Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Эпилептические приступы и эпилепсия у больных с инсультом
Эпилептические приступы и эпилепсия у больных с инсультом
Максимова М.Ю., Шалиманова Е.В., Брутян А.Г. Эпилептические приступы и эпилепсия у больных с инсультом. Consilium Medicum. 2020; 22 (9): 38–45. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2020.9.200273
________________________________________________
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
Возникновение эпилептических приступов и эпилепсии после инсульта является примером их тесной связи с цереброваскулярной патологией.
По данным разных исследователей, эпилептические приступы у пациентов, перенесших инсульт, встречаются с частотой от 3–6 до 12%. Постинсультные приступы могут возникать в остром периоде инсульта или в более поздние сроки. Эпилепсия у больных с инсультом значительно ухудшает качество их жизни, замедляет бытовую, социальную и профессиональную адаптацию. В статье рассматриваются терминологические, эпидемиологические, патофизиологические аспекты, факторы риска и предикторы эпилептических приступов и эпилепсии у больных с инсультом.
Ключевые слова: инсульт, эпилептические приступы и постинсультная эпилепсия.
Key words: stroke, post-stroke seizures, post-stroke epilepsy.
По данным разных исследователей, эпилептические приступы у пациентов, перенесших инсульт, встречаются с частотой от 3–6 до 12%. Постинсультные приступы могут возникать в остром периоде инсульта или в более поздние сроки. Эпилепсия у больных с инсультом значительно ухудшает качество их жизни, замедляет бытовую, социальную и профессиональную адаптацию. В статье рассматриваются терминологические, эпидемиологические, патофизиологические аспекты, факторы риска и предикторы эпилептических приступов и эпилепсии у больных с инсультом.
Ключевые слова: инсульт, эпилептические приступы и постинсультная эпилепсия.
________________________________________________
Key words: stroke, post-stroke seizures, post-stroke epilepsy.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Dumanis SB, French JA, Bernard C et al. Seizure Forecasting from Idea to Reality. Outcomes of the My Seizure Gauge Epilepsy Innovation Institute Workshop. eNeuro 2017 Dec 27; 4 (6). DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0349-17.2017
2. Dalic L, Cook MJ. Managing drug-resistant epilepsy: challenges and solutions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016 Oct 12; 12: 2605–16. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S84852
3. Гехт А.Б., Лебедева А.В., Рулева З.С. и др. Эпилепсия у больных инсультом. РМЖ. 2000; 2: 14–7.
[Gekht A.B., Lebedeva A.V., Ruleva Z.S. et al. Epilepsiya u bol'nykh insul'tom. RMZh. 2000; 2: 14–7 (in Russian).]
4. Silverman IE, Restrepo L, Mathews GC. Poststroke seizures. Arch Neurol 2002; 59 (2): 195–201. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.59.2.195
5. Myint PK, Staufenberg EF, Sabanathan K. Post-stroke seizure and post-stroke epilepsy. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82 (971): 568–72. DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2005.041426
6. Holtkamp M, Beghi E, Benninger F et al. European Stroke Organisation guidelines for the management of post-stroke seizures and epilepsy. Eur Stroke J 2017; 2 (2): 103–15. DOI: 10.1177/2396987317705536
7. Pitkänen A, Nehlig A, Brooks-Kayal AR et al. Issues related to development of antiepileptogenic therapies. Epilepsia 2013; 54 (Suppl. 4): 35–43. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12297
8. Pitkänen A, Sutula TP. Is epilepsy a progressive disorder? Prospects for new therapeutic approaches in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002; 1 (3): 173–81. DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422 (02)00073-x
9. Scharfman HE. The neurobiology of epilepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007; 7 (4): 348–54. DOI: 10.1007/s11910-007-0053-z
10. Ben-Ari Y. Epilepsies and neuronal plasticity: for better or for worse? Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008; 10 (1): 17–27. PMCID: PMC3181861.
11. Hauser WA, Rich SS, Lee JR et al. Risk of recurrent seizures after two unprovoked seizures. N Engl J Med 1998; 338 (7): 429–34. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199802123380704
12. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55 (4): 475–82. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12550
13. Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia 2010; 51 (4): 671–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x
14. Hesdorffer DC, Benn EK, Cascino GD, Hauser WA. Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure. Epilepsia 2009; 50 (5): 1102–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01945.x
15. Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol 2000; 57 (11): 1617–22. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.57.11.1617
16. Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J et al. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 1997; 315 (7122): 1582–7. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.315.7122.1582
17. Arboix A, García-Eroles L, Massons JB et al. Predictive factors of early seizures after acute cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1997; 28 (8): 1590–4. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.8.1590
18. So EL, Annegers JF, Hauser WA et al. Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction. Neurology 1996; 46 (2): 350–5. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.46.2.350
19. Labovitz DL, Hauser WA, Sacco RL. Prevalence and predictors of early seizure and status epilepticus after first stroke. Neurology 2001; 57 (2): 200–6. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.57.2.200
20. Lamy C, Domigo V, Semah F et al. Early and late seizures after cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults. Neurology 2003; 60 (3): 400–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.60.3.400
21. Berges S, Moulin T, Berger E et al. Seizures and epilepsy following strokes: recurrence factors. Eur Neurol 2000; 43 (1): 3–8. DOI: 10.1159/000008120
22. Kilpatrick CJ, Davis SM, Tress BM et al. Epileptic seizures in acute stroke. Arch Neurol 1990; 47 (2): 157–60. PMID: 2302087.
23. Lancman ME, Golimstok A, Norscini J, Granillo R. Risk factors for developing seizures after a stroke. Epilepsia 1993; 34 (1): 141–3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02386.x
24. Gupta SR, Naheedy MH, Elias D, Rubino FA. Postinfarction seizures. A clinical study. Stroke 1988; 19 (12): 1477–81. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.19.12.1477
25. Lossius MI, Rønning OM, Slapø GD et al. Poststroke epilepsy: occurrence and predictors--a long-term prospective controlled study (Akershus Stroke Study). Epilepsia 2005; 46 (8): 1246–51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.57904.x
26. Roivainen R, Haapaniemi E, Putaala J et al. Young adult ischaemic stroke related acute symptomatic and late seizures: risk factors. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20 (9): 1247–55. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12157
27. Lee JC, Lin KL, Wang HS et al. Seizures in childhood ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Brain Dev 2009; 31 (4): 294–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.05.006
28. Hsu CJ, Weng WC, Peng SS, Lee WT. Early-onset seizures are correlated with late-onset seizures in children with arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2014 Apr; 45 (4): 1161–3. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004015
29. Giroud M, Gras P, Fayolle H et al. Early seizures after acute stroke: a study of 1.640 cases. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (5): 959–64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02540.x.
30. Zhao Y, Li X, Zhang K et al. The Progress of Epilepsy after Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16 (1): 71–8. DOI: 10.2174/1570159X15666170613083253
31. Габашвили В.М., Прохорова Э.С., Шакаришвили Р.С. Эпилептические припадки при сосудистых заболеваниях головного мозга. Тбилиси: Мецниереба, 1986.
[Gabashvili V.M., Prokhorova E.S., Shakarishvili R.S. Epileptic seizures in vascular diseases of the brain. Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1986 (in Russian).]
32. Сорокина Н.Д., Селицкий Г.В., Косицын Н.С., Свинов М.М. Нейробиологические аспекты ишемии мозга и постинсультной эпилепсии. Журн. высш. нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова. 2002; 52 (6): 656–65.
[Sorokina N.D., Selitskiy G.V., Kositsyn N.S., Svinov M.M. Neyrobiologicheskie aspekty ishemii mozga i postinsul'tnoy epilepsii. Zhurn. vysshey nervnoy deyatel'nosti im. I.P. Pavlova. 2002; 52 (6): 656–65 (in Russian).]
33. Lo YK, Yiu CH, Hu HH et al. Frequency and characteristics of early seizures in Chinese acute stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 90 (2): 83–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02684.x
34. Гехт А.Б., Лебедева А.В., Полетаев А.Б. и др. Постинсультная эпилепсия. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Инсульт. 2003 (9): 195–7.
[Gekht A.B., Lebedeva A.V., Poletaev A.B. et al. Postinsul'tnaya epilepsiya. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Insul't. 2003 (9): 195–7 (in Russian).]
35. Olafsson E, Ludvigsson P, Gudmundsson G et al. Incidence of unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in Iceland and assessment of the epilepsy syndrome classification: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4 (10): 627–34.
