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Нарушение функции печени как фактор риска развития нежелательных реакций
Нарушение функции печени как фактор риска развития нежелательных реакций
Остроумова О.Д., Переверзев А.П. Нарушение функции печени как фактор риска развития нежелательных реакций. Consilium Medicum. 2021;23(12):939–948. DOI:10.26442/20751753.2021.12.201234
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Аннотация
Нарушение функции печени – частое явление в клинической практике. Оно может протекать как бессимптомно, длительно, так и в форме острой печеночной недостаточности и фульминантного гепатита. Нарушение функции печени – полиэтиологичный синдром. Так, по данным эпидемиологического исследования, проведенного в США в период с 1998 по 2008 г., основными причинами нарушения функции печени были: передозировка парацетамола (46%); идиопатическое нарушение функции печени (14%); лекарственные средства (ЛС), кроме парацетамола (11%); вирусный гепатит В (7%), другие инфекционные и неинфекционные заболевания, протекающие с поражением печени, кроме вирусных гепатитов (7%); аутоиммунный гепатит (5%); ишемический гепатит [синонимы: гипоксический гепатит, инфаркт печени (4%)]; вирусный гепатит А (3%) и болезнь Вильсона (2%). Изменение функции печени оказывает прямое влияние на фармакокинетику и фармакодинамику ЛС. Печень играет важную роль в фармакокинетике большинства ЛС. При печеночной недостаточности не только происходит снижение клиренса и элиминации ЛС, но также может нарушаться связывание ЛС с белками плазмы крови, вследствие чего изменяются процессы распределения и выведения. Портосистемное шунтирование, которое часто применяется для лечения портальной гипертензии у пациентов с циррозом печени, может существенно снизить пресистемную элиминацию ЛС, тем самым увеличивая их абсорбцию. Также печень является основным органом метаболизма ЛС, а нарушение ее функции изменяет активность различных ферментов цитохрома Р450. Более того, у пациентов с циррозом печени часто встречается сопутствующее нарушение функции почек, что также требует корректировки дозы ЛС, выводимых с помощью почечной экскреции. И наконец, у пациентов с тяжелым нарушением функции печени (например, циррозом) отмечаются изменения фармакологических эффектов ЛС, например снижение терапевтического эффекта β-адреноблокаторов, диуретиков, опиатов и др. Учет изменений фармакокинетики и фармакодинамики ЛС, которые могут иметь место у пациентов с нарушением функции печени, будет способствовать повышению качества жизни, оказания медицинской помощи и снижать риски развития нежелательных реакций у пациентов с заболеваниями печени.
Ключевые слова: лекарственные средства, безопасность, нежелательные лекарственные реакции, лекарственно-индуцированные заболевания, нарушение функции печени
Keywords: medicines, safety, adverse drug reactions, drug-induced diseases, hepatic impairment
Ключевые слова: лекарственные средства, безопасность, нежелательные лекарственные реакции, лекарственно-индуцированные заболевания, нарушение функции печени
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Keywords: medicines, safety, adverse drug reactions, drug-induced diseases, hepatic impairment
Полный текст
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8. Zuckerman MJ, Menzies IS, Ho H, et al. Assessment of intestinal permeability and absorption in cirrhotic patients with ascites using combined sugar probes. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49(4):621-6. DOI:10.1023/b:ddas.0000026307.56909.21
9. Verbeeck RK. Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64(12):1147-61. DOI:10.1007/s00228-008-0553-z
10. Blaschke TF, Rubin PC. Hepatic first-pass metabolism in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1979;4(6):423-32. DOI:10.2165/00003088-197904060-00002
11. Pentikäinen PJ, Neuvonen PJ, Jostell KG. Pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole in healthy volunteers and patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;17(4):275-84. DOI:10.1007/BF00625801
12. Neugebauer G, Gabor M, Reiff K. Disposition of carvedilol enantiomers in patients with liver cirrhosis: evidence for disappearance of stereoselective first-pass extraction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;19(Suppl. 1):S142-6. DOI:10.1097/00005344-199219001-00028
13. Chalasani N, Gorski JC, Patel NH, et al. Hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A activity in cirrhosis: effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology. 2001;34(6):1103-8. DOI:10.1053/jhep.2001.29306
14. Gorski JC, Jones DR, Haehner-Daniels BD, et al. The contribution of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A to the interaction between midazolam and clarithromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;64(2):133-43. DOI:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90146-1
15. Wilcock A, Charlesworth S, Prentice W, et al. Prescribing in Chronic Severe Hepatic Impairment. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2019;58(3):515-37. DOI:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.04.034
16. MacKichan JJ. Influence of protein binding and use of unbound (free) drug concentrations. In: Applied pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics – principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. Ed. ME Burton, LM Shaw, JJ Schentag, WE Evans. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2006; p. 82-120.
