1. Boyko A, Smirnova N, Petrov S, Gusev E. Epidemiology of MS in Russia, a historical review. Mult Scler Demyelinating Disord. 2016; 1: 1–6. DOI: 10.1186/s40893-016-0016-9
2. Попова Е., Бойко А., Барабанова М. Первично-прогрессирующий рассеянный склероз: современное состояние проблемы своевременной постановки диагноза. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2017; 117: 35–40 [Popova E, Boyko A, Barabanova M. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Current issues of timely diagnosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2017; 117: 35–40 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711710235-40
3. Feige J, Moser T, Bieler L, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Critical Analysis of Potentials and Threats. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (3): 783. DOI: 10.3390/nu12030783
4. Dendrou CA, Fugger L, Friese MA. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015; 15: 545–58. DOI: 10.1038/nri3871
5. Beckmann Y, Türe S, Duman SU. Vitamin D deficiency and its association with fatigue and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. EPMA Journal. 2020;11: 65–72. DOI: 10.1007/s13167-019-00191-0
6. Tarlinton RE, Khaibullin T, Granatov E, et al. The interaction between viral and environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20 (2): 303. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020303
7. Dobson R, Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis – a review. Eur J Neurol. 2019; 26 (1): 27–40. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13819
8. Thompson AJ, Baranzini SE, Geurts J, Hemmer B. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2018; 391 (10130): 1622–36. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30481-1
9. Sospedra M, Martin R. Immunology of Multiple Sclerosis. Semin Neurol. 2016; 36 (02): 115–27. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1579739
10. Miclea A, Bagnoud M, Chan A, Hoepner R. A Brief Review of the Effects of Vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2020: 781. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00781
11. Витебская А.В., Тихая М.И. Дефицит витамина D и аутоиммунные заболевания. Доктор.ру. 2017; 4 (133): 45–8 [Vitebskaya AV, Tikhaya MI. Vitamin D Deficiency and Autoimmune Diseases. Doctor.ru. 2017; 4 (133): 45–8 (in Russian)].
12. Парахонский А.П. Иммуномодулирующие эффекты витамина D. Заметки ученого. 2015: 180–7 [Parakhonsky AP. The immunomodulating effects of vitamin D. Zametki uchenogo. 2015: 180–7 (in Russian)].
13. Smolders J, Torkildsen, Camu W. An Update on Vitamin D and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2019; 33: 1187–99. DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00674-8
14. Каронова Т.Л., Шмонина И.А., Тотолян Н.А. Рассеянный склероз и уровень обеспеченности витамином D. Артериальная гипертензия. 2015; 21 (2): 121–9 [Karonova TL, Shmonina IA, Totolyan NA. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D status. Arterial’naya gipertenziya. 2015; 21 (2): 121–9 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.18705/1607-419X-2015-21-2-121-129
15. Yadav SK, Mindur JE, Ito K, Dhib-Jalbut S. Advances in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurology. 2015; 28 (3): 206–19. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000205
16. Пигарова Е.А., Плещева А.В. Влияние витамина D на иммунную систему. Иммунология. 2015; 1: 62–6 [Pigarova EA, Pleshcheva AV. Influence of vitamin D on the immune system. Immunologya. 2015; 1: 62–6 (in Russian)].
17. Пигарова Е.А., Петрушкина А.А. Неклассические эффекты витамина D. Остеопороз и остеопатии. 2017; 20 (3): 90–101 [Pigarova EA, Petrushkina AA. Non-classical effects of vitamin D. Osteoporosis and Bone Desiases. 2017; 20 (3): 90–101 (in Russian)].
18. Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Souberbielle JC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: An update. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017; 14: 35–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.03.014
19. Ramagopalan SV, Dobson R, Meier UC, Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis: risk factors, prodromes, and potential causal pathways. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9 (7): 727–39. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70094-6
20. Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’Reilly E, et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2004; 62 (1): 60–5. DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000101723.79681.38
21. Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, et al. A Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2006; 296 (23): 2832–8. DOI: 10.1001/jama.296.23.2832
22. Клинические рекомендации. Дефицит витамина D у взрослых: диагностика, лечение и профилактика. 2015 [Clinical guidelines. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. 2015 (in Russian)].
