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Эндоскопическое стентирование при злокачественных респираторно-дигестивных фистулах
Эндоскопическое стентирование при злокачественных респираторно-дигестивных фистулах
Иванов А.И., Попов В.А., Бурмистров М.В. Эндоскопическое стентирование при злокачественных респираторно-дигестивных фистулах. Consilium Medicum. 2020; 22 (12): 53–56. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2020.12.200484
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Аннотация
В работе представлен обзор зарубежной литературы на современном этапе по применению эндоскопического стентирования трахеи и пищевода при злокачественных респираторно-дигестивных свищах. На базе данных зарубежной литературы, демонстрирующей эффективность стентирования, изложены показания и противопоказания при стентировании, подходы по выбору стента, а также проанализированы преимущества, недостатки, частота возможных осложнений и эндоскопические методы их устранения. В условиях ограниченной продолжительности жизни больные со злокачественными свищами нуждаются в своевременном и эффективном выборе паллиативной помощи, которая восстанавливает проходимость пищевода, герметизирует фистулу и повышает качество жизни. Стентирование при данной патологии является оптимальным методом выбора. По причине ограниченности доступной отечественной информации и с учетом редкости возникновения злокачественных эзофагореспираторных фистул в данной работе обобщен зарубежный опыт.
Ключевые слова: эзофагореспираторный свищ, рак пищевода, стентирование.
Key words: respiratory-digestive fistula, esophageal carcinoma, stenting.
Ключевые слова: эзофагореспираторный свищ, рак пищевода, стентирование.
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Key words: respiratory-digestive fistula, esophageal carcinoma, stenting.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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10. Włodarczyk JR, Kużdżał J. Safety and efficacy of airway stenting in patients with malignant oesophago-airway fistula. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (5): 2731–9. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.19
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26. Hegarty MM, Angorn IB, Bryer JV et al. Pulsion intubation for palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Surg 1977; 64: 160–5. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800640304
27. Angorn IB, Hegarty MM. Palliative pulsion intubation in oesophageal carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1979; 61: 212–4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492764/
28. Hu Y, Zhao YF, Chen LQ et al. Comparative study of different treatments for malignant tracheoesophageal/bronchoesophageal fistulae. Dis Esophagus 2009; 22: 526–31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2009.00950.x
29. Margolis M, Alexander P, Trachiotis GD et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before multimodality therapy in patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 1694–7; discussion 1697–8. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975 (02)04890-7
30. Spivak H, Katariya K, Lo AY et al. Malignant tracheo-esophageal fistula: use of esophageal endoprosthesis. J Surg Oncol 1996; 63: 65–70. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9098(199609)63:1
31. Lolley DM, Ray JF, Ransdell HT et al. Management of malignant esophagorespiratory fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 25: 516–20. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975 (10)63600-4
32. Shin JH, Kim JH, Song HY. Interventional management of esophagorespiratory fistula. Korean J Radiol 2010; 11: 133–40. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2010.11.2.133
33. Abadal JM, Echenagusia A, Simo G et al. Treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with covered stents. Abdom Imaging 2001; 26: 565–9. DOI: 10.1007/s002610000193
34. Saxon RR, Barton RE, Katon RM et al. Treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions with covered metallic Z stents: Long-term results in 52 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995; 6: 747–54. DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443 (95)71180-0
35. Kishi K, Nakao T, Goto H et al. A fast placement technique for covered tracheobronchial stents in patients with complicated esophagorespiratory fistulas. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 28: 485–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-003-0203-x
36. Balazs A, Kupcsulik PK, Galambos Z. Esophagorespiratory fistulas of tumorous origin. Non‐operative management of 264 cases in a 20-year period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 34: 1103–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.06.025
37. Schweigert M, Posada-González M, Dubecz A et al. Recurrent oesophageal cancer complicated by tracheo-oesophageal fistula: improved palliation by means of parallel tracheal and oesophageal stenting. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 18 (2): 190–6. DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivt466
38. Raijman I, Siddique I, Ajani J et al. Palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulae with coated expandable metal stents: experience with 101 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48: 172–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (98)70159-2
39. Chaddha U, Hogarth DK, Murgu S. Perspective on airway stenting in inoperable patients with tracheoesophageal fistula after curative-intent treatment for esophageal cancer. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11 (5): 2165–74. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.128
40. Nam DH, Shin JH, Song HY et al. Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents. Acta Radiol 2006; 47: 3–9. DOI: 10.1080/02841850500334989
41. Binkert CA, Petersen BD. Two fatal complications after parallel tracheal-esophageal stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2002; 25: 144–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-001-0088-5
42. Sharma P, Kozarek R. Practice Parameters Committee of American College of Gastroenterology. Role of esophageal stents in benign and malignant diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 258–73. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.684