36. Graham NS, Crichton S, Koutroumanidis M et al. Incidence and associations of poststroke epilepsy: the prospective South London Stroke Register. Stroke 2013; 44 (3): 605–11. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000220
37. Adelöw C, Andersson T, Ahlbom A, Tomson T. Prior hospitalization for stroke, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and subsequent risk of unprovoked seizures. Epilepsia 2011; 52 (2): 301–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02757.x
38. Heiss WD, Huber M, Fink GR et al. Progressive derangement of periinfarct viable tissue in ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12 (2): 193–203. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.29
39. Luhmann HJ. Ischemia and lesion induced imbalances in cortical function. Prog Neurobiol 1996; 48 (2): 131–66. DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(95)00042-9
40. Marchi N, Granata T, Ghosh C, Janigro D. Blood‐brain barrier dysfunction and epilepsy: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic approaches. Epilepsia 2012; 53 (11): 1877–86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03637.x
41. Van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Gorter JA. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction, seizures and epilepsy. Semin. Cell Dev Biol 2015; 38: 26–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.10.003
42. Mizielinska SM, Greenwood SM, Tummala H, Connolly CN. Rapid dendritic and axonal responses to neuronal insults. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37 (6): 1389–93. DOI: 10.1042/BST0371389
43. Sahu S, Nag DS, Swain A, Samaddar DP. Biochemical changes in the injured brain. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8 (1): 21–31. DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i1.21
44. Tanaka T, Ihara M. Post-stroke epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2017; 107: 219–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.002
45. Sun DA, Sombati S, DeLorenzo RJ. Glutamate injury-induced epileptogenesis in hippocampal neurons: an in vitro model of stroke-induced “epilepsy”. Stroke 2001; 32 (10): 2344–50. DOI: 10.1161/hs1001.097242
46. Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Beghi E et al. Epilepsy in cerebrovascular diseases: Review of experimental and clinical data with meta-analysis of risk factors. Epilepsia 2016; 57 (8): 1205–14. DOI: 10.1111/epi.13448
47. Pitkänen A, Löscher W, Vezzani A et al. Advances in the development of biomarkers for epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15 (8): 843–56. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422 (16)00112-5
48. Iijima T, Mies G, Hossmann KA. Repeated negative DC deflections in rat cortex following middle cerebral artery occlusion are abolished by MK-801: effect on volume of ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12 (5): 727–33. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.103
49. Kamp MA, Dibué M, Schneider T et al. Calcium and potassium channels in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient global ischemia. Stroke Res Treat 2012; 2012: 382146. DOI: 10.1155/2012/382146
50. Back T, Ginsberg MD, Dietrich WD, Watson BD. Induction of spreading depression in the ischemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect on infarct morphology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16 (2): 202–13. DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199603000-00004
51. Maggio N, Shavit E, Chapman J, Segal M. Thrombin induces long-term potentiation of reactivity to afferent stimulation and facilitates epileptic seizures in rat hippocampal slices: toward understanding the functional consequences of cerebrovascular insults. J Neurosci 2008; 28 (3): 732–6. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3665-07.2008
52. Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T. The role of reactive species in epileptogenesis and influence of antiepileptic drug therapy on oxidative stress. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 10 (4): 328–43. DOI: 10.2174/157015912804143504
53. IK. Extracellular hemoglobin: the case of a friend turned foe.Front Physiol 2015; 6: 96. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00096
54. Uchino H, Smith ML, Bengzon J et al. Characteristics of postischemic seizures in hyperglycemic rats. J Neurol Sci 1996; 139 (1): 21–7. PMID: 8836968.
55. Carmichael ST. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves. Ann Neurol 2006; 59 (5): 735–42. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20845
56. Feyissa AM, Hasan TF, Meschia JF. Stroke-related epilepsy. Eur J Neurol 2019; 26 (1): 18-e3. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13813
57. Степанова Т.С., Грачев К.В. Электрофизиология патогенетического стереотаксиса при эпилепсии: материалы конференции по проблемам эпилепсии. Ереван, 1976: 87–91.
[Stepanova T.S., Grachev K.V. Electrophysiology of pathogenetic stereotaxis in epilepsy: proceedings of a conference on epilepsy problems. Erevan, 1976: 87–91 (in Russian).]
58. Карлов В.А. Эпилепсия как клиническая и нейрофизиологическая проблема. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2000; 100 (9): 7–15.
[Karlov V.A. Epilepsiya kak klinicheskaya i neyrofiziologicheskaya problema. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2000; 100 (9): 7–15 (in Russian).]
59. Карлов В.А. Эпилепсия у детей и взрослых женщин и мужчин. Руководство для врачей. Бином.
[Karlov V.A. Epilepsy in children and adult women and men. A guide for doctors. Binom (in Russian).]
60. Spencer SS. Neural networks in human epilepsy: evidence of and implications for treatment. Epilepsia 2002 Mar; 43 (3): 219–27. DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.26901.x
61. Engel J. Can we replace the therms “focal” and “generalized”. In: Generalized seizures: from clinical phenomenology to understanding system and networks (Hirsch E, Andermann F, Chauvel P, Engel J, Lopes da Silva F, Luders H, eds), 2006, pp. 305–25. Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext.
62. Perez Velazquez JL, Carlen PL. Gap junctions, synchrony and seizures. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23 (2): 68–74. DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01497-6
63. Avoli M, Louvel J, Pumain R, Köhling R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of epilepsy in the human brain. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 77 (3): 166–200. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.09.006
64. He Y, Chen ZJ, Evans AC. Small-world anatomical networks in the human brain revealed by cortical thickness from MRI. Cereb Cortex 2007; 17 (10): 2407–19. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl149.
65. Wang L, Yu C, Chen H et al. Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke. Brain 2010; 133 (4): 1224–38. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq043
66. Waites AB, Briellmann RS, Saling MM et al. Functional connectivity networks are disrupted in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2006; 59 (2): 335–43. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20733
67. Silasi G, Murphy TH. Stroke and the connectome: how connectivity guides therapeutic intervention. Neuron 2014; 83 (6): 1354–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.052
68. Batten SR, Whiteheart SW, Gerhardt GA, Slevin JT. Neurotransmitter Function Presynaptic Neurotransmission: Alterations in Exocytotic/Secretory Machinery and Glutamate Signaling in Kindling. In: Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2017: 1–9.
69. Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol 1969; 25 (3): 295–330. DOI:10.1016/0014-4886(69)90128-9
70. Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ. Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: rewiring the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 73 (1): 1–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009
71. Глебов Р.Н. Особенности дизрегуляции нейрональной и синаптической активности при эпилептогенезе. В кн.: Дизрегуляторная патология: Руководство для врачей и биологов. Под ред.
Г.Н. Крыжановского. М.: Медицина, 2002: 587–632.
[Glebov R.N. Features of dysregulation of neuronal and synaptic activity in epileptogenesis. In: Dysregulatory pathology: A guide for doctors and biologists. Ed. G.N. Kryzhanovsky. Moscow: Meditsina, 2002: 587–632 (in Russian).]
72. Morrell F. Secondary epileptogenic lesions. Epilepsia 1960; 1: 538–60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1959.tb04288.x
73. Халилов И.А., Ситдикова Г.Ф., Хазипов Р.Н., Зефиров А.Л. Вторичный эпилептогенез в незрелом мозге: роль ГАМК. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2014; 114 (4): 41–51.
[Khalilov I.A., Sitdikova G.F., Khazipov R.N., Zefirov A.L. Vtorichnyy epileptogenez v nezrelom mozge: rol' GAMK. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Spetsvypuski. 2014; 114 (4): 41–51 (in Russian).]
74. Richardson EP Jr, Dodge PR. Epilepsy in cerebral vascular disease; a study of the incidence and nature of seizures in 104 consecutive autopsy-proven cases of cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. Epilepsia 1954; 3: 49–74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1954.tb03153.x
75. Meyer JS, Charney JZ, Rivera VM, Mathew NT. Cerebral embolization: prospective clinical analysis of 42 cases. Stroke 1971; 2 (6): 541–54. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.2.6.541
76. Lesser RP, Lüders H, Dinner DS, Morris HH. Epileptic seizures due to thrombotic and embolic cerebrovascular disease in older patients. Epilepsia 1985; 26 (6): 622–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1985.tb05702.x
77. Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F. The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke 1988; 19 (9): 1083–92. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.19.9.1083
78. Kittner SJ, Sharkness CM, Price TR et al. Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank: historical features. Neurology 1990; 40 (2): 281–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.40.2.281
79. Reith J, Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H et al. Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 1997; 28 (8): 1585–9. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.8.1585
80. Bentes C, Pimentel J, Ferro JM. Epileptic seizures following subcortical infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 12 (4): 331–4. DOI: 10.1159/000047730
81. Zhang C, Wang X, Wang Y et al. Risk factors for post-stroke seizures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108 (10): 1806–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.030
82. Arntz R, Rutten-Jacobs L, Maaijwee N et al. Post-stroke epilepsy in young adults: a long-term follow-up study. PLoS One 2013; 8 (2): e55498. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055498
83. Jungehulsing GJ, Heuschmann PU, Holtkamp M et al. Incidence and predictors of post-stroke epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 127 (6): 427–30. DOI: 10.1111/ane.12070
84. Heuts-van Raak L, Lodder J, Kessels F. Late seizures following a first symptomatic brain infarct are related to large infarcts involving the posterior area around the lateral sulcus. Seizure 1996; 5 (3): 185–94. DOI: 10.1016/s1059-1311 (96)80034-3
85. Leone MA, Tonini MC, Bogliun G et al. Risk factors for a first epileptic seizure after stroke: a case control study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 277 (1–2): 138–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.11.004
86. Miyaji Y, Kawabata Y, Joki H et al. Late Seizures after Stroke in Clinical Practice: The Prevalence of Non-convulsive Seizures. Intern Med 2017; 56 (6): 627–30. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7162
87. Benbir G, Ince B, Bozluolcay M. The epidemiology of post-stroke epilepsy according to stroke subtypes. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114 (1): 8–12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00642.x
88. Cleary P, Shorvon S, Tallis R. Late-onset seizures as a predictor of subsequent stroke. Lancet 2004; 363 (9416): 1184–6. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15946-1
89. Brigo F, Tezzon F, Nardone R. Late-onset seizures and risk of subsequent stroke: a systematic review. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 31: 9–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.11.003
90. Yang H, Song Z, Yang GP et al. The ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism affects post-stroke epilepsy susceptibility and plasma 4-HNE levels. PLoS One 2014; 9 (10): e109634. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109634
91. Zhang B, Chen M, Yang H et al. Evidence for involvement of the CD40/CD40L system in post-stroke epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 567: 6–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.003
92. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 2006; 37 (6): 1583–633. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1
93. Szaflarski JP, Rackley AY, Kleindorfer DO et al. Incidence of seizures in the acute phase of stroke: a population-based study. Epilepsia 2008; 49 (6): 974–81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01513.x
94. Temkin NR. Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: the human experience. Epilepsia 2009; 50 (Suppl. 2): 10–3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.02005.x
95. Trinka E, Brigo F. Antiepileptogenesis in humans: disappointing clinical evidence and ways to move forward. Curr Opin Neurol 2014; 27 (2): 227–35. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000067
96. Rumbach L, Sablot D, Berger E et al. Status epilepticus in stroke: report on a hospital-based stroke cohort. Neurology 2000; 54 (2): 350–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.54.2.350
97. Bateman BT, Claassen J, Willey JZ et al. Convulsive status epilepticus after ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome in a large administrative dataset. Neurocrit Care 2007; 7 (3): 187–93. DOI: 10.1007/s12028-007-0056-2
98. Belcastro V, Vidale S, Gorgone G et al. Non-convulsive status epilepticus after ischemic stroke: a hospital-based stroke cohort study. J Neurol 2014; 261 (11): 2136–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7471-z
99. Conrad J, Pawlowski M, Dogan M et al. Seizures after cerebrovascular events: risk factors and clinical features. Seizur 2013; 22 (4): 275–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.01.014
100. Nadeau SE, Lu X, Dobkin B et al. A prospective test of the late effects of potentially antineuroplastic drugs in a stroke rehabilitation study. Int J Stroke 2014; 9 (4): 449–56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00920.x
101. De Reuck J, Van Maele G. Acute ischemic stroke treatment and the occurrence of seizures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112 (4): 328–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.01.004
102. Alvarez V, Rossetti AO, Papavasileiou V, Michel P. Acute seizures in acute ischemic stroke: does thrombolysis have a role to play? J Neurol 2013; 260 (1): 55–61. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6583-6
103. Schmitz ML, Simonsen CZ, Hundborg H et al. Acute ischemic stroke and long-term outcome after thrombolysis: nationwide propensity score-matched follow-up study. Stroke 2014; 45 (10): 3070–2. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006570
104. Machado C, Pinho J, Alves JN et al. Five-Year Outcome in Stroke Patients Submitted to Thrombolysis. Stroke 2015; 46 (8): 2312–4. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009842
105. Couillard P, Almekhlafi MA, Irvine A et al. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16 (2): 241–5. DOI: 10.1007/s12028-011-9657-x
106. Gensicke H, Seiffge DJ, Polasek AE et al. Long-term outcome in stroke patients treated with IV thrombolysis. Neurology 2013; 80 (10): 919–25. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182840c35
2. Dalic L, Cook MJ. Managing drug-resistant epilepsy: challenges and solutions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016 Oct 12; 12: 2605–16. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S84852
