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Диабетическая нефропатия: о чем должен помнить кардиолог
Диабетическая нефропатия: о чем должен помнить кардиолог
Трубицына Н.П., Зайцева Н.В., Северина А.С. Диабетическая нефропатия: о чем должен помнить кардиолог. Consilium Medicum. 2021; 23 (1): 20–24. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2021.200712
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Аннотация
Распространенность сахарного диабета (СД) прогрессивно увеличивается во всем мире. Диабетическая нефропатия (ДН) остается значимой причиной терминальной почечной недостаточности и ассоциирована с высоким риском кардиоваскулярной патологии и смертности. Необходимость применения дорогостоящих методов заместительной почечной терапии для лечения пациентов с развернутыми сосудистыми осложнениями СД и находящихся на стадии терминальной почечной недостаточности имеет существенное социально-экономическое значение, а СД как одна из ведущих причин заболевания почек конкурирует за ограниченные ресурсы здравоохранения. Применение заместительной почечной терапии у пациентов с СД полностью не снимает остроту проблемы, поскольку выживаемость этой категории больных в сравнении с больными с другими почечными заболеваниями остается низкой, в первую очередь из-за сердечно-сосудистой патологии. Гликемический контроль, контроль артериального давления и уровня холестерина в крови, а также использование ингибиторов ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновой системы и статинов, как показано в многочисленных исследованиях, уменьшают риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и замедляют прогрессирование ДН. Таким образом, ведение пациентов с СД и ДН должно осуществляться с помощью комплексной стратегии, направленной на снижение риска прогрессирования заболевания почек и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний.
Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет 2-го типа, диабетическая нефропатия, нефропротекция, кардиопротекция, ингибиторы натрийглюкозного котранспортера 2-го типа, агонисты рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1, ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновая система
Keywords: diabetes mellitus type 2, diabetic nephropathy, nephroprotection, cardioprotection, SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет 2-го типа, диабетическая нефропатия, нефропротекция, кардиопротекция, ингибиторы натрийглюкозного котранспортера 2-го типа, агонисты рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1, ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновая система
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Keywords: diabetes mellitus type 2, diabetic nephropathy, nephroprotection, cardioprotection, SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Полный текст
Список литературы
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8. Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Lai KB, et al. Urinary expression of kidney injury markers in renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5 (12): 2329–37. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01910310
9. Valmadrid CT, Klein R, Moss SE, Klein BEK. Disease Mortality Associated With Microalbuminuria and Gross Proteinuria in Persons With Older-Onset Diabetes Mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (8): 1093–100. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.160.8.1093
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11. Bakris GL, Serafidis PA, Weir MR, et al. ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH) a prespecified secondary analysis of randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010 (375): 1173–81. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62100-0
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13. Moiseev V.S., Mukhin N.A., Smirnov A.V. Serdechno-sosudistyi risk i khronicheskaia bolezn' pochek: strategii kardio-nefroprotektsii. Rossiiskii kardiologicheskii zhurnal. 2014; 8 (112): 7–37 (in Russain) DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2014-8-7-37
14. Nathan DM. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Overview. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (1): 9–16. DOI 10.2337/dc13-2112
15. Hayes AJ, Leal J, Gray AM, et al. UKPDS outcomes model 2: a new version of a model to simulate lifetime health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using data from the 30 year United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study: UKPDS 82. Diabetologia 2013; 56 (9): 1925–33. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2940-y
16. Hirakawa Y, Arima H, Zoungas S, et al. Impact of visit-tovisit glycemic variability on the risks of macrovascular and microvascular events and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes: the ADVANCE trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (8): 2359–65. DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0199
17. Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Maiorov A.Iu. Algoritmy spetsializirovannoi meditsinskoi pomoshchi bol'nym sakharnym diabetom. Sakharnyi diabet. 2019; 22 (1): 1–144 (in Russian) DOI: 10.14341/DM221S1
18. Robinson TW, Freedman BI. Assessing glycemic control in diabetic patients with severe nephropathy. J Ren Nutr 2013; 23: 199. DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2013.01.021
19. Alsahli M, Gerich JE. Hypoglycemia in Patients with Diabetes and Renal Disease. J Clin Med 2015; 4 (5): 948–64. DOI: 10.3390/jcm4050948
20. Triggle CR, Ding H. Cardiovascular impact of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5 (6): 245–68. DOI: 10.1177/2040622314546125
21. Takiyama Y, Harumi T, Watanabe J, et al. Tubular injury in a rat model of type 2 diabetes is prevented by metformin: a possible role of HIF-1a expression and oxygen metabolism. Diabetes 2011; 60 (3): 981–92. DOI: 10.2337/db10-0655
