эффективная фармакотерапия. Эндокринология. 2017; 2. / Danilov A.B., Pilipovich A.A. Tioktovaia kislota: sovremennaia terapiia diabeticheskoi nevropatii. Effektivnaia farmakoterapiia. Endokrinologiia. 2017; 2. [in Russian]
47. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the anti-oxidant alpha-lipoic acid. A 3-week multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia 1995; 38: 1425–33.
48. Reljanovic M, Reichel G, Rett K et al. Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid): a two year multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (ALADIN II). Alpha Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Free Radical Research 1999; 31: 171–9.
49. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a 7-month multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). ALADIN III Study Group. Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1296–301.
50. Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F et al. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients. A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN Study). Deutsche Kardiale Autonome Neuropathie. Diabetes Care 1997; 20 (3): 369–73.
51. Ametov AS, Barinov A, Dyck PJ et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid: the SYDNEY trial. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 770–6.
52. Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A et al. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2365–70.
53. Pirart J Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4,400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973. Diabete Metab 1977; 3: 97.
54. Machicao F, Muresanu DF, Hundsberger H et al. Pleiotropic neuroprotective and metabolic effects of Actovegin's mode of action. J Neurol Sci 2012.
55. Ziegler D, Movsesyan L, Mankovsky B et al.Treatment of symptomatic polyneuropathy with actovegin in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1479–84.
56. Stracke H, Gaus W, Achenbach U et al. Benfotiamine in diabetic polyneuropathy (BENDIP): results of a randomised, double blind, placebocontrolled clinical study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2008; 116: 600–5.
57. Haupt E, Ledermann H, Köpcke W. Benfotiamine in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy – a three-week randomized, controlled pilot study (BEDIP study). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 43: 71–7.
58. Fraser DA, Diep LM, Hovden IA et al. The effects of long-term oral benfotiamine supplementation on peripheral nerve function and inflammatory markers in patients with type 1 diabetes: a 24-month, double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1095–97.
59. Ekberg K, Johansson BL. Effect of C-peptide on diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Exp Diabetes Res 2008: 457912.
60. Ekberg K, Brismar T, Johansson BL et al. C-peptide replacement therapy and sensory nerve function in type 1 diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 71–6.
61. Malik RA, Tomlinson DR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: are there credible mechanisms for beneficial effects in diabetic neuropathy? Int Rev Neurobiol 2002; 50: 415–30.
62. Ruggenenti P, Lauria G, Iliev IP et al. Effects of manidipine and delapril in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the delapril and manidipine for nephroprotection in diabetes (DEMAND) randomized clinical trial. Hypertension 2011; 58 (5): 776–83.
63. Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG. Statin use before diabetes diagnosis and risk of microvascular disease: a nationwide nested matched study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;
2 (11): 894–900.
64. Davis TM, Yeap BB, Davis WA et al. Lipid-lowering therapy and peripheral sensory neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2008; 51 (4):
562–6.
65. Nassaji M, Ghorbani R, Saboori Shkofte H. Previous Atorvastatin Treatment and Risk of Diabetic Foot Infection in Adult Patients: A Case-control Study. Wounds 2017; 29 (7): 196–201.
66. Rajamani K, Colman PG, Li LP et al. Effect of fenofibrate on amputation events in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (FIELD study): a prespecified analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373 (9677): 1780–8.
67. Fox JD, Baquerizo-Nole KL, Macquhae F et al. Statins may be associated with six-week diabetic foot ulcer healing. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24 (2): 454–7.
68. Miyata T, Yamada N, Miyachi Y. Efficacy by ulcer type and safety of lipoPGE1 for Japanese patients with diabetic foot ulcers. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17: 805–16.
69. Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Treatment-induced neuropathy of diabetes: an acute, iatrogenic complication of diabetes. Brain 2015; 138 (Pt 1): 43–52.