3. Gekht A.B., Lebedeva A.V., Ruleva Z.S. et al. Epilepsiya u bol'nykh insul'tom. RMZh. 2000; 2: 14–7 (in Russian).
4. Silverman IE, Restrepo L, Mathews GC. Poststroke seizures. Arch Neurol 2002; 59 (2): 195–201. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.59.2.195
5. Myint PK, Staufenberg EF, Sabanathan K. Post-stroke seizure and post-stroke epilepsy. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82 (971): 568–72. DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2005.041426
6. Holtkamp M, Beghi E, Benninger F et al. European Stroke Organisation guidelines for the management of post-stroke seizures and epilepsy. Eur Stroke J 2017; 2 (2): 103–15. DOI: 10.1177/2396987317705536
7. Pitkänen A, Nehlig A, Brooks-Kayal AR et al. Issues related to development of antiepileptogenic therapies. Epilepsia 2013; 54 (Suppl. 4): 35–43. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12297
8. Pitkänen A, Sutula TP. Is epilepsy a progressive disorder? Prospects for new therapeutic approaches in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002; 1 (3): 173–81. DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422 (02)00073-x
9. Scharfman HE. The neurobiology of epilepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007; 7 (4): 348–54. DOI: 10.1007/s11910-007-0053-z
10. Ben-Ari Y. Epilepsies and neuronal plasticity: for better or for worse? Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008; 10 (1): 17–27. PMCID: PMC3181861.
11. Hauser WA, Rich SS, Lee JR et al. Risk of recurrent seizures after two unprovoked seizures. N Engl J Med 1998; 338 (7): 429–34. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199802123380704
12. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55 (4): 475–82. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12550
13. Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia 2010; 51 (4): 671–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x
14. Hesdorffer DC, Benn EK, Cascino GD, Hauser WA. Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure. Epilepsia 2009; 50 (5): 1102–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01945.x
15. Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol 2000; 57 (11): 1617–22. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.57.11.1617
16. Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J et al. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 1997; 315 (7122): 1582–7. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.315.7122.1582
17. Arboix A, García-Eroles L, Massons JB et al. Predictive factors of early seizures after acute cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1997; 28 (8): 1590–4. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.8.1590
18. So EL, Annegers JF, Hauser WA et al. Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction. Neurology 1996; 46 (2): 350–5. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.46.2.350
19. Labovitz DL, Hauser WA, Sacco RL. Prevalence and predictors of early seizure and status epilepticus after first stroke. Neurology 2001; 57 (2): 200–6. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.57.2.200
20. Lamy C, Domigo V, Semah F et al. Early and late seizures after cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults. Neurology 2003; 60 (3): 400–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.60.3.400
21. Berges S, Moulin T, Berger E et al. Seizures and epilepsy following strokes: recurrence factors. Eur Neurol 2000; 43 (1): 3–8. DOI: 10.1159/000008120
22. Kilpatrick CJ, Davis SM, Tress BM et al. Epileptic seizures in acute stroke. Arch Neurol 1990; 47 (2): 157–60. PMID: 2302087.
23. Lancman ME, Golimstok A, Norscini J, Granillo R. Risk factors for developing seizures after a stroke. Epilepsia 1993; 34 (1): 141–3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02386.x
24. Gupta SR, Naheedy MH, Elias D, Rubino FA. Postinfarction seizures. A clinical study. Stroke 1988; 19 (12): 1477–81. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.19.12.1477
25. Lossius MI, Rønning OM, Slapø GD et al. Poststroke epilepsy: occurrence and predictors--a long-term prospective controlled study (Akershus Stroke Study). Epilepsia 2005; 46 (8): 1246–51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.57904.x
26. Roivainen R, Haapaniemi E, Putaala J et al. Young adult ischaemic stroke related acute symptomatic and late seizures: risk factors. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20 (9): 1247–55. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12157
27. Lee JC, Lin KL, Wang HS et al. Seizures in childhood ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Brain Dev 2009; 31 (4): 294–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.05.006
28. Hsu CJ, Weng WC, Peng SS, Lee WT. Early-onset seizures are correlated with late-onset seizures in children with arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2014 Apr; 45 (4): 1161–3. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004015
29. Giroud M, Gras P, Fayolle H et al. Early seizures after acute stroke: a study of 1.640 cases. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (5): 959–64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02540.x.
30. Zhao Y, Li X, Zhang K et al. The Progress of Epilepsy after Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16 (1): 71–8. DOI: 10.2174/1570159X15666170613083253
31. Gabashvili V.M., Prokhorova E.S., Shakarishvili R.S. Epileptic seizures in vascular diseases of the brain. Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1986 (in Russian).
32. Sorokina N.D., Selitskiy G.V., Kositsyn N.S., Svinov M.M. Neyrobiologicheskie aspekty ishemii mozga i postinsul'tnoy epilepsii. Zhurn. vysshey nervnoy deyatel'nosti im. I.P. Pavlova. 2002; 52 (6): 656–65 (in Russian).
33. Lo YK, Yiu CH, Hu HH et al. Frequency and characteristics of early seizures in Chinese acute stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 90 (2): 83–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02684.x
34. Gekht A.B., Lebedeva A.V., Poletaev A.B. et al. Postinsul'tnaya epilepsiya. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Insul't. 2003 (9): 195–7 (in Russian).
35. Olafsson E, Ludvigsson P, Gudmundsson G et al. Incidence of unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in Iceland and assessment of the epilepsy syndrome classification: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4 (10): 627–34.
36. Graham NS, Crichton S, Koutroumanidis M et al. Incidence and associations of poststroke epilepsy: the prospective South London Stroke Register. Stroke 2013; 44 (3): 605–11. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000220
37. Adelöw C, Andersson T, Ahlbom A, Tomson T. Prior hospitalization for stroke, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and subsequent risk of unprovoked seizures. Epilepsia 2011; 52 (2): 301–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02757.x
38. Heiss WD, Huber M, Fink GR et al. Progressive derangement of periinfarct viable tissue in ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12 (2): 193–203. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.29
39. Luhmann HJ. Ischemia and lesion induced imbalances in cortical function. Prog Neurobiol 1996; 48 (2): 131–66. DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(95)00042-9
40. Marchi N, Granata T, Ghosh C, Janigro D. Blood‐brain barrier dysfunction and epilepsy: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic approaches. Epilepsia 2012; 53 (11): 1877–86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03637.x
41. Van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Gorter JA. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction, seizures and epilepsy. Semin. Cell Dev Biol 2015; 38: 26–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.10.003
42. Mizielinska SM, Greenwood SM, Tummala H, Connolly CN. Rapid dendritic and axonal responses to neuronal insults. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37 (6): 1389–93. DOI: 10.1042/BST0371389
43. Sahu S, Nag DS, Swain A, Samaddar DP. Biochemical changes in the injured brain. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8 (1): 21–31. DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i1.21
44. Tanaka T, Ihara M. Post-stroke epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2017; 107: 219–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.002
45. Sun DA, Sombati S, DeLorenzo RJ. Glutamate injury-induced epileptogenesis in hippocampal neurons: an in vitro model of stroke-induced “epilepsy”. Stroke 2001; 32 (10): 2344–50. DOI: 10.1161/hs1001.097242
46. Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Beghi E et al. Epilepsy in cerebrovascular diseases: Review of experimental and clinical data with meta-analysis of risk factors. Epilepsia 2016; 57 (8): 1205–14. DOI: 10.1111/epi.13448
47. Pitkänen A, Löscher W, Vezzani A et al. Advances in the development of biomarkers for epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15 (8): 843–56. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422 (16)00112-5
48. Iijima T, Mies G, Hossmann KA. Repeated negative DC deflections in rat cortex following middle cerebral artery occlusion are abolished by MK-801: effect on volume of ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12 (5): 727–33. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.103
49. Kamp MA, Dibué M, Schneider T et al. Calcium and potassium channels in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient global ischemia. Stroke Res Treat 2012; 2012: 382146. DOI: 10.1155/2012/382146
50. Back T, Ginsberg MD, Dietrich WD, Watson BD. Induction of spreading depression in the ischemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect on infarct morphology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16 (2): 202–13. DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199603000-00004
51. Maggio N, Shavit E, Chapman J, Segal M. Thrombin induces long-term potentiation of reactivity to afferent stimulation and facilitates epileptic seizures in rat hippocampal slices: toward understanding the functional consequences of cerebrovascular insults. J Neurosci 2008; 28 (3): 732–6. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3665-07.2008
52. Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T. The role of reactive species in epileptogenesis and influence of antiepileptic drug therapy on oxidative stress. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 10 (4): 328–43. DOI: 10.2174/157015912804143504
53. IK. Extracellular hemoglobin: the case of a friend turned foe.Front Physiol 2015; 6: 96. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00096
54. Uchino H, Smith ML, Bengzon J et al. Characteristics of postischemic seizures in hyperglycemic rats. J Neurol Sci 1996; 139 (1): 21–7. PMID: 8836968.