43. Mijazawa T, Yamakido M, Ikeda S et al. Implantation of ultraflex nitinol stents in malignant tracheobronchial stenoses. Chest 2000; 118: 959–65. DOI: 10.1378/chest.118.4.959
44. Wang MQ, Sze DY, Wang ZP et al. Delayed complications after esophageal stent placement for treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions and esophagorespiratory fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12: 465–74. DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443 (07)61886-7
45. Saxon RR, Morrison KE, Lakin PC et al. Malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistula: palliation with a polyethylene-covered Z-stent. Radiology 1997; 202: 349–54. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.202.2.9015055
46. Ke M, Wu X, Zeng J. The treatment strategy for tracheoesophageal fistula. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: S389–97. DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.11
47. Spaander MC, Baron TH, Siersema PD et al. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 939–48. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-114210
48. Devière J, Quarre JP, Love J et al. Self-expandable stent and injection of tissue adhesive for malignant bronchoesophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 508–10. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (94)70226-8
49. Lutz F. Treatment of airway esophageal fistulas. Principles and Practice of Interventional Pulmonology. Springer, New York: 2013; p. 421–34. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4292-9_41
50. Dumon JF. A dedicated tracheobronchial stent. Chest 1990; 97: 328–32. DOI: 10.1378/chest.97.2.328
51. Stephens KE, Wood DE. Bronchoscopic management of central airway obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 119: 289–96. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223 (00)70184-X
52. Kujawski K, Stasiak M, Rysz J. The evaluation of esophageal stenting complications in palliative treatment of dysphagia related to esophageal cancer. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18: CR323–CR329. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.882739
53. Suzuki T, Siddiqui A, Taylor LJ et al. Clinical outcomes, efficacy, and adverse events in patients undergoing esophageal stent placement for benign indications. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50: 373–8. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000500
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2. Martini N, Goodner JT, D'Angio GJ, Beattie EJ. Tracheoesophageal fistula due to cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1970; 59: 319–24. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)42464-1
3. Balazs A, Galambos Z, Kupcsulik PK. Characteristics of esophagorespiratory fistulas resulting from esophageal cancers: A single-center study on 243 cases in a 20-year period. World J Surg 2009; 33: 994–1001. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-9988-3
4. Angorn IB. Intubation in the treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus. World J Surg 1981; 5: 535–41. DOI: 10.1007/BF01655006
5. Duranceau A, Jamieson GG. Malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1984; 37: 346–54. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)60745-x
6. Hürtgen M, Herber SC. Treatment of malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Thorac Surg Clin 2014; 24: 117–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.09.006
7. Shin JH, Song HY, Ko GY et al. Esophagorespiratory fistula: Long-term results of palliative treatment with covered expandable metallic stents in 61 patients. Radiology 2004; 232: 252–9. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2321030733
8. Murthy S, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Rozas MS et аl. Palliation of malignant aerodigestive fistulae with self-expanding metallic stents. Dis. Esophagus 2007; 20: 386–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2007.00689.x
9. Wang H, Ke M, Li W et al. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and management of acquired respiratory-digestive tract fistulas. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9 (11): 1544–55. DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12856
10. Włodarczyk JR, Kużdżał J. Safety and efficacy of airway stenting in patients with malignant oesophago-airway fistula. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (5): 2731–9. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.19
11. Bethge N, Sommer A, Gross U et аl. Human tissue responses to metal stents implanted in vivo for the palliation of malignant stenoses. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43: 596–602. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (96)70198-0
12. Bick BL, Song LM, Buttar NS et аl. Stent-associated esophagorespiratory fistulas: incidence and risk factors. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77: 181–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.10.004
13. Kinsman KJ, Degregorio BT, Katon RM et аl. Prior radiation and chemotherapy increase the risk of life-threatening complications after insertion of metallic stents for esophagogastric malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43: 196–203. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (96)70315-2
14. Herth FJ, Peter S, Baty F et аl. Combined airway and oesophageal stenting in malignant airway-oesophageal fistulas: a prospective study. Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 1370–4. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00049809
15. Nomori H, Horio H, Imazu Y et al. Double stenting for esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 1803–7. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975 (00)02042-7
16. Park JY, Shin JH, Song HY et al. Airway complications after covered stent placement for malignant esophageal stricture: special reference to radiation therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 198: 453–9. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.10.5780
17. Hamai Y, Hihara J, Emi M et al. Airway stenting or malignant respiratory complications in esophageal cancer. Anticancer Res 2012; 32: 1785–90.