17. Blaschke TF. Protein binding and kinetics of drugs in liver diseases. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1977;2(1):32-44. DOI:10.2165/00003088-197702010-00003
18. El Touny M, el Guinaidy M, Abdel Bary M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Chemotherapy. 1992;38(4):201-5. DOI:10.1159/000239001
19. Williams RL, Upton RA, Cello JP, et al. Naproxen disposition in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;27(3):291-6. DOI:10.1007/BF00542162
20. Morgan DJ, McLean AJ. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in patients with liver disease. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995;29(5):370-91. DOI:10.2165/00003088-199529050-00005
21. Reichen J. The Role of the Sinusoidal Endothelium in Liver Function. News Physiol Sci. 1999;14:117-21. DOI:10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.3.117
22. Morgan DJ, McLean AJ. Therapeutic implications of impaired hepatic oxygen diffusion in chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 1991;14(6):1280-2.
23. George J, Murray M, Byth K, Farrell GC. Differential alterations of cytochrome P450 proteins in livers from patients with severe chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 1995;21(1):120-8.
24. George J, Liddle C, Murray M, et al. Pre-translational regulation of cytochrome P450 genes is responsible for disease-specific changes of individual P450 enzymes among patients with cirrhosis. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995;49(7):873-81. DOI:10.1016/0006-2952(94)00515-n
25. Furlan V, Demirdjian S, Bourdon O, et al. Glucuronidation of drugs by hepatic microsomes derived from healthy and cirrhotic human livers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289(2):1169-75.
26. Villeneuve JP, Pichette V. Cytochrome P450 and liver diseases. Curr Drug Metab. 2004;5(3):273-82. DOI:10.2174/1389200043335531
27. Elbekai RH, Korashy HM, El-Kadi AO. The effect of liver cirrhosis on the regulation and expression of drug metabolizing enzymes. Curr Drug Metab. 2004;5(2):157-67. DOI:10.2174/1389200043489054
28. Adedoyin A, Arns PA, Richards WO, et al. Selective effect of liver disease on the activities of specific metabolizing enzymes: investigation of cytochromes P450 2C19 and 2D6. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;64(1):8-17. DOI:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90017-0
29. Branch RA. Drugs in liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;64(4):462-5. DOI:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90077-7
30. Frye RF, Zgheib NK, Matzke GR, et al. Liver disease selectively modulates cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;80(3):235-45. DOI:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.05.006
31. Wang H, Liao ZX, Chen M, Hu XL. Effects of hepatic fibrosis on ofloxacin pharmacokinetics in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2006;53(1):28-34. DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2005.08.005
32. Hoyumpa AM, Schenker S. Is glucuronidation truly preserved in patients with liver disease? Hepatology. 1991;13(4):786-95.
33. Levy M, Caraco Y, Geisslinger G. Drug acetylation in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;34(3):219-26. DOI:10.2165/00003088-199834030-00004
34. Pentikäinen PJ, Välisalmi L, Himberg JJ, Crevoisier C. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam following intravenous and oral administration in patients with chronic liver disease and in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;29(3):272-7. DOI:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1989.tb03327.x
35. Shull HJ, Wilkinson GR, Johnson R, Schenker S. Normal disposition of oxazepam in acute viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med. 1976;84(4):420-5.
DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-84-4-420
36. Kraus JW, Desmond PV, Marshall JP, et al. Effects of aging and liver disease on disposition of lorazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978;24(4):411-9. DOI:10.1002/cpt1978244411
37. Ghabrial H, Desmond PV, Watson KJ, et al. The effects of age and chronic liver disease on the elimination of temazepam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;30(1):93-7. DOI:10.1007/BF00614203
38. Klotz U, Antonin KH, Brügel H, Bieck PR. Disposition of diazepam and its major metabolite desmethyldiazepam in patients with liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1977;21(4):430-6. DOI:10.1002/cpt1977214430
39. Debinski HS, Lee CS, Danks JA, et al. Localization of uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase in human liver injury. Gastroenterology. 1995;108(5):1464-9.
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40. Mazoit JX, Sandouk P, Scherrmann JM, Roche A. Extrahepatic metabolism of morphine occurs in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;48(6):613-8. DOI:10.1038/clpt.1990.203
41. Macdonald JI, Wallace SM, Mahachai V, Verbeeck RK. Both phenolic and acyl glucuronidation pathways of diflunisal are impaired in liver cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;42(5):471-4. DOI:10.1007/BF00314852
42. Hildebrand M, Hellstern A, Hümpel M, et al. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of lormetazepam in patients with liver cirrhosis and in healthy volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1990;15(1):19-26. DOI:10.1007/BF03190123
43. Sonne J, Andreasen PB, Loft S, et al. Glucuronidation of oxazepam is not spared in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 1990;11(6):951-6. DOI:10.1002/hep.1840110607
44. Marcellin P, de Bony F, Garret C, et al. Influence of cirrhosis on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;51(5):410-4. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01389.x
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9. Verbeeck RK. Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64(12):1147-61. DOI:10.1007/s00228-008-0553-z
10. Blaschke TF, Rubin PC. Hepatic first-pass metabolism in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1979;4(6):423-32. DOI:10.2165/00003088-197904060-00002
11. Pentikäinen PJ, Neuvonen PJ, Jostell KG. Pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole in healthy volunteers and patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;17(4):275-84. DOI:10.1007/BF00625801
12. Neugebauer G, Gabor M, Reiff K. Disposition of carvedilol enantiomers in patients with liver cirrhosis: evidence for disappearance of stereoselective first-pass extraction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;19(Suppl. 1):S142-6. DOI:10.1097/00005344-199219001-00028
13. Chalasani N, Gorski JC, Patel NH, et al. Hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A activity in cirrhosis: effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology. 2001;34(6):1103-8. DOI:10.1053/jhep.2001.29306
14. Gorski JC, Jones DR, Haehner-Daniels BD, et al. The contribution of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A to the interaction between midazolam and clarithromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;64(2):133-43. DOI:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90146-1
15. Wilcock A, Charlesworth S, Prentice W, et al. Prescribing in Chronic Severe Hepatic Impairment. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2019;58(3):515-37. DOI:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.04.034
16. MacKichan JJ. Influence of protein binding and use of unbound (free) drug concentrations. In: Applied pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics – principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. Ed. ME Burton, LM Shaw, JJ Schentag, WE Evans. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2006; p. 82-120.
17. Blaschke TF. Protein binding and kinetics of drugs in liver diseases. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1977;2(1):32-44. DOI:10.2165/00003088-197702010-00003
18. El Touny M, el Guinaidy M, Abdel Bary M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Chemotherapy. 1992;38(4):201-5. DOI:10.1159/000239001
19. Williams RL, Upton RA, Cello JP, et al. Naproxen disposition in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;27(3):291-6. DOI:10.1007/BF00542162
20. Morgan DJ, McLean AJ. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in patients with liver disease. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995;29(5):370-91. DOI:10.2165/00003088-199529050-00005
21. Reichen J. The Role of the Sinusoidal Endothelium in Liver Function. News Physiol Sci. 1999;14:117-21. DOI:10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.3.117
22. Morgan DJ, McLean AJ. Therapeutic implications of impaired hepatic oxygen diffusion in chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 1991;14(6):1280-2.