55. Carmichael ST. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves. Ann Neurol 2006; 59 (5): 735–42. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20845
56. Feyissa AM, Hasan TF, Meschia JF. Stroke-related epilepsy. Eur J Neurol 2019; 26 (1): 18-e3. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13813
57. Stepanova T.S., Grachev K.V. Electrophysiology of pathogenetic stereotaxis in epilepsy: proceedings of a conference on epilepsy problems. Erevan, 1976: 87–91 (in Russian).
58. Karlov V.A. Epilepsiya kak klinicheskaya i neyrofiziologicheskaya problema. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2000; 100 (9): 7–15 (in Russian).
59. Karlov V.A. Epilepsy in children and adult women and men. A guide for doctors. Binom (in Russian).
60. Spencer SS. Neural networks in human epilepsy: evidence of and implications for treatment. Epilepsia 2002 Mar; 43 (3): 219–27. DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.26901.x
61. Engel J. Can we replace the therms “focal” and “generalized”. In: Generalized seizures: from clinical phenomenology to understanding system and networks (Hirsch E, Andermann F, Chauvel P, Engel J, Lopes da Silva F, Luders H, eds), 2006, pp. 305–25. Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext.
62. Perez Velazquez JL, Carlen PL. Gap junctions, synchrony and seizures. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23 (2): 68–74. DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01497-6
63. Avoli M, Louvel J, Pumain R, Köhling R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of epilepsy in the human brain. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 77 (3): 166–200. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.09.006
64. He Y, Chen ZJ, Evans AC. Small-world anatomical networks in the human brain revealed by cortical thickness from MRI. Cereb Cortex 2007; 17 (10): 2407–19. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl149.
65. Wang L, Yu C, Chen H et al. Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke. Brain 2010; 133 (4): 1224–38. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq043
66. Waites AB, Briellmann RS, Saling MM et al. Functional connectivity networks are disrupted in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2006; 59 (2): 335–43. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20733
67. Silasi G, Murphy TH. Stroke and the connectome: how connectivity guides therapeutic intervention. Neuron 2014; 83 (6): 1354–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.052
68. Batten SR, Whiteheart SW, Gerhardt GA, Slevin JT. Neurotransmitter Function Presynaptic Neurotransmission: Alterations in Exocytotic/Secretory Machinery and Glutamate Signaling in Kindling. In: Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2017: 1–9.
69. Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol 1969; 25 (3): 295–330. DOI:10.1016/0014-4886(69)90128-9
70. Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ. Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: rewiring the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 73 (1): 1–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009
71. Glebov R.N. Features of dysregulation of neuronal and synaptic activity in epileptogenesis. In: Dysregulatory pathology: A guide for doctors and biologists. Ed. G.N. Kryzhanovsky. Moscow: Meditsina, 2002: 587–632 (in Russian).
72. Morrell F. Secondary epileptogenic lesions. Epilepsia 1960; 1: 538–60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1959.tb04288.x
73. Khalilov I.A., Sitdikova G.F., Khazipov R.N., Zefirov A.L. Vtorichnyy epileptogenez v nezrelom mozge: rol' GAMK. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Spetsvypuski. 2014; 114 (4): 41–51 (in Russian).
74. Richardson EP Jr, Dodge PR. Epilepsy in cerebral vascular disease; a study of the incidence and nature of seizures in 104 consecutive autopsy-proven cases of cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. Epilepsia 1954; 3: 49–74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1954.tb03153.x
75. Meyer JS, Charney JZ, Rivera VM, Mathew NT. Cerebral embolization: prospective clinical analysis of 42 cases. Stroke 1971; 2 (6): 541–54. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.2.6.541
76. Lesser RP, Lüders H, Dinner DS, Morris HH. Epileptic seizures due to thrombotic and embolic cerebrovascular disease in older patients. Epilepsia 1985; 26 (6): 622–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1985.tb05702.x
77. Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F. The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke 1988; 19 (9): 1083–92. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.19.9.1083
78. Kittner SJ, Sharkness CM, Price TR et al. Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank: historical features. Neurology 1990; 40 (2): 281–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.40.2.281
79. Reith J, Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H et al. Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 1997; 28 (8): 1585–9. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.8.1585
80. Bentes C, Pimentel J, Ferro JM. Epileptic seizures following subcortical infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 12 (4): 331–4. DOI: 10.1159/000047730
81. Zhang C, Wang X, Wang Y et al. Risk factors for post-stroke seizures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108 (10): 1806–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.030
82. Arntz R, Rutten-Jacobs L, Maaijwee N et al. Post-stroke epilepsy in young adults: a long-term follow-up study. PLoS One 2013; 8 (2): e55498. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055498
83. Jungehulsing GJ, Heuschmann PU, Holtkamp M et al. Incidence and predictors of post-stroke epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 127 (6): 427–30. DOI: 10.1111/ane.12070
84. Heuts-van Raak L, Lodder J, Kessels F. Late seizures following a first symptomatic brain infarct are related to large infarcts involving the posterior area around the lateral sulcus. Seizure 1996; 5 (3): 185–94. DOI: 10.1016/s1059-1311 (96)80034-3
85. Leone MA, Tonini MC, Bogliun G et al. Risk factors for a first epileptic seizure after stroke: a case control study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 277 (1–2): 138–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.11.004
86. Miyaji Y, Kawabata Y, Joki H et al. Late Seizures after Stroke in Clinical Practice: The Prevalence of Non-convulsive Seizures. Intern Med 2017; 56 (6): 627–30. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7162
87. Benbir G, Ince B, Bozluolcay M. The epidemiology of post-stroke epilepsy according to stroke subtypes. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114 (1): 8–12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00642.x
88. Cleary P, Shorvon S, Tallis R. Late-onset seizures as a predictor of subsequent stroke. Lancet 2004; 363 (9416): 1184–6. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15946-1
89. Brigo F, Tezzon F, Nardone R. Late-onset seizures and risk of subsequent stroke: a systematic review. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 31: 9–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.11.003
90. Yang H, Song Z, Yang GP et al. The ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism affects post-stroke epilepsy susceptibility and plasma 4-HNE levels. PLoS One 2014; 9 (10): e109634. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109634
91. Zhang B, Chen M, Yang H et al. Evidence for involvement of the CD40/CD40L system in post-stroke epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 567: 6–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.003
92. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 2006; 37 (6): 1583–633. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1
93. Szaflarski JP, Rackley AY, Kleindorfer DO et al. Incidence of seizures in the acute phase of stroke: a population-based study. Epilepsia 2008; 49 (6): 974–81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01513.x
94. Temkin NR. Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: the human experience. Epilepsia 2009; 50 (Suppl. 2): 10–3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.02005.x
95. Trinka E, Brigo F. Antiepileptogenesis in humans: disappointing clinical evidence and ways to move forward. Curr Opin Neurol 2014; 27 (2): 227–35. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000067
96. Rumbach L, Sablot D, Berger E et al. Status epilepticus in stroke: report on a hospital-based stroke cohort. Neurology 2000; 54 (2): 350–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.54.2.350
97. Bateman BT, Claassen J, Willey JZ et al. Convulsive status epilepticus after ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome in a large administrative dataset. Neurocrit Care 2007; 7 (3): 187–93. DOI: 10.1007/s12028-007-0056-2
98. Belcastro V, Vidale S, Gorgone G et al. Non-convulsive status epilepticus after ischemic stroke: a hospital-based stroke cohort study. J Neurol 2014; 261 (11): 2136–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7471-z
99. Conrad J, Pawlowski M, Dogan M et al. Seizures after cerebrovascular events: risk factors and clinical features. Seizur 2013; 22 (4): 275–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.01.014
100. Nadeau SE, Lu X, Dobkin B et al. A prospective test of the late effects of potentially antineuroplastic drugs in a stroke rehabilitation study. Int J Stroke 2014; 9 (4): 449–56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00920.x
101. De Reuck J, Van Maele G. Acute ischemic stroke treatment and the occurrence of seizures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112 (4): 328–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.01.004
102. Alvarez V, Rossetti AO, Papavasileiou V, Michel P. Acute seizures in acute ischemic stroke: does thrombolysis have a role to play? J Neurol 2013; 260 (1): 55–61. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6583-6
103. Schmitz ML, Simonsen CZ, Hundborg H et al. Acute ischemic stroke and long-term outcome after thrombolysis: nationwide propensity score-matched follow-up study. Stroke 2014; 45 (10): 3070–2. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006570
104. Machado C, Pinho J, Alves JN et al. Five-Year Outcome in Stroke Patients Submitted to Thrombolysis. Stroke 2015; 46 (8): 2312–4. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009842
105. Couillard P, Almekhlafi MA, Irvine A et al. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16 (2): 241–5. DOI: 10.1007/s12028-011-9657-x
106. Gensicke H, Seiffge DJ, Polasek AE et al. Long-term outcome in stroke patients treated with IV thrombolysis. Neurology 2013; 80 (10): 919–25. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182840c35
2. Dalic L, Cook MJ. Managing drug-resistant epilepsy: challenges and solutions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016 Oct 12; 12: 2605–16. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S84852
3. Гехт А.Б., Лебедева А.В., Рулева З.С. и др. Эпилепсия у больных инсультом. РМЖ. 2000; 2: 14–7.