18. Burt M, Diehl W, Martini N et al. Malignant esophagorespiratory fistula: management options and survival. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 1222–8. DOI: 10.1016/0003-4975 (91)90005-b
19. Choi MK, Park YH, Hong JY et al. Clinical implications of esophagorespiratory fistulae in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA). Med Oncol 2010; 27: 1234–8. DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9364-z
20. Chen YH, Li SH, Chiu YC et al. Comparative study of esophageal stent and feeding gastrostomy/jejunostomy for tracheoesophageal fistula caused by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7: e42766. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042766
21. Davydov M, Stilidi I, Bokhyan V et al. Surgical treatment of esophageal carcinoma complicated by fistulas. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20: 405–8. DOI: 10.1016/s1010-7940(01)00796-5
22. Colt HG, Meric B, Dumon JF. Double stents for carcinoma of the esophagus invading the tracheo-bronchial tree. Gastrointest. Endosc 1992; 38: 485–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (92)70482-9
23. DeMeester TR, Johansson KE, Franze I et al. Indications, surgical technique, and long-term functional results of colon interposition or bypass. Ann Surg 1988; 208: 460–74. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198810000-00008
24. Postlethwait RW, Sealy WC, Dillon ML et al. Colon interposition for esophageal substitution. Ann Thorac Surg 1971; 12: 89–109. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975 (10)65099-0
25. Lenz CJ, Bick BL, Katzka D et al. Esophagorespiratory Fistulas: Survival and Outcomes of Treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 52: 131–6. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000751
26. Hegarty MM, Angorn IB, Bryer JV et al. Pulsion intubation for palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Surg 1977; 64: 160–5. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800640304
27. Angorn IB, Hegarty MM. Palliative pulsion intubation in oesophageal carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1979; 61: 212–4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492764/
28. Hu Y, Zhao YF, Chen LQ et al. Comparative study of different treatments for malignant tracheoesophageal/bronchoesophageal fistulae. Dis Esophagus 2009; 22: 526–31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2009.00950.x
29. Margolis M, Alexander P, Trachiotis GD et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before multimodality therapy in patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 1694–7; discussion 1697–8. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975 (02)04890-7
30. Spivak H, Katariya K, Lo AY et al. Malignant tracheo-esophageal fistula: use of esophageal endoprosthesis. J Surg Oncol 1996; 63: 65–70. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9098(199609)63:1
31. Lolley DM, Ray JF, Ransdell HT et al. Management of malignant esophagorespiratory fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 25: 516–20. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975 (10)63600-4
32. Shin JH, Kim JH, Song HY. Interventional management of esophagorespiratory fistula. Korean J Radiol 2010; 11: 133–40. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2010.11.2.133
33. Abadal JM, Echenagusia A, Simo G et al. Treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with covered stents. Abdom Imaging 2001; 26: 565–9. DOI: 10.1007/s002610000193
34. Saxon RR, Barton RE, Katon RM et al. Treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions with covered metallic Z stents: Long-term results in 52 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995; 6: 747–54. DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443 (95)71180-0
35. Kishi K, Nakao T, Goto H et al. A fast placement technique for covered tracheobronchial stents in patients with complicated esophagorespiratory fistulas. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 28: 485–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-003-0203-x
36. Balazs A, Kupcsulik PK, Galambos Z. Esophagorespiratory fistulas of tumorous origin. Non‐operative management of 264 cases in a 20-year period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 34: 1103–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.06.025
37. Schweigert M, Posada-González M, Dubecz A et al. Recurrent oesophageal cancer complicated by tracheo-oesophageal fistula: improved palliation by means of parallel tracheal and oesophageal stenting. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 18 (2): 190–6. DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivt466
38. Raijman I, Siddique I, Ajani J et al. Palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulae with coated expandable metal stents: experience with 101 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48: 172–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (98)70159-2
39. Chaddha U, Hogarth DK, Murgu S. Perspective on airway stenting in inoperable patients with tracheoesophageal fistula after curative-intent treatment for esophageal cancer. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11 (5): 2165–74. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.128
40. Nam DH, Shin JH, Song HY et al. Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents. Acta Radiol 2006; 47: 3–9. DOI: 10.1080/02841850500334989
41. Binkert CA, Petersen BD. Two fatal complications after parallel tracheal-esophageal stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2002; 25: 144–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-001-0088-5
42. Sharma P, Kozarek R. Practice Parameters Committee of American College of Gastroenterology. Role of esophageal stents in benign and malignant diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 258–73. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.684
43. Mijazawa T, Yamakido M, Ikeda S et al. Implantation of ultraflex nitinol stents in malignant tracheobronchial stenoses. Chest 2000; 118: 959–65. DOI: 10.1378/chest.118.4.959
44. Wang MQ, Sze DY, Wang ZP et al. Delayed complications after esophageal stent placement for treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions and esophagorespiratory fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12: 465–74. DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443 (07)61886-7
45. Saxon RR, Morrison KE, Lakin PC et al. Malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistula: palliation with a polyethylene-covered Z-stent. Radiology 1997; 202: 349–54. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.202.2.9015055