70. Benbouzid M, Gavériaux-Ruff C, Yalcin I et al. Delta-opioid receptors are critical for tricyclic antidepressant treatment of neuropathic allodynia. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63 (6): 633–6.
71. Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D et al. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 7: CD008242.
72. Hossain SM, Hussain SM, Ekram AR. Duloxetine in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review. Clin J Pain 2016; 32 (11): 1005–10.
73. Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 1: CD007115.
74. Lesser H, Sharma U, LaMoreaux L et al. Pregabalin relieves symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2004; 63 (11): 2104–10.
75. Rosenstock J, Tuchman M, LaMoreaux L et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2004; 110 (3): 628–38.
76. Arezzo JC, Rosenstock J, LaMoreaux L et al. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin 600 mg/d for treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BMC Neurol 2008; 8: 33.
77. Snedecor SJ, Sudharshan L, Cappelleri JC et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological therapies for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Pract 2014; 14 (2): 167–84.
78. Iqbal Z, Azmi S, Yadav R et al. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Pharmacotherapy. Clin Ther 2018; 40 (6): 828–49.
79. Javed S, Alam U, Malik RA. Mirogabalin and emerging therapies for diabetic neuropathy.
J Pain Res 2018; 11: 1559–66.
80. Vadivelu N, Kai A, Maslin B et al. Tapentadol extended release in the management of peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11: 95–105.
81. Bouhassira D, Wilhelm S, Schacht A et al. Neuropathic pain phenotyping as a predictor of treatment response in painful diabetic neuropathy: data from the randomized, double-blind, COMBO-DN study. Pain 2014; 155 (10): 2171–9.
82. Agrawal RP, Goswami J, Jain S et al. Management of diabetic neuropathy by sodium valproate and glyceryl trinitrate spray: a prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83 (3): 371–8.
83. Vollert J, Maier C, Attal N et al. Stratifying patients with peripheral neuropathic pain based on sensory profiles: algorithm and sample size recommendations. Pain 2017; 158 (8): 1446–55.
84. Demant DT, Lund K, Vollert J et al. The effect of oxcarbazepine in peripheral neuropathic pain depends on pain phenotype: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phenotype-stratified study. Pain 2014; 155 (11): 2263–73.
85. Marshall AG, Lee-Kubli C, Azmi S et al. Spinal Disinhibition in Experimental and Clinical Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes 2017; 66 (5): 1380–90.
________________________________________________
2. Xu Z, Zhang P, Long L et al. Diabetes mellitus in classical trigeminal neuralgia: a predisposing factor for its development. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 151: 70–2.
3. Zeng L, Alongkronrusmee D, van Rijn RM. An integrated perspective on diabetic, alcoholic, and drug-induced neuropathy, etiology, and treatment in the US. J Pain Researc 2017; 10: 219–28.
4. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dickenson AH. Mechanisms and management of diabetic painful distal symmetrical polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2456–65.
5. Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross E.R et al. Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the U.K. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 2220–4.
6. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (10):
2285–93.
7. Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL et al. Diabetic Neuropathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (1): 136–54.
8. Unal-Cevik I, Sarioglu-Ay S, Evcik D. A comparison of the DN4 and LANSS questionnaires in the assessment of neuropathic pain: validity and reliability of the Turkish version of DN4. J Pain 2010; 11 (11): 1129–35.
9. Krause SJ, Backonja MM. Development of a neuropathic pain questionnaire. Clin J Pain 2003; 19 (5): 306–14.
10. Bennett M. The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain 2001; 92 (1–2): 147–57.
11. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ et al. Toronto Diabetic Neuropathy Expert Group. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2285–93.
12. Azmi S, Petropoulos IN, Ferdousi M et al. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic somatic and autonomic neuropathy. F1000Res 2019; 8. PII: F1000 Faculty Rev-186.
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Авторы
А.А. Пилипович
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*aapilipovich@mail.ru
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*aapilipovich@mail.ru
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*aapilipovich@mail.ru
________________________________________________
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*aapilipovich@mail.ru
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