[Gekht A.B., Lebedeva A.V., Ruleva Z.S. et al. Epilepsiya u bol'nykh insul'tom. RMZh. 2000; 2: 14–7 (in Russian).]
4. Silverman IE, Restrepo L, Mathews GC. Poststroke seizures. Arch Neurol 2002; 59 (2): 195–201. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.59.2.195
5. Myint PK, Staufenberg EF, Sabanathan K. Post-stroke seizure and post-stroke epilepsy. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82 (971): 568–72. DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2005.041426
6. Holtkamp M, Beghi E, Benninger F et al. European Stroke Organisation guidelines for the management of post-stroke seizures and epilepsy. Eur Stroke J 2017; 2 (2): 103–15. DOI: 10.1177/2396987317705536
7. Pitkänen A, Nehlig A, Brooks-Kayal AR et al. Issues related to development of antiepileptogenic therapies. Epilepsia 2013; 54 (Suppl. 4): 35–43. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12297
8. Pitkänen A, Sutula TP. Is epilepsy a progressive disorder? Prospects for new therapeutic approaches in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002; 1 (3): 173–81. DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422 (02)00073-x
9. Scharfman HE. The neurobiology of epilepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007; 7 (4): 348–54. DOI: 10.1007/s11910-007-0053-z
10. Ben-Ari Y. Epilepsies and neuronal plasticity: for better or for worse? Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008; 10 (1): 17–27. PMCID: PMC3181861.
11. Hauser WA, Rich SS, Lee JR et al. Risk of recurrent seizures after two unprovoked seizures. N Engl J Med 1998; 338 (7): 429–34. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199802123380704
12. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55 (4): 475–82. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12550
13. Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia 2010; 51 (4): 671–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x
14. Hesdorffer DC, Benn EK, Cascino GD, Hauser WA. Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure. Epilepsia 2009; 50 (5): 1102–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01945.x
15. Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol 2000; 57 (11): 1617–22. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.57.11.1617
16. Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J et al. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 1997; 315 (7122): 1582–7. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.315.7122.1582
17. Arboix A, García-Eroles L, Massons JB et al. Predictive factors of early seizures after acute cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1997; 28 (8): 1590–4. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.8.1590
18. So EL, Annegers JF, Hauser WA et al. Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction. Neurology 1996; 46 (2): 350–5. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.46.2.350
19. Labovitz DL, Hauser WA, Sacco RL. Prevalence and predictors of early seizure and status epilepticus after first stroke. Neurology 2001; 57 (2): 200–6. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.57.2.200
20. Lamy C, Domigo V, Semah F et al. Early and late seizures after cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults. Neurology 2003; 60 (3): 400–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.60.3.400
21. Berges S, Moulin T, Berger E et al. Seizures and epilepsy following strokes: recurrence factors. Eur Neurol 2000; 43 (1): 3–8. DOI: 10.1159/000008120
22. Kilpatrick CJ, Davis SM, Tress BM et al. Epileptic seizures in acute stroke. Arch Neurol 1990; 47 (2): 157–60. PMID: 2302087.
23. Lancman ME, Golimstok A, Norscini J, Granillo R. Risk factors for developing seizures after a stroke. Epilepsia 1993; 34 (1): 141–3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02386.x
24. Gupta SR, Naheedy MH, Elias D, Rubino FA. Postinfarction seizures. A clinical study. Stroke 1988; 19 (12): 1477–81. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.19.12.1477
25. Lossius MI, Rønning OM, Slapø GD et al. Poststroke epilepsy: occurrence and predictors--a long-term prospective controlled study (Akershus Stroke Study). Epilepsia 2005; 46 (8): 1246–51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.57904.x
26. Roivainen R, Haapaniemi E, Putaala J et al. Young adult ischaemic stroke related acute symptomatic and late seizures: risk factors. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20 (9): 1247–55. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12157
27. Lee JC, Lin KL, Wang HS et al. Seizures in childhood ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Brain Dev 2009; 31 (4): 294–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.05.006
28. Hsu CJ, Weng WC, Peng SS, Lee WT. Early-onset seizures are correlated with late-onset seizures in children with arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2014 Apr; 45 (4): 1161–3. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004015
29. Giroud M, Gras P, Fayolle H et al. Early seizures after acute stroke: a study of 1.640 cases. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (5): 959–64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02540.x.
30. Zhao Y, Li X, Zhang K et al. The Progress of Epilepsy after Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16 (1): 71–8. DOI: 10.2174/1570159X15666170613083253
31. Габашвили В.М., Прохорова Э.С., Шакаришвили Р.С. Эпилептические припадки при сосудистых заболеваниях головного мозга. Тбилиси: Мецниереба, 1986.
[Gabashvili V.M., Prokhorova E.S., Shakarishvili R.S. Epileptic seizures in vascular diseases of the brain. Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1986 (in Russian).]
32. Сорокина Н.Д., Селицкий Г.В., Косицын Н.С., Свинов М.М. Нейробиологические аспекты ишемии мозга и постинсультной эпилепсии. Журн. высш. нервной деятельности им. И.П. Павлова. 2002; 52 (6): 656–65.
[Sorokina N.D., Selitskiy G.V., Kositsyn N.S., Svinov M.M. Neyrobiologicheskie aspekty ishemii mozga i postinsul'tnoy epilepsii. Zhurn. vysshey nervnoy deyatel'nosti im. I.P. Pavlova. 2002; 52 (6): 656–65 (in Russian).]
33. Lo YK, Yiu CH, Hu HH et al. Frequency and characteristics of early seizures in Chinese acute stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 90 (2): 83–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02684.x
34. Гехт А.Б., Лебедева А.В., Полетаев А.Б. и др. Постинсультная эпилепсия. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Инсульт. 2003 (9): 195–7.
[Gekht A.B., Lebedeva A.V., Poletaev A.B. et al. Postinsul'tnaya epilepsiya. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Insul't. 2003 (9): 195–7 (in Russian).]
35. Olafsson E, Ludvigsson P, Gudmundsson G et al. Incidence of unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in Iceland and assessment of the epilepsy syndrome classification: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4 (10): 627–34.
36. Graham NS, Crichton S, Koutroumanidis M et al. Incidence and associations of poststroke epilepsy: the prospective South London Stroke Register. Stroke 2013; 44 (3): 605–11. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000220
37. Adelöw C, Andersson T, Ahlbom A, Tomson T. Prior hospitalization for stroke, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and subsequent risk of unprovoked seizures. Epilepsia 2011; 52 (2): 301–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02757.x
38. Heiss WD, Huber M, Fink GR et al. Progressive derangement of periinfarct viable tissue in ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12 (2): 193–203. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.29
39. Luhmann HJ. Ischemia and lesion induced imbalances in cortical function. Prog Neurobiol 1996; 48 (2): 131–66. DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(95)00042-9
40. Marchi N, Granata T, Ghosh C, Janigro D. Blood‐brain barrier dysfunction and epilepsy: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic approaches. Epilepsia 2012; 53 (11): 1877–86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03637.x
41. Van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Gorter JA. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction, seizures and epilepsy. Semin. Cell Dev Biol 2015; 38: 26–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.10.003
42. Mizielinska SM, Greenwood SM, Tummala H, Connolly CN. Rapid dendritic and axonal responses to neuronal insults. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37 (6): 1389–93. DOI: 10.1042/BST0371389
43. Sahu S, Nag DS, Swain A, Samaddar DP. Biochemical changes in the injured brain. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8 (1): 21–31. DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i1.21
44. Tanaka T, Ihara M. Post-stroke epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2017; 107: 219–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.002
45. Sun DA, Sombati S, DeLorenzo RJ. Glutamate injury-induced epileptogenesis in hippocampal neurons: an in vitro model of stroke-induced “epilepsy”. Stroke 2001; 32 (10): 2344–50. DOI: 10.1161/hs1001.097242
46. Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Beghi E et al. Epilepsy in cerebrovascular diseases: Review of experimental and clinical data with meta-analysis of risk factors. Epilepsia 2016; 57 (8): 1205–14. DOI: 10.1111/epi.13448
47. Pitkänen A, Löscher W, Vezzani A et al. Advances in the development of biomarkers for epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15 (8): 843–56. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422 (16)00112-5
48. Iijima T, Mies G, Hossmann KA. Repeated negative DC deflections in rat cortex following middle cerebral artery occlusion are abolished by MK-801: effect on volume of ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12 (5): 727–33. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.103
49. Kamp MA, Dibué M, Schneider T et al. Calcium and potassium channels in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient global ischemia. Stroke Res Treat 2012; 2012: 382146. DOI: 10.1155/2012/382146
50. Back T, Ginsberg MD, Dietrich WD, Watson BD. Induction of spreading depression in the ischemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect on infarct morphology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16 (2): 202–13. DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199603000-00004
51. Maggio N, Shavit E, Chapman J, Segal M. Thrombin induces long-term potentiation of reactivity to afferent stimulation and facilitates epileptic seizures in rat hippocampal slices: toward understanding the functional consequences of cerebrovascular insults. J Neurosci 2008; 28 (3): 732–6. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3665-07.2008
52. Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T. The role of reactive species in epileptogenesis and influence of antiepileptic drug therapy on oxidative stress. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 10 (4): 328–43. DOI: 10.2174/157015912804143504
53. IK. Extracellular hemoglobin: the case of a friend turned foe.Front Physiol 2015; 6: 96. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00096
54. Uchino H, Smith ML, Bengzon J et al. Characteristics of postischemic seizures in hyperglycemic rats. J Neurol Sci 1996; 139 (1): 21–7. PMID: 8836968.