46. Ke M, Wu X, Zeng J. The treatment strategy for tracheoesophageal fistula. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: S389–97. DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.11
47. Spaander MC, Baron TH, Siersema PD et al. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 939–48. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-114210
48. Devière J, Quarre JP, Love J et al. Self-expandable stent and injection of tissue adhesive for malignant bronchoesophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 508–10. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (94)70226-8
49. Lutz F. Treatment of airway esophageal fistulas. Principles and Practice of Interventional Pulmonology. Springer, New York: 2013; p. 421–34. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4292-9_41
50. Dumon JF. A dedicated tracheobronchial stent. Chest 1990; 97: 328–32. DOI: 10.1378/chest.97.2.328
51. Stephens KE, Wood DE. Bronchoscopic management of central airway obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 119: 289–96. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223 (00)70184-X
52. Kujawski K, Stasiak M, Rysz J. The evaluation of esophageal stenting complications in palliative treatment of dysphagia related to esophageal cancer. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18: CR323–CR329. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.882739
53. Suzuki T, Siddiqui A, Taylor LJ et al. Clinical outcomes, efficacy, and adverse events in patients undergoing esophageal stent placement for benign indications. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50: 373–8. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000500
54. Dasari BV, Neely D, Kennedy A et al. The role of esophageal stents in the management of esophageal anastomotic leaks and benign esophageal perforations. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 852–60. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000564
55. Freitag L, Tekolf E, Steveling H et al. Management of malignant esophagotracheal fistulas with airway stenting and double stenting. Chest 1996; 110: 1155–60. DOI: 10.1378/chest.110.5.1155
56. Rodriguez AN, Diaz-Jimenez JP. Malignant respiratory-digestive fistulas. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010; 16: 329–33. DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283390de8
57. Van Heel NC, Haringsma J, Spaander MC et al. Esophageal stents for the palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistula recurrence after esophagectomy. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 249–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.01.070
58. Bergquist H, Wenger U, Johnsson E et al. Stent insertion or endoluminal brachytherapy as palliation of patients with advanced cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Dis Esophagus 2005; 18: 131–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2005.00467.x
2. Martini N, Goodner JT, D'Angio GJ, Beattie EJ. Tracheoesophageal fistula due to cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1970; 59: 319–24. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)42464-1
3. Balazs A, Galambos Z, Kupcsulik PK. Characteristics of esophagorespiratory fistulas resulting from esophageal cancers: A single-center study on 243 cases in a 20-year period. World J Surg 2009; 33: 994–1001. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-9988-3
4. Angorn IB. Intubation in the treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus. World J Surg 1981; 5: 535–41. DOI: 10.1007/BF01655006
5. Duranceau A, Jamieson GG. Malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1984; 37: 346–54. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)60745-x
6. Hürtgen M, Herber SC. Treatment of malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Thorac Surg Clin 2014; 24: 117–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.09.006
7. Shin JH, Song HY, Ko GY et al. Esophagorespiratory fistula: Long-term results of palliative treatment with covered expandable metallic stents in 61 patients. Radiology 2004; 232: 252–9. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2321030733
8. Murthy S, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Rozas MS et аl. Palliation of malignant aerodigestive fistulae with self-expanding metallic stents. Dis. Esophagus 2007; 20: 386–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2007.00689.x
9. Wang H, Ke M, Li W et al. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and management of acquired respiratory-digestive tract fistulas. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9 (11): 1544–55. DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12856
10. Włodarczyk JR, Kużdżał J. Safety and efficacy of airway stenting in patients with malignant oesophago-airway fistula. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (5): 2731–9. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.19
11. Bethge N, Sommer A, Gross U et аl. Human tissue responses to metal stents implanted in vivo for the palliation of malignant stenoses. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43: 596–602. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (96)70198-0
12. Bick BL, Song LM, Buttar NS et аl. Stent-associated esophagorespiratory fistulas: incidence and risk factors. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77: 181–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.10.004
13. Kinsman KJ, Degregorio BT, Katon RM et аl. Prior radiation and chemotherapy increase the risk of life-threatening complications after insertion of metallic stents for esophagogastric malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43: 196–203. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (96)70315-2
14. Herth FJ, Peter S, Baty F et аl. Combined airway and oesophageal stenting in malignant airway-oesophageal fistulas: a prospective study. Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 1370–4. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00049809
15. Nomori H, Horio H, Imazu Y et al. Double stenting for esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 1803–7. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975 (00)02042-7
16. Park JY, Shin JH, Song HY et al. Airway complications after covered stent placement for malignant esophageal stricture: special reference to radiation therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 198: 453–9. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.10.5780
17. Hamai Y, Hihara J, Emi M et al. Airway stenting or malignant respiratory complications in esophageal cancer. Anticancer Res 2012; 32: 1785–90.