23. George J, Murray M, Byth K, Farrell GC. Differential alterations of cytochrome P450 proteins in livers from patients with severe chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 1995;21(1):120-8.
24. George J, Liddle C, Murray M, et al. Pre-translational regulation of cytochrome P450 genes is responsible for disease-specific changes of individual P450 enzymes among patients with cirrhosis. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995;49(7):873-81. DOI:10.1016/0006-2952(94)00515-n
25. Furlan V, Demirdjian S, Bourdon O, et al. Glucuronidation of drugs by hepatic microsomes derived from healthy and cirrhotic human livers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289(2):1169-75.
26. Villeneuve JP, Pichette V. Cytochrome P450 and liver diseases. Curr Drug Metab. 2004;5(3):273-82. DOI:10.2174/1389200043335531
27. Elbekai RH, Korashy HM, El-Kadi AO. The effect of liver cirrhosis on the regulation and expression of drug metabolizing enzymes. Curr Drug Metab. 2004;5(2):157-67. DOI:10.2174/1389200043489054
28. Adedoyin A, Arns PA, Richards WO, et al. Selective effect of liver disease on the activities of specific metabolizing enzymes: investigation of cytochromes P450 2C19 and 2D6. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;64(1):8-17. DOI:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90017-0
29. Branch RA. Drugs in liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;64(4):462-5. DOI:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90077-7
30. Frye RF, Zgheib NK, Matzke GR, et al. Liver disease selectively modulates cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;80(3):235-45. DOI:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.05.006
31. Wang H, Liao ZX, Chen M, Hu XL. Effects of hepatic fibrosis on ofloxacin pharmacokinetics in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2006;53(1):28-34. DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2005.08.005
32. Hoyumpa AM, Schenker S. Is glucuronidation truly preserved in patients with liver disease? Hepatology. 1991;13(4):786-95.
33. Levy M, Caraco Y, Geisslinger G. Drug acetylation in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;34(3):219-26. DOI:10.2165/00003088-199834030-00004
34. Pentikäinen PJ, Välisalmi L, Himberg JJ, Crevoisier C. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam following intravenous and oral administration in patients with chronic liver disease and in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;29(3):272-7. DOI:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1989.tb03327.x
35. Shull HJ, Wilkinson GR, Johnson R, Schenker S. Normal disposition of oxazepam in acute viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med. 1976;84(4):420-5.
DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-84-4-420
36. Kraus JW, Desmond PV, Marshall JP, et al. Effects of aging and liver disease on disposition of lorazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978;24(4):411-9. DOI:10.1002/cpt1978244411
37. Ghabrial H, Desmond PV, Watson KJ, et al. The effects of age and chronic liver disease on the elimination of temazepam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;30(1):93-7. DOI:10.1007/BF00614203
38. Klotz U, Antonin KH, Brügel H, Bieck PR. Disposition of diazepam and its major metabolite desmethyldiazepam in patients with liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1977;21(4):430-6. DOI:10.1002/cpt1977214430
39. Debinski HS, Lee CS, Danks JA, et al. Localization of uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase in human liver injury. Gastroenterology. 1995;108(5):1464-9.