22. Seo-Mayer PW, Thulin G, Zhang L, et al. Preactivation of AMPK by metformin may ameliorate the epithelial cell damage caused by renal ischemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301 (6): 1346–57. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00420.2010
23. Mita T, Katakami N, Shiraiwa T, et al. Sitagliptin attenuates the progression of carotid intima-media thickening in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: the sitagliptin preventive study of intima-media thickness evaluation (SPIKE): a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2016; 39 (3): 455–64. DOI: 10.2337/dc15-2145
24. Rabochaia gruppa po sakharnomu diabetu, prediabetu i serdechno-sosudistym zabolevaniiam Evropeiskogo obshchestva kardiologov (ESC, EOK) i Evropeiskoi assotsiatsii po izucheniiu sakharnogo diabeta (EASD, EASD). 2019 Rekomendatsii ESC/EASD po sakharnomu diabetu, prediabetu i serdechno-sosudistym zabolevaniiam. Rossiiskii kardiologicheskii zhurnal. 2020; 25 (4): 3839 (in Russian)
DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3839
25. Bagrii A.E., Suprun E.V., Mikhailichenko E.S., Golodnikov I.A. Khronicheskaia serdechnaia nedostatochnost' i sakharnyi diabet 2 tipa: sostoianie problemy. Rossiiskii kardiologicheskii zhurnal. 2020; 25 (4): 84 (in Russian) DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3858
26. Sidorov A.V. Klinicheskaia farmakologiia ingibitorov dipeptidilpeptidazy 4: sravnitel'nyi obzor. Effektivnaia farmakoterapiia. 2020; 16 (25): 24–48 (in Russian) DOI: 10.33978/2307-3586-2020-16-25-24-48
27. Barnett AH, Mithal A, Manassie J, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin added to existing antidiabetes treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2 (5): 369–84. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70208-0
28. Vallon V, Gerasimova M, Rose MA, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin reduces renal growth and albuminuria in proportion to hyperglycemia and prevents glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic Akita mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306 (2): 194–204. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00520.2013
29. Cherney DZ, Perkins BA, Soleymanlou N, et al. Renal hemodynamic effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2014; 129: 587–97. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005081
30. Wanner C, Lachin JM, Inzucchi SE, et al.; EMPA-REG OUTCOME®investigators. Empagliflozin and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Established Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease. Circulation 2018; 137 (2): 119–29. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028268
31. Kobalava Zh.D., Lazarev P.V., Villeval'de S.V. Ingibitory SGLT2: obosnovanie i perspektivy primeneniia pri serdechnoi nedostatochnosti. Kardiologiia. 2018; 58 (2): 42–54 (in Russian) DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2018.2.10087
32. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (7): 644–57. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925
33. Neeland IJ, McGuire DK, Chilton R, et al. Empagliflozin reduces body weight and indices of adipose distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 2016; 13: 119–26. DOI: 10.1177/1479164115616901
34. Greco EV, Russo G, Giandalia A, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonist and kidney protection. Medicina 2019; 55: 233. DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060233
35. Skov J, Dejgaard A, Frokiaer J, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): effect on kidney hemodynamics and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98 (4): E664−E671. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3855
36. Gutzwiller JP, Tschopp S, Bock A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 induces natriuresis in healthy subjects and in insulin-resistant obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89 (6): 3055−61. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031403
37. Asmar A, Simonsen L, Asmar M, et al. Renal extraction and acute effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on central and renal hemodynamics in healthy men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308 (8): E641−9. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00429.2014
38. Ametov A.S., Nevol'nikova A.O., Tertychnaia E.A. Vozmozhnosti agonistov retseptorov gliukagonopodobnogo peptida-1 v snizhenii serdechno-sosudistogo riska u patsientov s sakharnym diabetom tipa 2: chto novogo? Endokrinologiia: novosti, mneniia, obuchenie. 2019; 8 (3): 44–53 (in Russian) DOI: 10.24411/2304-9529-2019-13005
39. Shamkhalova M.Sh., Sklianik I.A., Shestakova M.V. Nefroprotektivnyi potentsial agonistov retseptorov gliukagonopodobnogo peptida 1. Sakharnyi diabet. 2020; 23 (1): 56–64 (in Russian) DOI: 10.14341/DM12379
40. Iarek-Martynova I.R., Shamkhalova M.Sh. Organoprotektivnye effekty blokatorov retseptorov angiotenzina II u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom 2 tipa. Sakharnyi diabet. 2010; 2: 58–61 (in Russian)
41. Shamkhalova M.Sh., Trubitsyna N.P., Shestakova M.V. Fenomen chastichnogo uskol'zaniia blokady angiotenzina II u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom 2 tipa i diabeticheskoi nefropatiei. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2008; 80 (1): 49–52 (in Russian)
42. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345 (12): 851–60. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa011303
43. Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, et al. ROADMAP Trial Investigators. Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 907–17. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007994
44. Moorhead JF. Lipids and the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 27 (1): 65–70. DOI: 10.1159/000127980
45. Scheuer H, Gwinner W, Holbach J, et al. Oxidant stress in hyperlipidemia induced renal damage. Am J Physiol 2000 (278): 63–74. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.1.F63