18. Burt M, Diehl W, Martini N et al. Malignant esophagorespiratory fistula: management options and survival. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 1222–8. DOI: 10.1016/0003-4975 (91)90005-b
19. Choi MK, Park YH, Hong JY et al. Clinical implications of esophagorespiratory fistulae in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA). Med Oncol 2010; 27: 1234–8. DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9364-z
20. Chen YH, Li SH, Chiu YC et al. Comparative study of esophageal stent and feeding gastrostomy/jejunostomy for tracheoesophageal fistula caused by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7: e42766. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042766
21. Davydov M, Stilidi I, Bokhyan V et al. Surgical treatment of esophageal carcinoma complicated by fistulas. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20: 405–8. DOI: 10.1016/s1010-7940(01)00796-5
22. Colt HG, Meric B, Dumon JF. Double stents for carcinoma of the esophagus invading the tracheo-bronchial tree. Gastrointest. Endosc 1992; 38: 485–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (92)70482-9
23. DeMeester TR, Johansson KE, Franze I et al. Indications, surgical technique, and long-term functional results of colon interposition or bypass. Ann Surg 1988; 208: 460–74. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198810000-00008
24. Postlethwait RW, Sealy WC, Dillon ML et al. Colon interposition for esophageal substitution. Ann Thorac Surg 1971; 12: 89–109. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975 (10)65099-0
25. Lenz CJ, Bick BL, Katzka D et al. Esophagorespiratory Fistulas: Survival and Outcomes of Treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 52: 131–6. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000751
26. Hegarty MM, Angorn IB, Bryer JV et al. Pulsion intubation for palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Surg 1977; 64: 160–5. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800640304
27. Angorn IB, Hegarty MM. Palliative pulsion intubation in oesophageal carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1979; 61: 212–4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492764/
28. Hu Y, Zhao YF, Chen LQ et al. Comparative study of different treatments for malignant tracheoesophageal/bronchoesophageal fistulae. Dis Esophagus 2009; 22: 526–31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2009.00950.x
29. Margolis M, Alexander P, Trachiotis GD et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before multimodality therapy in patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 1694–7; discussion 1697–8. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975 (02)04890-7
30. Spivak H, Katariya K, Lo AY et al. Malignant tracheo-esophageal fistula: use of esophageal endoprosthesis. J Surg Oncol 1996; 63: 65–70. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9098(199609)63:1
31. Lolley DM, Ray JF, Ransdell HT et al. Management of malignant esophagorespiratory fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 25: 516–20. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975 (10)63600-4
32. Shin JH, Kim JH, Song HY. Interventional management of esophagorespiratory fistula. Korean J Radiol 2010; 11: 133–40. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2010.11.2.133
33. Abadal JM, Echenagusia A, Simo G et al. Treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with covered stents. Abdom Imaging 2001; 26: 565–9. DOI: 10.1007/s002610000193
34. Saxon RR, Barton RE, Katon RM et al. Treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions with covered metallic Z stents: Long-term results in 52 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995; 6: 747–54. DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443 (95)71180-0
35. Kishi K, Nakao T, Goto H et al. A fast placement technique for covered tracheobronchial stents in patients with complicated esophagorespiratory fistulas. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 28: 485–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-003-0203-x
36. Balazs A, Kupcsulik PK, Galambos Z. Esophagorespiratory fistulas of tumorous origin. Non‐operative management of 264 cases in a 20-year period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 34: 1103–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.06.025
37. Schweigert M, Posada-González M, Dubecz A et al. Recurrent oesophageal cancer complicated by tracheo-oesophageal fistula: improved palliation by means of parallel tracheal and oesophageal stenting. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 18 (2): 190–6. DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivt466
38. Raijman I, Siddique I, Ajani J et al. Palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulae with coated expandable metal stents: experience with 101 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48: 172–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (98)70159-2
39. Chaddha U, Hogarth DK, Murgu S. Perspective on airway stenting in inoperable patients with tracheoesophageal fistula after curative-intent treatment for esophageal cancer. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11 (5): 2165–74. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.128
40. Nam DH, Shin JH, Song HY et al. Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents. Acta Radiol 2006; 47: 3–9. DOI: 10.1080/02841850500334989
41. Binkert CA, Petersen BD. Two fatal complications after parallel tracheal-esophageal stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2002; 25: 144–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-001-0088-5
42. Sharma P, Kozarek R. Practice Parameters Committee of American College of Gastroenterology. Role of esophageal stents in benign and malignant diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 258–73. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.684
43. Mijazawa T, Yamakido M, Ikeda S et al. Implantation of ultraflex nitinol stents in malignant tracheobronchial stenoses. Chest 2000; 118: 959–65. DOI: 10.1378/chest.118.4.959
44. Wang MQ, Sze DY, Wang ZP et al. Delayed complications after esophageal stent placement for treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions and esophagorespiratory fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12: 465–74. DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443 (07)61886-7
45. Saxon RR, Morrison KE, Lakin PC et al. Malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistula: palliation with a polyethylene-covered Z-stent. Radiology 1997; 202: 349–54. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.202.2.9015055