55. Carmichael ST. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves. Ann Neurol 2006; 59 (5): 735–42. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20845
56. Feyissa AM, Hasan TF, Meschia JF. Stroke-related epilepsy. Eur J Neurol 2019; 26 (1): 18-e3. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13813
57. Степанова Т.С., Грачев К.В. Электрофизиология патогенетического стереотаксиса при эпилепсии: материалы конференции по проблемам эпилепсии. Ереван, 1976: 87–91.
[Stepanova T.S., Grachev K.V. Electrophysiology of pathogenetic stereotaxis in epilepsy: proceedings of a conference on epilepsy problems. Erevan, 1976: 87–91 (in Russian).]
58. Карлов В.А. Эпилепсия как клиническая и нейрофизиологическая проблема. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2000; 100 (9): 7–15.
[Karlov V.A. Epilepsiya kak klinicheskaya i neyrofiziologicheskaya problema. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2000; 100 (9): 7–15 (in Russian).]
59. Карлов В.А. Эпилепсия у детей и взрослых женщин и мужчин. Руководство для врачей. Бином.
[Karlov V.A. Epilepsy in children and adult women and men. A guide for doctors. Binom (in Russian).]
60. Spencer SS. Neural networks in human epilepsy: evidence of and implications for treatment. Epilepsia 2002 Mar; 43 (3): 219–27. DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.26901.x
61. Engel J. Can we replace the therms “focal” and “generalized”. In: Generalized seizures: from clinical phenomenology to understanding system and networks (Hirsch E, Andermann F, Chauvel P, Engel J, Lopes da Silva F, Luders H, eds), 2006, pp. 305–25. Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext.
62. Perez Velazquez JL, Carlen PL. Gap junctions, synchrony and seizures. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23 (2): 68–74. DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01497-6
63. Avoli M, Louvel J, Pumain R, Köhling R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of epilepsy in the human brain. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 77 (3): 166–200. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.09.006
64. He Y, Chen ZJ, Evans AC. Small-world anatomical networks in the human brain revealed by cortical thickness from MRI. Cereb Cortex 2007; 17 (10): 2407–19. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl149.
65. Wang L, Yu C, Chen H et al. Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke. Brain 2010; 133 (4): 1224–38. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq043
66. Waites AB, Briellmann RS, Saling MM et al. Functional connectivity networks are disrupted in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2006; 59 (2): 335–43. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20733
67. Silasi G, Murphy TH. Stroke and the connectome: how connectivity guides therapeutic intervention. Neuron 2014; 83 (6): 1354–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.052
68. Batten SR, Whiteheart SW, Gerhardt GA, Slevin JT. Neurotransmitter Function Presynaptic Neurotransmission: Alterations in Exocytotic/Secretory Machinery and Glutamate Signaling in Kindling. In: Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2017: 1–9.
69. Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol 1969; 25 (3): 295–330. DOI:10.1016/0014-4886(69)90128-9
70. Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ. Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: rewiring the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 73 (1): 1–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009
71. Глебов Р.Н. Особенности дизрегуляции нейрональной и синаптической активности при эпилептогенезе. В кн.: Дизрегуляторная патология: Руководство для врачей и биологов. Под ред.
Г.Н. Крыжановского. М.: Медицина, 2002: 587–632.
[Glebov R.N. Features of dysregulation of neuronal and synaptic activity in epileptogenesis. In: Dysregulatory pathology: A guide for doctors and biologists. Ed. G.N. Kryzhanovsky. Moscow: Meditsina, 2002: 587–632 (in Russian).]
72. Morrell F. Secondary epileptogenic lesions. Epilepsia 1960; 1: 538–60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1959.tb04288.x
73. Халилов И.А., Ситдикова Г.Ф., Хазипов Р.Н., Зефиров А.Л. Вторичный эпилептогенез в незрелом мозге: роль ГАМК. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2014; 114 (4): 41–51.
[Khalilov I.A., Sitdikova G.F., Khazipov R.N., Zefirov A.L. Vtorichnyy epileptogenez v nezrelom mozge: rol' GAMK. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Spetsvypuski. 2014; 114 (4): 41–51 (in Russian).]
74. Richardson EP Jr, Dodge PR. Epilepsy in cerebral vascular disease; a study of the incidence and nature of seizures in 104 consecutive autopsy-proven cases of cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. Epilepsia 1954; 3: 49–74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1954.tb03153.x
75. Meyer JS, Charney JZ, Rivera VM, Mathew NT. Cerebral embolization: prospective clinical analysis of 42 cases. Stroke 1971; 2 (6): 541–54. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.2.6.541
76. Lesser RP, Lüders H, Dinner DS, Morris HH. Epileptic seizures due to thrombotic and embolic cerebrovascular disease in older patients. Epilepsia 1985; 26 (6): 622–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1985.tb05702.x
77. Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F. The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke 1988; 19 (9): 1083–92. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.19.9.1083
78. Kittner SJ, Sharkness CM, Price TR et al. Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank: historical features. Neurology 1990; 40 (2): 281–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.40.2.281
79. Reith J, Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H et al. Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 1997; 28 (8): 1585–9. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.8.1585
80. Bentes C, Pimentel J, Ferro JM. Epileptic seizures following subcortical infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 12 (4): 331–4. DOI: 10.1159/000047730
81. Zhang C, Wang X, Wang Y et al. Risk factors for post-stroke seizures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108 (10): 1806–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.030
82. Arntz R, Rutten-Jacobs L, Maaijwee N et al. Post-stroke epilepsy in young adults: a long-term follow-up study. PLoS One 2013; 8 (2): e55498. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055498
83. Jungehulsing GJ, Heuschmann PU, Holtkamp M et al. Incidence and predictors of post-stroke epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 127 (6): 427–30. DOI: 10.1111/ane.12070
84. Heuts-van Raak L, Lodder J, Kessels F. Late seizures following a first symptomatic brain infarct are related to large infarcts involving the posterior area around the lateral sulcus. Seizure 1996; 5 (3): 185–94. DOI: 10.1016/s1059-1311 (96)80034-3
85. Leone MA, Tonini MC, Bogliun G et al. Risk factors for a first epileptic seizure after stroke: a case control study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 277 (1–2): 138–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.11.004
86. Miyaji Y, Kawabata Y, Joki H et al. Late Seizures after Stroke in Clinical Practice: The Prevalence of Non-convulsive Seizures. Intern Med 2017; 56 (6): 627–30. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7162
87. Benbir G, Ince B, Bozluolcay M. The epidemiology of post-stroke epilepsy according to stroke subtypes. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114 (1): 8–12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00642.x
88. Cleary P, Shorvon S, Tallis R. Late-onset seizures as a predictor of subsequent stroke. Lancet 2004; 363 (9416): 1184–6. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15946-1
89. Brigo F, Tezzon F, Nardone R. Late-onset seizures and risk of subsequent stroke: a systematic review. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 31: 9–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.11.003
90. Yang H, Song Z, Yang GP et al. The ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism affects post-stroke epilepsy susceptibility and plasma 4-HNE levels. PLoS One 2014; 9 (10): e109634. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109634
91. Zhang B, Chen M, Yang H et al. Evidence for involvement of the CD40/CD40L system in post-stroke epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 567: 6–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.003
92. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 2006; 37 (6): 1583–633. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1
93. Szaflarski JP, Rackley AY, Kleindorfer DO et al. Incidence of seizures in the acute phase of stroke: a population-based study. Epilepsia 2008; 49 (6): 974–81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01513.x
94. Temkin NR. Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: the human experience. Epilepsia 2009; 50 (Suppl. 2): 10–3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.02005.x
95. Trinka E, Brigo F. Antiepileptogenesis in humans: disappointing clinical evidence and ways to move forward. Curr Opin Neurol 2014; 27 (2): 227–35. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000067
96. Rumbach L, Sablot D, Berger E et al. Status epilepticus in stroke: report on a hospital-based stroke cohort. Neurology 2000; 54 (2): 350–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.54.2.350
97. Bateman BT, Claassen J, Willey JZ et al. Convulsive status epilepticus after ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome in a large administrative dataset. Neurocrit Care 2007; 7 (3): 187–93. DOI: 10.1007/s12028-007-0056-2
98. Belcastro V, Vidale S, Gorgone G et al. Non-convulsive status epilepticus after ischemic stroke: a hospital-based stroke cohort study. J Neurol 2014; 261 (11): 2136–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7471-z
99. Conrad J, Pawlowski M, Dogan M et al. Seizures after cerebrovascular events: risk factors and clinical features. Seizur 2013; 22 (4): 275–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.01.014
100. Nadeau SE, Lu X, Dobkin B et al. A prospective test of the late effects of potentially antineuroplastic drugs in a stroke rehabilitation study. Int J Stroke 2014; 9 (4): 449–56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00920.x
101. De Reuck J, Van Maele G. Acute ischemic stroke treatment and the occurrence of seizures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112 (4): 328–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.01.004
102. Alvarez V, Rossetti AO, Papavasileiou V, Michel P. Acute seizures in acute ischemic stroke: does thrombolysis have a role to play? J Neurol 2013; 260 (1): 55–61. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6583-6
103. Schmitz ML, Simonsen CZ, Hundborg H et al. Acute ischemic stroke and long-term outcome after thrombolysis: nationwide propensity score-matched follow-up study. Stroke 2014; 45 (10): 3070–2. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006570
104. Machado C, Pinho J, Alves JN et al. Five-Year Outcome in Stroke Patients Submitted to Thrombolysis. Stroke 2015; 46 (8): 2312–4. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009842
105. Couillard P, Almekhlafi MA, Irvine A et al. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16 (2): 241–5. DOI: 10.1007/s12028-011-9657-x
106. Gensicke H, Seiffge DJ, Polasek AE et al. Long-term outcome in stroke patients treated with IV thrombolysis. Neurology 2013; 80 (10): 919–25. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182840c35
________________________________________________
2. Dalic L, Cook MJ. Managing drug-resistant epilepsy: challenges and solutions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016 Oct 12; 12: 2605–16. DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S84852
