1. Cicerello E. Uric acid nephrolithiasis: an update. Urologia 2018; 85 (3): 93–8.
2. Trinchieri A, Montanari E. Prevalence of renal uric acid stones in the adult. Urolithyasis 2017; 45 (6): 553–62.
3. Ito H, Kotake K, Nomura K, Masai M. Clinical and biochemical features of uric acid nephrolithiasis. Eur Urol 1995; 27 (4): 324–8.
4. Daudon M. Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis in France. Ann Urol (Paris) 2005; 39 (6): 209–31.
5. Trinchieri A, Croppi E, Montanari E. Obesity and urolithiasis: evidence of regional influences. Urolothiasis 2017; 45 (3): 271–8.
6. Robinson PC, Stamp LK. The management of gout. Much has changed. AFP 2016; 45 (5): 299–305.
7. Trinchieri A, Montanari E. Biochemical and dietary factors of uric acid stone formation. Urolithiasis 2018; 46 (2): 167–72. 
8. Мухин Н.А., Шоничев Д.Г., Балкаров И.М., и др. Формирование артериальной гипертонии при уратном тубулоинтерстициальном поражении почек. Терапевтический архив. 1999; 71 (6): 12–24 [Mukhin N.A., Shonichev D.G., Balkarov I.M., et al. Formation of arterial hypertension in urate tubulointerstitial kidney damage. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 1999; 71 (6): 12–24 (in Russian)]. 
9. Negri AL, Spiwacow R, Del Valle E, et al. Clinical and biochemical profiles of patients with “pure” uric acid nephrolithiasis compares with “pure” calcium oxalate stone formers. Urol Res 2007; 35 (5): 247–51.
10. Spiwacow FR, Del Valle EE, Negri AL, et al. Biochemical diagnosis in 3040 kidney stone formers in Argentina. Urolithiasis 2015; 43 (4): 323–30.
11. Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systemic review of the literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23 (2): 192–202.
12. Blagojevic-Bucknall M, Mallen C, Muller C, et al. The risk of gout in patients with sleep apnea: a matched cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71 (1): 154–60. 
13. Mancia G, Grassi G, Borghi C. Hyperuricemia, urate deposition and association with hypertension. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31 (Suppl. 2): 15–9.
14. Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet 2004; 363 (9417): 1277–81.
15. van Westing AC, Kupers LC, Geleijnse JM. Diet and kidney function: a literature review. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22 (2): 14.
16. Щербак А.В., Балкаров И.М., Козловская Л.В., и др. Фибринолитическая активность мочи как показатель поражения почек при нарушениях обмена мочевой кислоты. Терапевтический архив. 2001; 73 (6): 34–7 [Shcherbak A.V., Balkarov I.M., Kozlovskaya L.V., et al. Fibrinolytic activity of urine as an indicator of kidney damage in disorders of uric acid metabolism. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2001; 73 (6): 34–7 (in Russian)].
17. Мухин Н.А., Серов В.В., Варшавский В.А., и др. Некоторые особенности гиперурикемического варианта нефрита. Терапевтический архив. 1986; 58 (6): 43–6 [Mukhin N.A., Serov V.V., Varshavsky V.A., et al. Some features of the hyperuricemic variant of nephritis. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 1986; 58 (6): 43–6 (in Russian)].
18. Mallat SG, Al Kattar S, Tannios BY, Jurjus A. Hyperuricemia, hypertension and chronic kidney disease: an emerging association. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 18 (10): 74.
19. Barkas F, Elisaf M, Liberopoulos E, et al. Uroc acid and incident chronic kidney disease in dyslipidemic individuals. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34 (7): 1193–9.
20. Kaewput W, Thongprayoon C, Rangsin R, et al. Association between serum uric acid and chronic kidney disease in patients with hypertension: a multicenter nationwide cross-sectional study. J Evid Based Med 2019; 12 (4): 235–42.
21. Li CC, Chien TM, Wu WJ. Uric acid stones increase the risk of chronic kidney disease. Urolithyasis 2018; 46 (6): 543–6.
22. Tsai CW, Chiu HT, Huang HC, et al. Uric acid predicts adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease: a novel insight from trajectory analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 33 (2): 231–41.
23. Srivastava A, Kaze AD, McMullan CJ, et al. Uric acid and risk of kidney failure and death in individuals with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 71 (3): 362–70.
24. Liu X, Zhai T, Ma R, et al. Effect of uric acid-lowering therapy on the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail 2018; 40 (1): 289–97.
25. Zheng R, Yang T, Cheng Q, et al. Serum uric acid concentrations can predict hypertension: a longitudinal, population-based epidemiological study. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49 (11): 873–9.
26. Scheepers LEJM, Bonen A, Dagnelie PC, et al. Uric acid and blood pressure: exploring the role of uric acid production in The Maastricht Study. J Hypertens 2017; 35 (10): 1968–76.