46. Ke M, Wu X, Zeng J. The treatment strategy for tracheoesophageal fistula. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: S389–97. DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.11
47. Spaander MC, Baron TH, Siersema PD et al. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 939–48. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-114210
48. Devière J, Quarre JP, Love J et al. Self-expandable stent and injection of tissue adhesive for malignant bronchoesophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 508–10. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (94)70226-8
49. Lutz F. Treatment of airway esophageal fistulas. Principles and Practice of Interventional Pulmonology. Springer, New York: 2013; p. 421–34. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4292-9_41
50. Dumon JF. A dedicated tracheobronchial stent. Chest 1990; 97: 328–32. DOI: 10.1378/chest.97.2.328
51. Stephens KE, Wood DE. Bronchoscopic management of central airway obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 119: 289–96. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223 (00)70184-X
52. Kujawski K, Stasiak M, Rysz J. The evaluation of esophageal stenting complications in palliative treatment of dysphagia related to esophageal cancer. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18: CR323–CR329. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.882739
53. Suzuki T, Siddiqui A, Taylor LJ et al. Clinical outcomes, efficacy, and adverse events in patients undergoing esophageal stent placement for benign indications. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50: 373–8. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000500
54. Dasari BV, Neely D, Kennedy A et al. The role of esophageal stents in the management of esophageal anastomotic leaks and benign esophageal perforations. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 852–60. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000564
55. Freitag L, Tekolf E, Steveling H et al. Management of malignant esophagotracheal fistulas with airway stenting and double stenting. Chest 1996; 110: 1155–60. DOI: 10.1378/chest.110.5.1155
56. Rodriguez AN, Diaz-Jimenez JP. Malignant respiratory-digestive fistulas. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010; 16: 329–33. DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283390de8
57. Van Heel NC, Haringsma J, Spaander MC et al. Esophageal stents for the palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistula recurrence after esophagectomy. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 249–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.01.070
58. Bergquist H, Wenger U, Johnsson E et al. Stent insertion or endoluminal brachytherapy as palliation of patients with advanced cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Dis Esophagus 2005; 18: 131–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2005.00467.x
________________________________________________
2. Martini N, Goodner JT, D'Angio GJ, Beattie EJ. Tracheoesophageal fistula due to cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1970; 59: 319–24. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)42464-1
3. Balazs A, Galambos Z, Kupcsulik PK. Characteristics of esophagorespiratory fistulas resulting from esophageal cancers: A single-center study on 243 cases in a 20-year period. World J Surg 2009; 33: 994–1001. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-9988-3
4. Angorn IB. Intubation in the treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus. World J Surg 1981; 5: 535–41. DOI: 10.1007/BF01655006
5. Duranceau A, Jamieson GG. Malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1984; 37: 346–54. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)60745-x
6. Hürtgen M, Herber SC. Treatment of malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Thorac Surg Clin 2014; 24: 117–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.09.006
7. Shin JH, Song HY, Ko GY et al. Esophagorespiratory fistula: Long-term results of palliative treatment with covered expandable metallic stents in 61 patients. Radiology 2004; 232: 252–9. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2321030733
8. Murthy S, Gonzalez-Stawinski GV, Rozas MS et аl. Palliation of malignant aerodigestive fistulae with self-expanding metallic stents. Dis. Esophagus 2007; 20: 386–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2007.00689.x
9. Wang H, Ke M, Li W et al. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and management of acquired respiratory-digestive tract fistulas. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9 (11): 1544–55. DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12856
10. Włodarczyk JR, Kużdżał J. Safety and efficacy of airway stenting in patients with malignant oesophago-airway fistula. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (5): 2731–9. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.19
11. Bethge N, Sommer A, Gross U et аl. Human tissue responses to metal stents implanted in vivo for the palliation of malignant stenoses. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43: 596–602. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (96)70198-0
12. Bick BL, Song LM, Buttar NS et аl. Stent-associated esophagorespiratory fistulas: incidence and risk factors. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77: 181–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.10.004
13. Kinsman KJ, Degregorio BT, Katon RM et аl. Prior radiation and chemotherapy increase the risk of life-threatening complications after insertion of metallic stents for esophagogastric malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 43: 196–203. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (96)70315-2
14. Herth FJ, Peter S, Baty F et аl. Combined airway and oesophageal stenting in malignant airway-oesophageal fistulas: a prospective study. Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 1370–4. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00049809
15. Nomori H, Horio H, Imazu Y et al. Double stenting for esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 1803–7. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975 (00)02042-7
16. Park JY, Shin JH, Song HY et al. Airway complications after covered stent placement for malignant esophageal stricture: special reference to radiation therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 198: 453–9. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.10.5780
17. Hamai Y, Hihara J, Emi M et al. Airway stenting or malignant respiratory complications in esophageal cancer. Anticancer Res 2012; 32: 1785–90.