3. Gekht A.B., Lebedeva A.V., Ruleva Z.S. et al. Epilepsiya u bol'nykh insul'tom. RMZh. 2000; 2: 14–7 (in Russian).
4. Silverman IE, Restrepo L, Mathews GC. Poststroke seizures. Arch Neurol 2002; 59 (2): 195–201. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.59.2.195
5. Myint PK, Staufenberg EF, Sabanathan K. Post-stroke seizure and post-stroke epilepsy. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82 (971): 568–72. DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2005.041426
6. Holtkamp M, Beghi E, Benninger F et al. European Stroke Organisation guidelines for the management of post-stroke seizures and epilepsy. Eur Stroke J 2017; 2 (2): 103–15. DOI: 10.1177/2396987317705536
7. Pitkänen A, Nehlig A, Brooks-Kayal AR et al. Issues related to development of antiepileptogenic therapies. Epilepsia 2013; 54 (Suppl. 4): 35–43. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12297
8. Pitkänen A, Sutula TP. Is epilepsy a progressive disorder? Prospects for new therapeutic approaches in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002; 1 (3): 173–81. DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422 (02)00073-x
9. Scharfman HE. The neurobiology of epilepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007; 7 (4): 348–54. DOI: 10.1007/s11910-007-0053-z
10. Ben-Ari Y. Epilepsies and neuronal plasticity: for better or for worse? Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008; 10 (1): 17–27. PMCID: PMC3181861.
11. Hauser WA, Rich SS, Lee JR et al. Risk of recurrent seizures after two unprovoked seizures. N Engl J Med 1998; 338 (7): 429–34. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199802123380704
12. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55 (4): 475–82. DOI: 10.1111/epi.12550
13. Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia 2010; 51 (4): 671–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x
14. Hesdorffer DC, Benn EK, Cascino GD, Hauser WA. Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure. Epilepsia 2009; 50 (5): 1102–8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01945.x
15. Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol 2000; 57 (11): 1617–22. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.57.11.1617
16. Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J et al. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 1997; 315 (7122): 1582–7. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.315.7122.1582
17. Arboix A, García-Eroles L, Massons JB et al. Predictive factors of early seizures after acute cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1997; 28 (8): 1590–4. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.8.1590
18. So EL, Annegers JF, Hauser WA et al. Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction. Neurology 1996; 46 (2): 350–5. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.46.2.350
19. Labovitz DL, Hauser WA, Sacco RL. Prevalence and predictors of early seizure and status epilepticus after first stroke. Neurology 2001; 57 (2): 200–6. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.57.2.200
20. Lamy C, Domigo V, Semah F et al. Early and late seizures after cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults. Neurology 2003; 60 (3): 400–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.60.3.400
21. Berges S, Moulin T, Berger E et al. Seizures and epilepsy following strokes: recurrence factors. Eur Neurol 2000; 43 (1): 3–8. DOI: 10.1159/000008120
22. Kilpatrick CJ, Davis SM, Tress BM et al. Epileptic seizures in acute stroke. Arch Neurol 1990; 47 (2): 157–60. PMID: 2302087.
23. Lancman ME, Golimstok A, Norscini J, Granillo R. Risk factors for developing seizures after a stroke. Epilepsia 1993; 34 (1): 141–3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02386.x
24. Gupta SR, Naheedy MH, Elias D, Rubino FA. Postinfarction seizures. A clinical study. Stroke 1988; 19 (12): 1477–81. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.19.12.1477
25. Lossius MI, Rønning OM, Slapø GD et al. Poststroke epilepsy: occurrence and predictors--a long-term prospective controlled study (Akershus Stroke Study). Epilepsia 2005; 46 (8): 1246–51. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.57904.x
26. Roivainen R, Haapaniemi E, Putaala J et al. Young adult ischaemic stroke related acute symptomatic and late seizures: risk factors. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20 (9): 1247–55. DOI: 10.1111/ene.12157
27. Lee JC, Lin KL, Wang HS et al. Seizures in childhood ischemic stroke in Taiwan. Brain Dev 2009; 31 (4): 294–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.05.006
28. Hsu CJ, Weng WC, Peng SS, Lee WT. Early-onset seizures are correlated with late-onset seizures in children with arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2014 Apr; 45 (4): 1161–3. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.004015
29. Giroud M, Gras P, Fayolle H et al. Early seizures after acute stroke: a study of 1.640 cases. Epilepsia 1994; 35 (5): 959–64. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02540.x.
30. Zhao Y, Li X, Zhang K et al. The Progress of Epilepsy after Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16 (1): 71–8. DOI: 10.2174/1570159X15666170613083253
31. Gabashvili V.M., Prokhorova E.S., Shakarishvili R.S. Epileptic seizures in vascular diseases of the brain. Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1986 (in Russian).
32. Sorokina N.D., Selitskiy G.V., Kositsyn N.S., Svinov M.M. Neyrobiologicheskie aspekty ishemii mozga i postinsul'tnoy epilepsii. Zhurn. vysshey nervnoy deyatel'nosti im. I.P. Pavlova. 2002; 52 (6): 656–65 (in Russian).
33. Lo YK, Yiu CH, Hu HH et al. Frequency and characteristics of early seizures in Chinese acute stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 90 (2): 83–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02684.x
34. Gekht A.B., Lebedeva A.V., Poletaev A.B. et al. Postinsul'tnaya epilepsiya. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Insul't. 2003 (9): 195–7 (in Russian).
35. Olafsson E, Ludvigsson P, Gudmundsson G et al. Incidence of unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in Iceland and assessment of the epilepsy syndrome classification: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4 (10): 627–34.
36. Graham NS, Crichton S, Koutroumanidis M et al. Incidence and associations of poststroke epilepsy: the prospective South London Stroke Register. Stroke 2013; 44 (3): 605–11. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000220
37. Adelöw C, Andersson T, Ahlbom A, Tomson T. Prior hospitalization for stroke, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and subsequent risk of unprovoked seizures. Epilepsia 2011; 52 (2): 301–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02757.x
38. Heiss WD, Huber M, Fink GR et al. Progressive derangement of periinfarct viable tissue in ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12 (2): 193–203. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.29
39. Luhmann HJ. Ischemia and lesion induced imbalances in cortical function. Prog Neurobiol 1996; 48 (2): 131–66. DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(95)00042-9
40. Marchi N, Granata T, Ghosh C, Janigro D. Blood‐brain barrier dysfunction and epilepsy: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic approaches. Epilepsia 2012; 53 (11): 1877–86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03637.x
41. Van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Gorter JA. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction, seizures and epilepsy. Semin. Cell Dev Biol 2015; 38: 26–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.10.003
42. Mizielinska SM, Greenwood SM, Tummala H, Connolly CN. Rapid dendritic and axonal responses to neuronal insults. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37 (6): 1389–93. DOI: 10.1042/BST0371389
43. Sahu S, Nag DS, Swain A, Samaddar DP. Biochemical changes in the injured brain. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8 (1): 21–31. DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i1.21
44. Tanaka T, Ihara M. Post-stroke epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2017; 107: 219–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.002
45. Sun DA, Sombati S, DeLorenzo RJ. Glutamate injury-induced epileptogenesis in hippocampal neurons: an in vitro model of stroke-induced “epilepsy”. Stroke 2001; 32 (10): 2344–50. DOI: 10.1161/hs1001.097242
46. Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Beghi E et al. Epilepsy in cerebrovascular diseases: Review of experimental and clinical data with meta-analysis of risk factors. Epilepsia 2016; 57 (8): 1205–14. DOI: 10.1111/epi.13448
47. Pitkänen A, Löscher W, Vezzani A et al. Advances in the development of biomarkers for epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15 (8): 843–56. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422 (16)00112-5
48. Iijima T, Mies G, Hossmann KA. Repeated negative DC deflections in rat cortex following middle cerebral artery occlusion are abolished by MK-801: effect on volume of ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12 (5): 727–33. DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.103
49. Kamp MA, Dibué M, Schneider T et al. Calcium and potassium channels in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient global ischemia. Stroke Res Treat 2012; 2012: 382146. DOI: 10.1155/2012/382146
50. Back T, Ginsberg MD, Dietrich WD, Watson BD. Induction of spreading depression in the ischemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect on infarct morphology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996; 16 (2): 202–13. DOI: 10.1097/00004647-199603000-00004
51. Maggio N, Shavit E, Chapman J, Segal M. Thrombin induces long-term potentiation of reactivity to afferent stimulation and facilitates epileptic seizures in rat hippocampal slices: toward understanding the functional consequences of cerebrovascular insults. J Neurosci 2008; 28 (3): 732–6. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3665-07.2008
52. Martinc B, Grabnar I, Vovk T. The role of reactive species in epileptogenesis and influence of antiepileptic drug therapy on oxidative stress. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 10 (4): 328–43. DOI: 10.2174/157015912804143504
53. IK. Extracellular hemoglobin: the case of a friend turned foe.Front Physiol 2015; 6: 96. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00096
54. Uchino H, Smith ML, Bengzon J et al. Characteristics of postischemic seizures in hyperglycemic rats. J Neurol Sci 1996; 139 (1): 21–7. PMID: 8836968.