27. Kansui Y, Matsumura K, Morinaga K, et al. Impact of serum uric acid on incident hypertension in a worksite population of Japanese men. J Hypertens 2018; 36 (7): 1499–505.
28. Zoccali C, Mallamaci F. Uric acid, hypertension and cardiovascular and renal complications. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15 (3): 531–7.
29. Otani N, Toyoda S, Sakuma M, et al. Effect of uric acid on vascular endothelial function from bedside to bench. Hypertens Res 2018; 41 (11): 923–31.
30. Ueno S, Hamada T, Taniguchi S, et al. Effect of Antihypertensive Drugs on Uric Acid Metabolism in Patients with Hypertension: Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2016; 66 (12): 628–32.
31. Pongpanich P, Pitakpaibookul P, Takkavatarkan K, et al. The benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers combined with calcium channel blockers on metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50 (1): 2261–78.
32. Мухин Н.А., Балкаров И.М., Моисеев С.В., и др. Урикозурическое действие лозартана. Клин. фармакол. тер. 2003; 12 (5): 55–8 [Mukhin N.A., Balkarov I.M., Moiseev S.V., et al. Urikozuricheskoe deistvie lozartana. Klin. farmakol. ter. 2003; 12 (5): 55–8 (in Russian)].
33. Ильина А.Е., Барскова В.Г., Насонов Е.Л. Применение лозартана у больных подагрой. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2008; 7 (2): 34–9 [Il'ina A.E., Barskova V.G., Nasonov E.L. Primenenie lozartana u bol'nykh podagroi. Kardiovaskuliarnaia terapiia i profilaktika. 2008; 7 (2): 34–9 (in Russian)].
34. Rayner BL, Trinder YA, Baines D, et al. Effect of losartan versus candesartan on uric acid, renal function, and fibrinogen in patients with hypertension and hyperuricemia associated with diuretics. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19 (2): 208–13.
35. Oshira K, Sakima A, Nagata S, et al. Beneficial effect of switching from a combination of angiotensin II receptor blockers other than losartan and thiazides to a fixed dose of losartan/hydrochlorothiazide on uric acid metabolism in hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011; 33 (8): 565–70.
36. Hosoya T, Kuriyama S, Yoshizawa T, et al. Effects of combined antihypertensive therapy with losartan/hydrochlorothiazide on uric acid metabolism. Intern Med 2012; 51 (18): 2509–18.
37. Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology Guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritic Care Res (Hoboken. 2012; 64 (10): 1431–46.
38. Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology Guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: Therapy and anti-inflammatory prophylaxis of gouty arthritis. Arthritic Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64 (10): 1447–61.
39. Stamp LK, Chapman PT, Palmer SC. Allopurinol and kidney function: an update. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 83 (1): 19–24.
40. Badve SV, Pascoe EM, Tiku A, et al.; for the CKD-FIX Study Investigators. Effects of allopurinol on the progression on chronic kindey disease. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 2504–13.
41. Robinson PC, Stamp LK. The management of gout: much has changed. AFP; 2016: 45 (5): 299–302.
42. Kimura K, Hosoya T, Uchida S, et al.; FEATHER Study Investigators. Febuxostat Therapy for Patients With Stage 3 CKD and Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A Randomized Trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 72 (6): 798–810.
43. Мухин Н.А., Фомин В.В., Лебедева М.В. Гиперурикемия как компонент кардиоренального синдрома. Терапевтический архив. 2011; 83 (6): 5–13 [Mukhin N.A., Fomin V.V., Lebedeva M.V. Hyperuricemia as a component of the cardiorenal syndrome. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2011; 83 (6): 5–13 (in Russian)].
44. White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al. CARES Investigators. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat or allopurinol in patients with gout. N Engl J Med 2018; 378 (13): 1200–10. DOI: 10.1056//NEJMoa1710895, indexed in PubMed: 29527974. 
45. Jansen TLTA, Janssen M. Gout lessons from 2018: CARES, a direct comparison of febuxostat vs allo-purinol, and CANTOS, IL1 blocker for cardiovascular risk minimisation. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38 (1): 263–5. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4396-4
46. Чазова И.Е., Жернакова Ю.В., Кисляк О.А., и др. Консенсус по ведению пациентов с гиперурикемией и высоким сердечно-сосудистым риском. Системные гипертензии. 2019; 16 (4): 8–21 [Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Ju.V., 
Kisliak O.A., et al. Consensus on patients with hyperuricemia and high cardiovascular risk treatment. Systemic Hypertension. 2019; 16 (4): 8–21 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.4.190686