23. Salzer J, Hallmans G, Nyström M, et al. Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2012; 79: 2140–5. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182752ea8
24. Décard BF, Von Ahsen N, Grunwald T, et al. Low vitamin D and elevated immunoreactivity against Epstein–Barr virus before first clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2012; 83: 1170–3. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303068
25. Bhargava P, Steele SU, Waubant E, et al. Multiple sclerosis patients have a diminished serologic response to Vitamin D supplementation compared to healthy controls. Mult Scler J. 2016; 22: 753–60. DOI: 10.1177/1352458515600248
26. Mirzaei F, Michels KB, Munger K, et al. Gestational vitamin D and the risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring. Ann Neurol. 2011; 70: 30–40. DOI: 10.1002/ana.22456
27. Munger KL, Åivo J, Hongell K, et al. Vitamin D status during pregnancy and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring of women in the Finnish Maternity Cohort. JAMA. 2016; 73: 515–9. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4800
28. Cortese M, Riise T, Bjørnevik K, et al. Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: The EnvIMS study. Mult Scler J. 2015; 21: 1856–64. DOI: 10.1177/1352458515578770
29. Bäärnhielm M, Olsson T, Alfredsson L. Fatty fish intake is associated with decreased occurrence of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2014; 20: 726–32. DOI: 10.1177/1352458513509508
30. Simpson S, Blizzard L, Otahal P, et al. Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2011; 82: 1132–41. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2011.240432
31. Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Mahatanan R, Lee CH, et al. Associations of serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels with clinical and radiological outcomes in multiple sclerosis, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2020; 411: 116668. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116668
32. Cortese M, Munger KL, Martínez-Lapiscina EH, et al. Vitamin D, smoking, EBV, and long-term cognitive performance in MS: 11-year follow-up of BENEFIT. Neurology. 2020; 94 (18): e1950–60.DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009371  
33. Yochum A, Movva K. Does vitamin D supplementation in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis decrease the number of relapses? Evidence-Based Pract Ovid Technologies. 2020; 23 (5): 34–5. DOI: 10.1097/EBP.0000000000000279
34. Kampman MT, Steffensen LH, Mellgren SI, Jørgensen L. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on relapses, disease progression, and measures of function in persons with multiple sclerosis: Exploratory outcomes from a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Mult Scler J. 2012; 18: 1144–51. DOI: 10.1177/1352458511434607
35. Stein MS, Liu Y, Gray OM, et al. A randomized trial of high-dose vitamin D2 in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2011; 77: 1611–8. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182343274
36. Dörr J, Bäcker-Koduah P, Wernecke K-D, et al. High-dose vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis – results from the randomized EVIDIMS (efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis) trial. Mult Scler J – Exp Transl Clin. 2020; 6 (1). DOI: 10.1177/2055217320903474
37. Ashtari F, Toghianifar N, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Mansourian M. High dose Vitamin D intake and quality of life in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Neurol Res. 2016; 38 (10): 888–92. DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1227913
38. Does evidence support Vitamin D treatment for multiple sclerosis? DTB. 2019; 57: 163. DOI: 10.1136/dtb.2019.000070
39. Mclaughlin L, Clarke L, Khalilidehkordi E, et al. Vitamin D in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2017;  88(5): e1.95–e1. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316074.92
40. Hupperts R, Smolders J, Vieth R, et al. Randomized trial of daily high-dose Vitamin D3 in patients with RRMS receiving subcutaneous interferon β-1a. Neurology. 2019; 93 (20): E1906–16. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008445
41. Camu W, Lehert P, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, et al. Cholecalciferol in relapsing-remitting MS: A randomized clinical trial (CHOLINE). Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019; 6 (5): e597. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000597
42. Muris AH, Smolders J, Rolf L, et al. Immune regulatory effects of high dose vitamin D3 supplementation in a randomized controlled trial in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients receiving IFNβ; the SOLARIUM study. J Neuroimmunol. 2016; 300: 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.09.018
43. Feige J, Salmhofer H, Hecker C, et al. Life-threatening vitamin D intoxication due to intake of ultra-high doses in multiple sclerosis: A note of caution. Mult Scler J. 2019; 25: 1326–8. DOI: 10.1177/1352458518807059
44. Fragoso YD, Adoni T, Damasceno A, et al. Unfavorable outcomes during treatment of multiple sclerosis with high doses of vitamin D. J Neurolog Sci. 2014; 346 (1–2): 341–2. 
DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.08.019
45. Bittker SS. Elevated levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in plasma as a missing risk factor for celiac disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2020; 13: 1–15. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S222353
46. Institute of Medicine. 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011. DOI: 10.17226/13050
47. Atkinson SA, Fleet JC. Canadian recommendations for vitamin D intake for persons affected by multiple sclerosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.  2020; 199: 105606. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105606

________________________________________________

1. Boyko A, Smirnova N, Petrov S, Gusev E. Epidemiology of MS in Russia, a historical review. Mult Scler Demyelinating Disord. 2016; 1: 1–6. DOI: 10.1186/s40893-016-0016-9
2. Popova E, Boyko A, Barabanova M. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Current issues of timely diagnosis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2017; 117: 35–40 (in Russian) DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711710235-40
3. Feige J, Moser T, Bieler L, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Critical Analysis of Potentials and Threats. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (3): 783. DOI: 10.3390/nu12030783
4. Dendrou CA, Fugger L, Friese MA. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015; 15: 545–58. DOI: 10.1038/nri3871
5. Beckmann Y, Türe S, Duman SU. Vitamin D deficiency and its association with fatigue and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. EPMA Journal. 2020;11: 65–72. DOI: 10.1007/s13167-019-00191-0
6. Tarlinton RE, Khaibullin T, Granatov E, et al. The interaction between viral and environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20 (2): 303. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020303
7. Dobson R, Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis – a review. Eur J Neurol. 2019; 26 (1): 27–40. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13819
8. Thompson AJ, Baranzini SE, Geurts J, Hemmer B. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2018; 391 (10130): 1622–36. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30481-1
9. Sospedra M, Martin R. Immunology of Multiple Sclerosis. Semin Neurol. 2016; 36 (02): 115–27. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1579739
10. Miclea A, Bagnoud M, Chan A, Hoepner R. A Brief Review of the Effects of Vitamin D on Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2020: 781. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00781
11. Vitebskaya AV, Tikhaya MI. Vitamin D Deficiency and Autoimmune Diseases. Doctor.ru. 2017; 4 (133): 45–8 (in Russian)
12. Parakhonsky AP. The immunomodulating effects of vitamin D. Zametki uchenogo. 2015: 180–7 (in Russian)
13. Smolders J, Torkildsen, Camu W. An Update on Vitamin D and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2019; 33: 1187–99. DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00674-8
14. Karonova TL, Shmonina IA, Totolyan NA. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D status. Arterial’naya gipertenziya. 2015; 21 (2): 121–9 (in Russian) DOI: 10.18705/1607-419X-2015-21-2-121-129
15. Yadav SK, Mindur JE, Ito K, Dhib-Jalbut S. Advances in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurology. 2015; 28 (3): 206–19. DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000205
16. Pigarova EA, Pleshcheva AV. Influence of vitamin D on the immune system. Immunologya. 2015; 1: 62–6 (in Russian)
17. Pigarova EA, Petrushkina AA. Non-classical effects of vitamin D. Osteoporosis and Bone Desiases. 2017; 20 (3): 90–101 (in Russian)
18. Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Souberbielle JC. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: An update. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017; 14: 35–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.03.014
19. Ramagopalan SV, Dobson R, Meier UC, Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis: risk factors, prodromes, and potential causal pathways. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9 (7): 727–39. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70094-6
20. Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’Reilly E, et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2004; 62 (1): 60–5. DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000101723.79681.38
21. Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, et al. A Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2006; 296 (23): 2832–8. DOI: 10.1001/jama.296.23.2832
22. Clinical guidelines. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. 2015 (in Russian)
23. Salzer J, Hallmans G, Nyström M, et al. Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2012; 79: 2140–5. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182752ea8
24. Décard BF, Von Ahsen N, Grunwald T, et al. Low vitamin D and elevated immunoreactivity against Epstein–Barr virus before first clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2012; 83: 1170–3. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303068
25. Bhargava P, Steele SU, Waubant E, et al. Multiple sclerosis patients have a diminished serologic response to Vitamin D supplementation compared to healthy controls. Mult Scler J. 2016; 22: 753–60. DOI: 10.1177/1352458515600248
26. Mirzaei F, Michels KB, Munger K, et al. Gestational vitamin D and the risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring. Ann Neurol. 2011; 70: 30–40. DOI: 10.1002/ana.22456