55. Carmichael ST. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves. Ann Neurol 2006; 59 (5): 735–42. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20845
56. Feyissa AM, Hasan TF, Meschia JF. Stroke-related epilepsy. Eur J Neurol 2019; 26 (1): 18-e3. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13813
57. Stepanova T.S., Grachev K.V. Electrophysiology of pathogenetic stereotaxis in epilepsy: proceedings of a conference on epilepsy problems. Erevan, 1976: 87–91 (in Russian).
58. Karlov V.A. Epilepsiya kak klinicheskaya i neyrofiziologicheskaya problema. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2000; 100 (9): 7–15 (in Russian).
59. Karlov V.A. Epilepsy in children and adult women and men. A guide for doctors. Binom (in Russian).
60. Spencer SS. Neural networks in human epilepsy: evidence of and implications for treatment. Epilepsia 2002 Mar; 43 (3): 219–27. DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.26901.x
61. Engel J. Can we replace the therms “focal” and “generalized”. In: Generalized seizures: from clinical phenomenology to understanding system and networks (Hirsch E, Andermann F, Chauvel P, Engel J, Lopes da Silva F, Luders H, eds), 2006, pp. 305–25. Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext.
62. Perez Velazquez JL, Carlen PL. Gap junctions, synchrony and seizures. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23 (2): 68–74. DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(99)01497-6
63. Avoli M, Louvel J, Pumain R, Köhling R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of epilepsy in the human brain. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 77 (3): 166–200. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.09.006
64. He Y, Chen ZJ, Evans AC. Small-world anatomical networks in the human brain revealed by cortical thickness from MRI. Cereb Cortex 2007; 17 (10): 2407–19. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl149.
65. Wang L, Yu C, Chen H et al. Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke. Brain 2010; 133 (4): 1224–38. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq043
66. Waites AB, Briellmann RS, Saling MM et al. Functional connectivity networks are disrupted in left temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2006; 59 (2): 335–43. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20733
67. Silasi G, Murphy TH. Stroke and the connectome: how connectivity guides therapeutic intervention. Neuron 2014; 83 (6): 1354–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.052
68. Batten SR, Whiteheart SW, Gerhardt GA, Slevin JT. Neurotransmitter Function Presynaptic Neurotransmission: Alterations in Exocytotic/Secretory Machinery and Glutamate Signaling in Kindling. In: Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2017: 1–9.
69. Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol 1969; 25 (3): 295–330. DOI:10.1016/0014-4886(69)90128-9
70. Morimoto K, Fahnestock M, Racine RJ. Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: rewiring the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 73 (1): 1–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009
71. Glebov R.N. Features of dysregulation of neuronal and synaptic activity in epileptogenesis. In: Dysregulatory pathology: A guide for doctors and biologists. Ed. G.N. Kryzhanovsky. Moscow: Meditsina, 2002: 587–632 (in Russian).
72. Morrell F. Secondary epileptogenic lesions. Epilepsia 1960; 1: 538–60. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1959.tb04288.x
73. Khalilov I.A., Sitdikova G.F., Khazipov R.N., Zefirov A.L. Vtorichnyy epileptogenez v nezrelom mozge: rol' GAMK. Zhurn. nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. Spetsvypuski. 2014; 114 (4): 41–51 (in Russian).
74. Richardson EP Jr, Dodge PR. Epilepsy in cerebral vascular disease; a study of the incidence and nature of seizures in 104 consecutive autopsy-proven cases of cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. Epilepsia 1954; 3: 49–74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1954.tb03153.x
75. Meyer JS, Charney JZ, Rivera VM, Mathew NT. Cerebral embolization: prospective clinical analysis of 42 cases. Stroke 1971; 2 (6): 541–54. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.2.6.541
76. Lesser RP, Lüders H, Dinner DS, Morris HH. Epileptic seizures due to thrombotic and embolic cerebrovascular disease in older patients. Epilepsia 1985; 26 (6): 622–30. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1985.tb05702.x
77. Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F. The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke 1988; 19 (9): 1083–92. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.19.9.1083
78. Kittner SJ, Sharkness CM, Price TR et al. Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank: historical features. Neurology 1990; 40 (2): 281–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.40.2.281
79. Reith J, Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H et al. Seizures in acute stroke: predictors and prognostic significance. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 1997; 28 (8): 1585–9. DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.8.1585
80. Bentes C, Pimentel J, Ferro JM. Epileptic seizures following subcortical infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 12 (4): 331–4. DOI: 10.1159/000047730
81. Zhang C, Wang X, Wang Y et al. Risk factors for post-stroke seizures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108 (10): 1806–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.030
82. Arntz R, Rutten-Jacobs L, Maaijwee N et al. Post-stroke epilepsy in young adults: a long-term follow-up study. PLoS One 2013; 8 (2): e55498. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055498
83. Jungehulsing GJ, Heuschmann PU, Holtkamp M et al. Incidence and predictors of post-stroke epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 127 (6): 427–30. DOI: 10.1111/ane.12070
84. Heuts-van Raak L, Lodder J, Kessels F. Late seizures following a first symptomatic brain infarct are related to large infarcts involving the posterior area around the lateral sulcus. Seizure 1996; 5 (3): 185–94. DOI: 10.1016/s1059-1311 (96)80034-3
85. Leone MA, Tonini MC, Bogliun G et al. Risk factors for a first epileptic seizure after stroke: a case control study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 277 (1–2): 138–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.11.004
86. Miyaji Y, Kawabata Y, Joki H et al. Late Seizures after Stroke in Clinical Practice: The Prevalence of Non-convulsive Seizures. Intern Med 2017; 56 (6): 627–30. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7162
87. Benbir G, Ince B, Bozluolcay M. The epidemiology of post-stroke epilepsy according to stroke subtypes. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114 (1): 8–12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00642.x
88. Cleary P, Shorvon S, Tallis R. Late-onset seizures as a predictor of subsequent stroke. Lancet 2004; 363 (9416): 1184–6. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15946-1
89. Brigo F, Tezzon F, Nardone R. Late-onset seizures and risk of subsequent stroke: a systematic review. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 31: 9–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.11.003
90. Yang H, Song Z, Yang GP et al. The ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism affects post-stroke epilepsy susceptibility and plasma 4-HNE levels. PLoS One 2014; 9 (10): e109634. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109634
91. Zhang B, Chen M, Yang H et al. Evidence for involvement of the CD40/CD40L system in post-stroke epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 567: 6–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.003
92. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 2006; 37 (6): 1583–633. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000223048.70103.F1
93. Szaflarski JP, Rackley AY, Kleindorfer DO et al. Incidence of seizures in the acute phase of stroke: a population-based study. Epilepsia 2008; 49 (6): 974–81. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01513.x
94. Temkin NR. Preventing and treating posttraumatic seizures: the human experience. Epilepsia 2009; 50 (Suppl. 2): 10–3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.02005.x
95. Trinka E, Brigo F. Antiepileptogenesis in humans: disappointing clinical evidence and ways to move forward. Curr Opin Neurol 2014; 27 (2): 227–35. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000067
96. Rumbach L, Sablot D, Berger E et al. Status epilepticus in stroke: report on a hospital-based stroke cohort. Neurology 2000; 54 (2): 350–4. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.54.2.350
97. Bateman BT, Claassen J, Willey JZ et al. Convulsive status epilepticus after ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: frequency, predictors, and impact on outcome in a large administrative dataset. Neurocrit Care 2007; 7 (3): 187–93. DOI: 10.1007/s12028-007-0056-2
98. Belcastro V, Vidale S, Gorgone G et al. Non-convulsive status epilepticus after ischemic stroke: a hospital-based stroke cohort study. J Neurol 2014; 261 (11): 2136–42. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7471-z
99. Conrad J, Pawlowski M, Dogan M et al. Seizures after cerebrovascular events: risk factors and clinical features. Seizur 2013; 22 (4): 275–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.01.014
100. Nadeau SE, Lu X, Dobkin B et al. A prospective test of the late effects of potentially antineuroplastic drugs in a stroke rehabilitation study. Int J Stroke 2014; 9 (4): 449–56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00920.x
101. De Reuck J, Van Maele G. Acute ischemic stroke treatment and the occurrence of seizures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112 (4): 328–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2010.01.004
102. Alvarez V, Rossetti AO, Papavasileiou V, Michel P. Acute seizures in acute ischemic stroke: does thrombolysis have a role to play? J Neurol 2013; 260 (1): 55–61. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6583-6
103. Schmitz ML, Simonsen CZ, Hundborg H et al. Acute ischemic stroke and long-term outcome after thrombolysis: nationwide propensity score-matched follow-up study. Stroke 2014; 45 (10): 3070–2. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006570
104. Machado C, Pinho J, Alves JN et al. Five-Year Outcome in Stroke Patients Submitted to Thrombolysis. Stroke 2015; 46 (8): 2312–4. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009842
105. Couillard P, Almekhlafi MA, Irvine A et al. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16 (2): 241–5. DOI: 10.1007/s12028-011-9657-x
106. Gensicke H, Seiffge DJ, Polasek AE et al. Long-term outcome in stroke patients treated with IV thrombolysis. Neurology 2013; 80 (10): 919–25. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182840c35
Авторы
М.Ю. Максимова*, Е.В. Шалиманова, А.Г. Брутян
ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии», Москва, Россия
*ncnmaximova@mail.ru
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
*ncnmaximova@mail.ru
ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии», Москва, Россия
*ncnmaximova@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
*ncnmaximova@mail.ru
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.