46. Abrass СK. Cellular lipid metabolism and the role of lipids in progressive renal disease. Am J Nephrol 2004 (24): 46–53. DOI: 10.1159/000075925
47. Dedova I.I., Shestakovoi M.V., Maiorova A.Iu. (eds.). Standards of specialized diabetes care. 9th ed. Diabetes mellitus. 2019 (22): 1–144 (in Russian)] DOI: 10.14341/DM221S1
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3. Bikbov B, Purcell CA, Levey AS, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020; 395 (10225): 709–33. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3
4. Мартынов С.А., Северина А.С., Ларина И.И., и др. Подготовка пациента с сахарным диабетом 1 типа на заместительной почечной терапии диализом к трансплантации почки. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2020; 66 (6): 18–30. DOI: 10.14341/probl12686 [Martynov S.A., Severina A.S., Larina I.I., et al. Podgotovka patsienta s sakharnym diabetom 1 tipa na zamestitel'noi pochechnoi terapii dializom k transplantatsii pochki. Problemy endokrinologii. 2020; 66 (6): 18–30 (in Russian)].
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7. Tonneijck L, Muskiet MH, Smits MM, et al. Glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetes: mechanisms, clinical significance, and treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28 (4): 1023–39. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2016060666
8. Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Lai KB, et al. Urinary expression of kidney injury markers in renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5 (12): 2329–37. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01910310
9. Valmadrid CT, Klein R, Moss SE, Klein BEK. Disease Mortality Associated With Microalbuminuria and Gross Proteinuria in Persons With Older-Onset Diabetes Mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (8): 1093–100. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.160.8.1093
10. Collins AJ, Foley RN, Herzog C, et al. US Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57 (1): 1–526. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.10.007
11. Bakris GL, Serafidis PA, Weir MR, et al. ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH) a prespecified secondary analysis of randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010 (375): 1173–81. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62100-0
12. Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, et al. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 (24): 2296–304. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1210357
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23. Mita T, Katakami N, Shiraiwa T, et al. Sitagliptin attenuates the progression of carotid intima-media thickening in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: the sitagliptin preventive study of intima-media thickness evaluation (SPIKE): a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2016; 39 (3): 455–64. DOI: 10.2337/dc15-2145
24. Рабочая группа по сахарному диабету, предиабету и сердечно-сосудистым заболеваниям Европейского общества кардиологов (ESC, ЕОК) и Европейской ассоциации по изучению сахарного диабета (EASD, ЕАСД). 2019 Рекомендации ЕSC/EASD по сахарному диабету, предиабету и сердечно-сосудистым заболеваниям. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020; 25 (4): 3839 [Rabochaia gruppa po sakharnomu diabetu, prediabetu i serdechno-sosudistym zabolevaniiam Evropeiskogo obshchestva kardiologov (ESC, EOK) i Evropeiskoi assotsiatsii po izucheniiu sakharnogo diabeta (EASD, EASD). 2019 Rekomendatsii ESC/EASD po sakharnomu diabetu, prediabetu i serdechno-sosudistym zabolevaniiam. Rossiiskii kardiologicheskii zhurnal. 2020; 25 (4): 3839 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3839
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27. Barnett AH, Mithal A, Manassie J, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin added to existing antidiabetes treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2 (5): 369–84. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70208-0
28. Vallon V, Gerasimova M, Rose MA, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin reduces renal growth and albuminuria in proportion to hyperglycemia and prevents glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic Akita mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306 (2): 194–204. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00520.2013
29. Cherney DZ, Perkins BA, Soleymanlou N, et al. Renal hemodynamic effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2014; 129: 587–97. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005081
30. Wanner C, Lachin JM, Inzucchi SE, et al.; EMPA-REG OUTCOME®investigators. Empagliflozin and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Established Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease. Circulation 2018; 137 (2): 119–29. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028268
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32. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (7): 644–57. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925
33. Neeland IJ, McGuire DK, Chilton R, et al. Empagliflozin reduces body weight and indices of adipose distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 2016; 13: 119–26. DOI: 10.1177/1479164115616901
34. Greco EV, Russo G, Giandalia A, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonist and kidney protection. Medicina 2019; 55: 233. DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060233
35. Skov J, Dejgaard A, Frokiaer J, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): effect on kidney hemodynamics and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98 (4): E664−E671. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3855