18. Burt M, Diehl W, Martini N et al. Malignant esophagorespiratory fistula: management options and survival. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 1222–8. DOI: 10.1016/0003-4975 (91)90005-b
19. Choi MK, Park YH, Hong JY et al. Clinical implications of esophagorespiratory fistulae in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA). Med Oncol 2010; 27: 1234–8. DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9364-z
20. Chen YH, Li SH, Chiu YC et al. Comparative study of esophageal stent and feeding gastrostomy/jejunostomy for tracheoesophageal fistula caused by esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7: e42766. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042766
21. Davydov M, Stilidi I, Bokhyan V et al. Surgical treatment of esophageal carcinoma complicated by fistulas. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20: 405–8. DOI: 10.1016/s1010-7940(01)00796-5
22. Colt HG, Meric B, Dumon JF. Double stents for carcinoma of the esophagus invading the tracheo-bronchial tree. Gastrointest. Endosc 1992; 38: 485–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (92)70482-9
23. DeMeester TR, Johansson KE, Franze I et al. Indications, surgical technique, and long-term functional results of colon interposition or bypass. Ann Surg 1988; 208: 460–74. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198810000-00008
24. Postlethwait RW, Sealy WC, Dillon ML et al. Colon interposition for esophageal substitution. Ann Thorac Surg 1971; 12: 89–109. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975 (10)65099-0
25. Lenz CJ, Bick BL, Katzka D et al. Esophagorespiratory Fistulas: Survival and Outcomes of Treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 52: 131–6. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000751
26. Hegarty MM, Angorn IB, Bryer JV et al. Pulsion intubation for palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Surg 1977; 64: 160–5. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800640304
27. Angorn IB, Hegarty MM. Palliative pulsion intubation in oesophageal carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1979; 61: 212–4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492764/
28. Hu Y, Zhao YF, Chen LQ et al. Comparative study of different treatments for malignant tracheoesophageal/bronchoesophageal fistulae. Dis Esophagus 2009; 22: 526–31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2009.00950.x
29. Margolis M, Alexander P, Trachiotis GD et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before multimodality therapy in patients with esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 1694–7; discussion 1697–8. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975 (02)04890-7
30. Spivak H, Katariya K, Lo AY et al. Malignant tracheo-esophageal fistula: use of esophageal endoprosthesis. J Surg Oncol 1996; 63: 65–70. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9098(199609)63:1
31. Lolley DM, Ray JF, Ransdell HT et al. Management of malignant esophagorespiratory fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 25: 516–20. DOI: 10.1016/S0003-4975 (10)63600-4
32. Shin JH, Kim JH, Song HY. Interventional management of esophagorespiratory fistula. Korean J Radiol 2010; 11: 133–40. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2010.11.2.133
33. Abadal JM, Echenagusia A, Simo G et al. Treatment of malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas with covered stents. Abdom Imaging 2001; 26: 565–9. DOI: 10.1007/s002610000193
34. Saxon RR, Barton RE, Katon RM et al. Treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions with covered metallic Z stents: Long-term results in 52 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995; 6: 747–54. DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443 (95)71180-0
35. Kishi K, Nakao T, Goto H et al. A fast placement technique for covered tracheobronchial stents in patients with complicated esophagorespiratory fistulas. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 28: 485–9. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-003-0203-x
36. Balazs A, Kupcsulik PK, Galambos Z. Esophagorespiratory fistulas of tumorous origin. Non‐operative management of 264 cases in a 20-year period. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 34: 1103–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.06.025
37. Schweigert M, Posada-González M, Dubecz A et al. Recurrent oesophageal cancer complicated by tracheo-oesophageal fistula: improved palliation by means of parallel tracheal and oesophageal stenting. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 18 (2): 190–6. DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivt466
38. Raijman I, Siddique I, Ajani J et al. Palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulae with coated expandable metal stents: experience with 101 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48: 172–9. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (98)70159-2
39. Chaddha U, Hogarth DK, Murgu S. Perspective on airway stenting in inoperable patients with tracheoesophageal fistula after curative-intent treatment for esophageal cancer. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11 (5): 2165–74. DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.128
40. Nam DH, Shin JH, Song HY et al. Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents. Acta Radiol 2006; 47: 3–9. DOI: 10.1080/02841850500334989