27. Munger KL, Åivo J, Hongell K, et al. Vitamin D status during pregnancy and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring of women in the Finnish Maternity Cohort. JAMA. 2016; 73: 515–9. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4800
28. Cortese M, Riise T, Bjørnevik K, et al. Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: The EnvIMS study. Mult Scler J. 2015; 21: 1856–64. DOI: 10.1177/1352458515578770
29. Bäärnhielm M, Olsson T, Alfredsson L. Fatty fish intake is associated with decreased occurrence of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J. 2014; 20: 726–32. DOI: 10.1177/1352458513509508
30. Simpson S, Blizzard L, Otahal P, et al. Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2011; 82: 1132–41. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2011.240432
31. Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Mahatanan R, Lee CH, et al. Associations of serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels with clinical and radiological outcomes in multiple sclerosis, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2020; 411: 116668. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116668
32. Cortese M, Munger KL, Martínez-Lapiscina EH, et al. Vitamin D, smoking, EBV, and long-term cognitive performance in MS: 11-year follow-up of BENEFIT. Neurology. 2020; 94 (18): e1950–60.DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009371  
33. Yochum A, Movva K. Does vitamin D supplementation in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis decrease the number of relapses? Evidence-Based Pract Ovid Technologies. 2020; 23 (5): 34–5. DOI: 10.1097/EBP.0000000000000279
34. Kampman MT, Steffensen LH, Mellgren SI, Jørgensen L. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on relapses, disease progression, and measures of function in persons with multiple sclerosis: Exploratory outcomes from a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Mult Scler J. 2012; 18: 1144–51. DOI: 10.1177/1352458511434607
35. Stein MS, Liu Y, Gray OM, et al. A randomized trial of high-dose vitamin D2 in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2011; 77: 1611–8. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182343274
36. Dörr J, Bäcker-Koduah P, Wernecke K-D, et al. High-dose vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis – results from the randomized EVIDIMS (efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis) trial. Mult Scler J – Exp Transl Clin. 2020; 6 (1). DOI: 10.1177/2055217320903474
37. Ashtari F, Toghianifar N, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Mansourian M. High dose Vitamin D intake and quality of life in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Neurol Res. 2016; 38 (10): 888–92. DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1227913
38. Does evidence support Vitamin D treatment for multiple sclerosis? DTB. 2019; 57: 163. DOI: 10.1136/dtb.2019.000070
39. Mclaughlin L, Clarke L, Khalilidehkordi E, et al. Vitamin D in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2017;  88(5): e1.95–e1. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316074.92
40. Hupperts R, Smolders J, Vieth R, et al. Randomized trial of daily high-dose Vitamin D3 in patients with RRMS receiving subcutaneous interferon β-1a. Neurology. 2019; 93 (20): E1906–16. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008445
41. Camu W, Lehert P, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, et al. Cholecalciferol in relapsing-remitting MS: A randomized clinical trial (CHOLINE). Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019; 6 (5): e597. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000597
42. Muris AH, Smolders J, Rolf L, et al. Immune regulatory effects of high dose vitamin D3 supplementation in a randomized controlled trial in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients receiving IFNβ; the SOLARIUM study. J Neuroimmunol. 2016; 300: 47–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.09.018
43. Feige J, Salmhofer H, Hecker C, et al. Life-threatening vitamin D intoxication due to intake of ultra-high doses in multiple sclerosis: A note of caution. Mult Scler J. 2019; 25: 1326–8. DOI: 10.1177/1352458518807059
44. Fragoso YD, Adoni T, Damasceno A, et al. Unfavorable outcomes during treatment of multiple sclerosis with high doses of vitamin D. J Neurolog Sci. 2014; 346 (1–2): 341–2. 
DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.08.019
45. Bittker SS. Elevated levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in plasma as a missing risk factor for celiac disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2020; 13: 1–15. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S222353
46. Institute of Medicine. 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011. DOI: 10.17226/13050
47. Atkinson SA, Fleet JC. Canadian recommendations for vitamin D intake for persons affected by multiple sclerosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.  2020; 199: 105606. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105606

В.Р. Череданова*1, И.А.Чабин1, Р.Ц. Бембеева2

1 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия; 
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*vcheredanova@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

Viktoriia R. Cheredanova*1, Ivan A. Chabin1, Raisa Ts. Bembeeva2

1 Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia;
2 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
*vcheredanova@yandex.ru