36. Gutzwiller JP, Tschopp S, Bock A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 induces natriuresis in healthy subjects and in insulin-resistant obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89 (6): 3055−61. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031403
37. Asmar A, Simonsen L, Asmar M, et al. Renal extraction and acute effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on central and renal hemodynamics in healthy men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308 (8): E641−9. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00429.2014
38. Аметов А.С., Невольникова А.О., Тертычная Е.А. Возможности агонистов рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 в снижении сердечно-сосудистого риска у пациентов с сахарным диабетом типа 2: что нового? Эндокринология: новости, мнения, обучение. 2019; 8 (3): 44–53 [Ametov A.S., Nevol'nikova A.O., Tertychnaia E.A. Vozmozhnosti agonistov retseptorov gliukagonopodobnogo peptida-1 v snizhenii serdechno-sosudistogo riska u patsientov s sakharnym diabetom tipa 2: chto novogo? Endokrinologiia: novosti, mneniia, obuchenie. 2019; 8 (3): 44–53 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.24411/2304-9529-2019-13005
39. Шамхалова М.Ш., Скляник И.А., Шестакова М.В. Нефропротективный потенциал агонистов рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида 1. Сахарный диабет. 2020; 23 (1): 56–64 [Shamkhalo-
va M.Sh., Sklianik I.A., Shestakova M.V. Nefroprotektivnyi potentsial agonistov retseptorov gliukagonopodobnogo peptida 1. Sakharnyi diabet. 2020; 23 (1): 56–64 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.14341/DM12379
40. Ярек-Мартынова И.Р., Шамхалова М.Ш. Органопротективные эффекты блокаторов рецепторов ангиотензина II у больных сахарным диабетом 2 типа. Сахарный диабет. 2010; 2: 58–61 [Iarek-Martynova I.R., Shamkhalova M.Sh. Organoprotektivnye effekty blokatorov retseptorov angiotenzina II u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom 2 tipa. Sakharnyi diabet. 2010; 2: 58–61 (in Russian)].
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42. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345 (12): 851–60. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa011303
43. Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, et al. ROADMAP Trial Investigators. Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 907–17. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007994
44. Moorhead JF. Lipids and the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 27 (1): 65–70. DOI: 10.1159/000127980
45. Scheuer H, Gwinner W, Holbach J, et al. Oxidant stress in hyperlipidemia induced renal damage. Am J Physiol 2000 (278): 63–74. DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.1.F63
46. Abrass СK. Cellular lipid metabolism and the role of lipids in progressive renal disease. Am J Nephrol 2004 (24): 46–53. DOI: 10.1159/000075925
47. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. Под ред. И.И. Дедова, М.В. Шестаковой, А.Ю. Майорова. Вып. 9. Сахарный диабет. 2019 (22): 1–144 [Dedova I.I., Shestakovoi M.V., Maiorova A.Iu. (eds.). Standards of specialized diabetes care. 9th ed. Diabetes mellitus. 2019 (22): 1–144 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.14341/DM221S1
________________________________________________
2. Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, et al. Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016; 6: 1–2. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158765
3. Bikbov B, Purcell CA, Levey AS, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020; 395 (10225): 709–33. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3
4. Martynov S.A., Severina A.S., Larina I.I., et al. Podgotovka patsienta s sakharnym diabetom 1 tipa na zamestitel'noi pochechnoi terapii dializom k transplantatsii pochki. Problemy endokrinologii. 2020; 66 (6): 18–30 (in Russian)
5. Johnstone MT, Veves A. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Humana Press, 2005. DOI: 10.1385/1592599087
6. Zheleznyakova M.V., Vikulova O.K., Zheleznyakova A.V., et al. Diabetes epidemiology in Russia: what has changed over the decade? Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2019; 91 (10): 4–13 (in Russian) DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.10.000364
7. Tonneijck L, Muskiet MH, Smits MM, et al. Glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetes: mechanisms, clinical significance, and treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28 (4): 1023–39. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2016060666
8. Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Lai KB, et al. Urinary expression of kidney injury markers in renal transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5 (12): 2329–37. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01910310
9. Valmadrid CT, Klein R, Moss SE, Klein BEK. Disease Mortality Associated With Microalbuminuria and Gross Proteinuria in Persons With Older-Onset Diabetes Mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160 (8): 1093–100. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.160.8.1093
10. Collins AJ, Foley RN, Herzog C, et al. US Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57 (1): 1–526. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.10.007
11. Bakris GL, Serafidis PA, Weir MR, et al. ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH) a prespecified secondary analysis of randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010 (375): 1173–81. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62100-0
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Авторы
Н.П. Трубицына*, Н.В. Зайцева, А.С. Северина
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*trubicina@mail.ru
Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
*trubicina@mail.ru
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*trubicina@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
*trubicina@mail.ru
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