DOI:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90695-9
40. Mazoit JX, Sandouk P, Scherrmann JM, Roche A. Extrahepatic metabolism of morphine occurs in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;48(6):613-8. DOI:10.1038/clpt.1990.203
41. Macdonald JI, Wallace SM, Mahachai V, Verbeeck RK. Both phenolic and acyl glucuronidation pathways of diflunisal are impaired in liver cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;42(5):471-4. DOI:10.1007/BF00314852
42. Hildebrand M, Hellstern A, Hümpel M, et al. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of lormetazepam in patients with liver cirrhosis and in healthy volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1990;15(1):19-26. DOI:10.1007/BF03190123
43. Sonne J, Andreasen PB, Loft S, et al. Glucuronidation of oxazepam is not spared in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 1990;11(6):951-6. DOI:10.1002/hep.1840110607
44. Marcellin P, de Bony F, Garret C, et al. Influence of cirrhosis on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;51(5):410-4. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01389.x
45. Taburet AM, Naveau S, Zorza G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;47(6):731-9. DOI:10.1038/clpt.1990.101
46. Parker G, Bullingham R, Kamm B, Hale M. Pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in volunteer subjects with varying degrees of hepatic oxidative impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;36(4):332-44. DOI:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04209.x
47. Crotty B, Watson KJ, Desmond PV, et al. Hepatic extraction of morphine is impaired in cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;36(5):501-6. DOI:10.1007/BF00558076
48. Congiu M, Mashford ML, Slavin JL, Desmond PV. UDP glucuronosyltransferase mRNA levels in human liver disease. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002;30(2):129-34. DOI:10.1124/dmd.30.2.129
49. Klaassen CD, Watkins JB 3rd. Mechanisms of bile formation, hepatic uptake, and biliary excretion. Pharmacol Rev. 1984;36(1):1-67.
50. Mortimer PR, Mackie DB, Haynes S. Ampicillin levels in human bile in the presence of biliary tract disease. Br Med J. 1969;3(5662):88-9. DOI:10.1136/bmj.3.5662.88
51. Sales JE, Sutcliffe M, O'Grady F. Cephalexin levels in human bile in presence of biliary tract disease. Br Med J. 1972;3(5824):441-3. DOI:10.1136/bmj.3.5824.441
52. Brown RB, Martyak SN, Barza M, et al. Penetration of clindamycin phosphate into the abnormal human biliary tract. Ann Intern Med. 1976;84(2):168-70.
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53. Leung JW, Chan RC, Cheung SW, et al. The effect of obstruction on the biliary excretion of cefoperazone and ceftazidime. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990;25(3):399-406. DOI:10.1093/jac/25.3.399
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44. Marcellin P, de Bony F, Garret C, et al. Influence of cirrhosis on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;51(5):410-4. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2001.01389.x
45. Taburet AM, Naveau S, Zorza G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990;47(6):731-9. DOI:10.1038/clpt.1990.101
46. Parker G, Bullingham R, Kamm B, Hale M. Pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in volunteer subjects with varying degrees of hepatic oxidative impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;36(4):332-44. DOI:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04209.x
47. Crotty B, Watson KJ, Desmond PV, et al. Hepatic extraction of morphine is impaired in cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;36(5):501-6. DOI:10.1007/BF00558076
48. Congiu M, Mashford ML, Slavin JL, Desmond PV. UDP glucuronosyltransferase mRNA levels in human liver disease. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002;30(2):129-34. DOI:10.1124/dmd.30.2.129
49. Klaassen CD, Watkins JB 3rd. Mechanisms of bile formation, hepatic uptake, and biliary excretion. Pharmacol Rev. 1984;36(1):1-67.
50. Mortimer PR, Mackie DB, Haynes S. Ampicillin levels in human bile in the presence of biliary tract disease. Br Med J. 1969;3(5662):88-9. DOI:10.1136/bmj.3.5662.88
51. Sales JE, Sutcliffe M, O'Grady F. Cephalexin levels in human bile in presence of biliary tract disease. Br Med J. 1972;3(5824):441-3. DOI:10.1136/bmj.3.5824.441
52. Brown RB, Martyak SN, Barza M, et al. Penetration of clindamycin phosphate into the abnormal human biliary tract. Ann Intern Med. 1976;84(2):168-70.
DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-84-2-168
53. Leung JW, Chan RC, Cheung SW, et al. The effect of obstruction on the biliary excretion of cefoperazone and ceftazidime. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990;25(3):399-406. DOI:10.1093/jac/25.3.399
54. Van Delden OM, van Leeuwen DJ, Jansen PL, et al. Biliary excretion of ceftriaxone into non-stagnant and stagnant bile. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994;33(1):193-4. DOI:10.1093/jac/33.1.193
55. Van den Hazel SJ, de Vries XH, Speelman P, et al. Biliary excretion of ciprofloxacin and piperacillin in the obstructed biliary tract. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40(11):2658-60. DOI:10.1128/AAC.40.11.2658
56. González G, Arancibia A, Rivas MI, et al. Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;22(4):315-20. DOI:10.1007/BF00548399
57. Marcantonio LA, Auld WH, Murdoch WR, et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the diuretic bumetanide in hepatic and renal disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;15(2):245-52. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb01493.x
58. Cello JP, Oie S. Cimetidine disposition in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis during multiple dosing therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;25(2):223-9. DOI:10.1007/BF00543795
59. Smith IL, Ziemniak JA, Bernhard H, et al. Ranitidine disposition and systemic availability in hepatic cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1984;35(4):487-94. DOI:10.1038/clpt.1984.65
60. Brockmöller J, Thomsen T, Wittstock M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in patients with moderate to severe liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C): characterization by dynamic liver function tests. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;77(6):529-41. DOI:10.1016/j.clpt.2005.02.003
61. Granneman GR, Mahr G, Locke C, et al. Pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin in patients with liver impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1992;22(Suppl. 1):24-32.
DOI:10.2165/00003088-199200221-00006
62. Caujolle B, Ballet F, Poupon R. Relationship among beta-adrenergic blockade, propranolol concentration, and liver function in patients with cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1988;23(8):925-30. DOI:10.3109/00365528809090148
63. Ramond MJ, Comoy E, Lebrec D. Alterations in isoprenaline sensitivity in patients with cirrhosis: evidence of abnormality of the sympathetic nervous activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21(2):191-6. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05174.x
64. Dao MT, Villeneuve JP. Kinetics and dynamics of triamterene at steady-state in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Invest Med. 1988;11(1):6-9.
65. Villeneuve JP, Rocheleau F, Raymond G. Triamterene kinetics and dynamics in cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1984;35(6):831-7. DOI:10.1038/clpt.1984.121
66. Gentilini P, La Villa G, Marra F, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of torasemide and furosemide in patients with diuretic resistant ascites. J Hepatol. 1996;25(4):481-90. DOI:10.1016/s0168-8278(96)80207-8
67. Gerbes AL, Remien J, Jüngst D, et al. Evidence for down-regulation of beta-2-adrenoceptors in cirrhotic patients with severe ascites. Lancet. 1986;1(8495):1409-11. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91556-4.
68. Villeneuve JP, Verbeeck RK, Wilkinson GR, Branch RA. Furosemide kinetics and dynamics in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986;40(1):14-20. DOI:10.1038/clpt.1986.132
69. Bakti G, Fisch HU, Karlaganis G, et al. Mechanism of the excessive sedative response of cirrhotics to benzodiazepines: model experiments with triazolam. Hepatology. 1987;7(4):629-38. DOI:10.1002/hep.1840070403
70. MacGilchrist AJ, Birnie GG, Cook A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous midazolam in patients with severe alcoholic cirrhosis. Gut. 1986;27(2):190-5. DOI:10.1136/gut.27.2.190
71. Davis M. Cholestasis and endogenous opioids: liver disease and exogenous opioid pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46(10):825-50.
DOI:10.2165/00003088-200746100-00002
72. Ahboucha S, Pomier-Layrargues G, Butterworth RF. Increased brain concentrations of endogenous (non-benzodiazepine) GABA-A receptor ligands in human hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2004;19(3-4):241-51. DOI:10.1023/b:mebr.0000043974.89820.22
73. Rhee C, Broadbent AM. Palliation and liver failure: palliative medications dosage guidelines. J Palliat Med. 2007;10(3):677-85. DOI:10.1089/jpm.2006.0246
74. Zichterman A. Opioid pharmacology and considerations in pain management. May 2007. US Pharmacist (Web). Available at: http://www.uspharmacist.com/continuing_education/ceviewtest/lessonid/105473/. Accessed: 19.09.2021.
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Авторы
О.Д. Остроумова1,2, А.П. Переверзев*1
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*acchirurg@mail.ru
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2 Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*acchirurg@mail.ru
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*acchirurg@mail.ru
________________________________________________
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2 Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*acchirurg@mail.ru
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