________________________________________________

1. Cicerello E. Uric acid nephrolithiasis: an update. Urologia 2018; 85 (3): 93–8.
2. Trinchieri A, Montanari E. Prevalence of renal uric acid stones in the adult. Urolithyasis 2017; 45 (6): 553–62.
3. Ito H, Kotake K, Nomura K, Masai M. Clinical and biochemical features of uric acid nephrolithiasis. Eur Urol 1995; 27 (4): 324–8.
4. Daudon M. Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis in France. Ann Urol (Paris) 2005; 39 (6): 209–31.
5. Trinchieri A, Croppi E, Montanari E. Obesity and urolithiasis: evidence of regional influences. Urolothiasis 2017; 45 (3): 271–8.
6. Robinson PC, Stamp LK. The management of gout. Much has changed. AFP 2016; 45 (5): 299–305.
7. Trinchieri A, Montanari E. Biochemical and dietary factors of uric acid stone formation. Urolithiasis 2018; 46 (2): 167–72. 
8. МMukhin N.A., Shonichev D.G., Balkarov I.M., et al. Formation of arterial hypertension in urate tubulointerstitial kidney damage. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 1999; 71 (6): 12–24 (in Russian) 
9. Negri AL, Spiwacow R, Del Valle E, et al. Clinical and biochemical profiles of patients with “pure” uric acid nephrolithiasis compares with “pure” calcium oxalate stone formers. Urol Res 2007; 35 (5): 247–51.
10. Spiwacow FR, Del Valle EE, Negri AL, et al. Biochemical diagnosis in 3040 kidney stone formers in Argentina. Urolithiasis 2015; 43 (4): 323–30.
11. Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systemic review of the literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23 (2): 192–202.
12. Blagojevic-Bucknall M, Mallen C, Muller C, et al. The risk of gout in patients with sleep apnea: a matched cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71 (1): 154–60. 
13. Mancia G, Grassi G, Borghi C. Hyperuricemia, urate deposition and association with hypertension. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31 (Suppl. 2): 15–9.
14. Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet 2004; 363 (9417): 1277–81.
15. van Westing AC, Kupers LC, Geleijnse JM. Diet and kidney function: a literature review. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22 (2): 14.
16. Shcherbak A.V., Balkarov I.M., Kozlovskaya L.V., et al. Fibrinolytic activity of urine as an indicator of kidney damage in disorders of uric acid metabolism. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2001; 73 (6): 34–7 (in Russian)
17. Mukhin N.A., Serov V.V., Varshavsky V.A., et al. Some features of the hyperuricemic variant of nephritis. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 1986; 58 (6): 43–6 (in Russian)
18. Mallat SG, Al Kattar S, Tannios BY, Jurjus A. Hyperuricemia, hypertension and chronic kidney disease: an emerging association. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 18 (10): 74.
19. Barkas F, Elisaf M, Liberopoulos E, et al. Uroc acid and incident chronic kidney disease in dyslipidemic individuals. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34 (7): 1193–9.
20. Kaewput W, Thongprayoon C, Rangsin R, et al. Association between serum uric acid and chronic kidney disease in patients with hypertension: a multicenter nationwide cross-sectional study. J Evid Based Med 2019; 12 (4): 235–42.
21. Li CC, Chien TM, Wu WJ. Uric acid stones increase the risk of chronic kidney disease. Urolithyasis 2018; 46 (6): 543–6.
22. Tsai CW, Chiu HT, Huang HC, et al. Uric acid predicts adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease: a novel insight from trajectory analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 33 (2): 231–41.
23. Srivastava A, Kaze AD, McMullan CJ, et al. Uric acid and risk of kidney failure and death in individuals with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 71 (3): 362–70.
24. Liu X, Zhai T, Ma R, et al. Effect of uric acid-lowering therapy on the progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail 2018; 40 (1): 289–97.
25. Zheng R, Yang T, Cheng Q, et al. Serum uric acid concentrations can predict hypertension: a longitudinal, population-based epidemiological study. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49 (11): 873–9.
26. Scheepers LEJM, Bonen A, Dagnelie PC, et al. Uric acid and blood pressure: exploring the role of uric acid production in The Maastricht Study. J Hypertens 2017; 35 (10): 1968–76.