41. Binkert CA, Petersen BD. Two fatal complications after parallel tracheal-esophageal stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2002; 25: 144–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00270-001-0088-5
42. Sharma P, Kozarek R. Practice Parameters Committee of American College of Gastroenterology. Role of esophageal stents in benign and malignant diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 258–73. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.684
43. Mijazawa T, Yamakido M, Ikeda S et al. Implantation of ultraflex nitinol stents in malignant tracheobronchial stenoses. Chest 2000; 118: 959–65. DOI: 10.1378/chest.118.4.959
44. Wang MQ, Sze DY, Wang ZP et al. Delayed complications after esophageal stent placement for treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions and esophagorespiratory fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12: 465–74. DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443 (07)61886-7
45. Saxon RR, Morrison KE, Lakin PC et al. Malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistula: palliation with a polyethylene-covered Z-stent. Radiology 1997; 202: 349–54. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.202.2.9015055
46. Ke M, Wu X, Zeng J. The treatment strategy for tracheoesophageal fistula. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7: S389–97. DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.11
47. Spaander MC, Baron TH, Siersema PD et al. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 939–48. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-114210
48. Devière J, Quarre JP, Love J et al. Self-expandable stent and injection of tissue adhesive for malignant bronchoesophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 508–10. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107 (94)70226-8
49. Lutz F. Treatment of airway esophageal fistulas. Principles and Practice of Interventional Pulmonology. Springer, New York: 2013; p. 421–34. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4292-9_41
50. Dumon JF. A dedicated tracheobronchial stent. Chest 1990; 97: 328–32. DOI: 10.1378/chest.97.2.328
51. Stephens KE, Wood DE. Bronchoscopic management of central airway obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 119: 289–96. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223 (00)70184-X
52. Kujawski K, Stasiak M, Rysz J. The evaluation of esophageal stenting complications in palliative treatment of dysphagia related to esophageal cancer. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18: CR323–CR329. DOI: 10.12659/MSM.882739
53. Suzuki T, Siddiqui A, Taylor LJ et al. Clinical outcomes, efficacy, and adverse events in patients undergoing esophageal stent placement for benign indications. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50: 373–8. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000500
54. Dasari BV, Neely D, Kennedy A et al. The role of esophageal stents in the management of esophageal anastomotic leaks and benign esophageal perforations. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 852–60. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000564
55. Freitag L, Tekolf E, Steveling H et al. Management of malignant esophagotracheal fistulas with airway stenting and double stenting. Chest 1996; 110: 1155–60. DOI: 10.1378/chest.110.5.1155
56. Rodriguez AN, Diaz-Jimenez JP. Malignant respiratory-digestive fistulas. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010; 16: 329–33. DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283390de8
57. Van Heel NC, Haringsma J, Spaander MC et al. Esophageal stents for the palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistula recurrence after esophagectomy. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 249–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.01.070
58. Bergquist H, Wenger U, Johnsson E et al. Stent insertion or endoluminal brachytherapy as palliation of patients with advanced cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Dis Esophagus 2005; 18: 131–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2005.00467.x
Авторы
А.И. Иванов1,2, В.А. Попов*1,3, М.В. Бурмистров1,3
1 Казанская государственная медицинская академия – ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Казань, Россия;
2 ГАУЗ «Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер» Минздрава Республики Татарстан, Казань, Россия;
3 ГАУЗ «Республиканская клиническая больница» Минздрава Республики Татарстан, Казань, Россия
*lyapac@mail.ru
1 Kazan State Medical Academy – branch Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Russia;
2 Republican Саnсеr Center, Kazan, Russia;
3 Republican Clinical Hospital, Kazan, Russia
*lyapac@mail.ru
1 Казанская государственная медицинская академия – ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Казань, Россия;
2 ГАУЗ «Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер» Минздрава Республики Татарстан, Казань, Россия;
3 ГАУЗ «Республиканская клиническая больница» Минздрава Республики Татарстан, Казань, Россия
*lyapac@mail.ru
________________________________________________
1 Kazan State Medical Academy – branch Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Russia;
2 Republican Саnсеr Center, Kazan, Russia;
3 Republican Clinical Hospital, Kazan, Russia
*lyapac@mail.ru
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