27. Kansui Y, Matsumura K, Morinaga K, et al. Impact of serum uric acid on incident hypertension in a worksite population of Japanese men. J Hypertens 2018; 36 (7): 1499–505.
28. Zoccali C, Mallamaci F. Uric acid, hypertension and cardiovascular and renal complications. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15 (3): 531–7.
29. Otani N, Toyoda S, Sakuma M, et al. Effect of uric acid on vascular endothelial function from bedside to bench. Hypertens Res 2018; 41 (11): 923–31.
30. Ueno S, Hamada T, Taniguchi S, et al. Effect of Antihypertensive Drugs on Uric Acid Metabolism in Patients with Hypertension: Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2016; 66 (12): 628–32.
31. Pongpanich P, Pitakpaibookul P, Takkavatarkan K, et al. The benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers combined with calcium channel blockers on metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50 (1): 2261–78.
32. Mukhin N.A., Balkarov I.M., Moiseev S.V., et al. Urikozuricheskoe deistvie lozartana. Klin. farmakol. ter. 2003; 12 (5): 55–8 (in Russian)
33. Il'ina A.E., Barskova V.G., Nasonov E.L. Primenenie lozartana u bol'nykh podagroi. Kardiovaskuliarnaia terapiia i profilaktika. 2008; 7 (2): 34–9 (in Russian)
34. Rayner BL, Trinder YA, Baines D, et al. Effect of losartan versus candesartan on uric acid, renal function, and fibrinogen in patients with hypertension and hyperuricemia associated with diuretics. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19 (2): 208–13.
35. Oshira K, Sakima A, Nagata S, et al. Beneficial effect of switching from a combination of angiotensin II receptor blockers other than losartan and thiazides to a fixed dose of losartan/hydrochlorothiazide on uric acid metabolism in hypertensive patients. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011; 33 (8): 565–70.
36. Hosoya T, Kuriyama S, Yoshizawa T, et al. Effects of combined antihypertensive therapy with losartan/hydrochlorothiazide on uric acid metabolism. Intern Med 2012; 51 (18): 2509–18.
37. Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology Guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritic Care Res (Hoboken. 2012; 64 (10): 1431–46.
38. Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology Guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: Therapy and anti-inflammatory prophylaxis of gouty arthritis. Arthritic Care Res (Hoboken) 2012; 64 (10): 1447–61.
39. Stamp LK, Chapman PT, Palmer SC. Allopurinol and kidney function: an update. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 83 (1): 19–24.
40. Badve SV, Pascoe EM, Tiku A, et al.; for the CKD-FIX Study Investigators. Effects of allopurinol on the progression on chronic kindey disease. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 2504–13.
41. Robinson PC, Stamp LK. The management of gout: much has changed. AFP; 2016: 45 (5): 299–302.
42. Kimura K, Hosoya T, Uchida S, et al.; FEATHER Study Investigators. Febuxostat Therapy for Patients With Stage 3 CKD and Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A Randomized Trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 72 (6): 798–810.
43. Mukhin N.A., Fomin V.V., Lebedeva M.V. Hyperuricemia as a component of the cardiorenal syndrome. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2011; 83 (6): 5–13 (in Russian)
44. White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al. CARES Investigators. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat or allopurinol in patients with gout. N Engl J Med 2018; 378 (13): 1200–10. DOI: 10.1056//NEJMoa1710895, indexed in PubMed: 29527974. 
45. Jansen TLTA, Janssen M. Gout lessons from 2018: CARES, a direct comparison of febuxostat vs allo-purinol, and CANTOS, IL1 blocker for cardiovascular risk minimisation. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38 (1): 263–5. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4396-4
46. Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Ju.V., 
Kisliak O.A., et al. Consensus on patients with hyperuricemia and high cardiovascular risk treatment. Systemic Hypertension. 2019; 16 (4): 8–21 (in Russian) DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.4.190686

В.В. Фомин*

ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*fomin_v_v_1@staff.sechenov.ru

________________________________________________

Viktor V. Fomin*

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*fomin_v_v_1@staff.sechenov.ru